Application of Ray Model for Terahertz Transmission Simulations of Tube Waveguide

Terahertz (THz) transmission simulations play an important role in THz technology researches, especially for the structural design of a THz waveguide. Ray model takes into account both structure parameter of waveguide and the divergence angle of beam light and could be an alternative way for THz transmission behavior simulations. In this paper, the ray model is used to calculate the transmission loss of tube waveguide, and the simulated transmission losses are presented to compare with the results calculated by COMSOL. The suitable THz frequency range of ray model is discussed by analyzing the transmission loss spectra of tube waveguides with various core sizes. The credibility of ray model on terahertz transmission simulations is demonstrated based on the experimental results tested by THz-TDS and calculated results.


Introduction
In recent years, terahertz (THz) waveguides and fibers have been extensively investigated. The dry air is demonstrated to be the most transparent medium in Journal of Computer and Communications because THz waves transmit in the air core of the tube waveguide. And the structure of tube waveguide is simple and easy for fabrication. Figure 1 shows the transverse cross-section of the tube waveguide. It has an air-core (refractive index n 1 ) with inner diameter D and a thin cladding (refractive index n 2 ) with thickness t.
Before performing the fabrication procedure of a tube waveguide, the structure of the waveguide needs to be carefully designed to obtain a low transmission loss in theory. The simulation software COMSOL Multiphysics (hereafter referred to as COMSOL), which based on Finite Element Method (FEM), is widely used to the theoretical analysis of the THz transmission. The simulation needs the parameter of D, t, n 1 , and n 2 . And the parameter of transmission, including modal distribution, transmission loss in different modes, effective refractive index, and group velocity dispersion, can be obtained with the COMSOL. However, in the practical THz transmission, the transmission loss depends on not only the structure but also the divergence angle of THz beam. And the transmission loss is a combination of transmission losses in multiple modes when the THz radiation is multi-mode transmission.
The ray model [7], which is based on geometric optics method, can be used to calculate the transmission loss for tube waveguides and metal/dielectric hollow glass waveguides when the inner diameter of waveguide is much larger than the transmission wavelength. The transmission loss calculated by ray model is connected with the structure of the waveguide and the divergence angle of THz beam and takes no account of the transmission modes. And the calculation speed of ray model is much faster than COMSOL. Hence the ray model could be an alternative way for THz transmission behavior simulations. The ray model has been used to calculate transmission loss in metal/dielectric hollow glass waveguide for delivery of mid-and far-infrared (2.5 THz) radiations [2]. But whether ray model is applicable or not in lower frequency (larger wavelength)?
In this paper, we demonstrated ray model can be used to calculate transmission loss for tube waveguides, even at the frequency as low as 0.5 THz.

Comparison of COMSOL and Ray Model
The transmission loss spectra are calculated by ray model and COMSOL, respectively. The D, t, n 1 , and n 2 are 4 mm, 0.2 mm, 1, and 1.4. And the divergence angle of THz beam is 6˚ for ray model. As can be seen in Figure 2, the transmission  loss curve calculated by ray model is the black line, and there are four transmission loss curves calculated by COMSOL depending on the four lowest modes (HE 11 , HE 21 , TM 01 , and TE 01 ). In the 0.8 -2 THz, the transmission losses calculated by ray model and COMSOL are approximated. But when the frequency is lower than 0.65 THz, the transmission loss curves calculated by two methods are divergent. Because the transmission wavelength is close to the inner diameter of waveguide, and the ray model is no longer applicable. Thus the applicable frequency range of the ray model has a lower limit (called limit frequency) for a certain inner diameter of waveguide.

Exploration of Limit Frequency
To research the relationship between the limit frequency of ray model and the inner diameter of waveguide, the transmission loss spectra from four tube waveguides, with different inner diameter, are calculated. The D is 2 mm, 4 mm, 6 mm, and 8 mm, respectively, and other parameters are not change. And for convenience, only the fundamental model (HE 11 ) is given in the calculation result of COMSOL. In Figure 3, the dash line gives the limit frequency, which is 1 THz, 0.65 THz, 0.55 THz, and 0.45 THz for the inner diameter 2 mm, 4 mm, 6 mm, and 8 mm. It shows that the limit frequency decreases as the inner diameter of waveguides increases. In order to clearly indicate the relationship between the limit transmission wavelength and the inner diameter. The limit frequency is translated into limit transmission wavelength. As can be seen in Figure 4, the relationship between the limit transmission wavelength and the inner diameter is approximately λ = 0.092D.

Comparison with Experimental Result
To prove the applicability of ray model, a Teflon (refractive index 1.4) tube is measured by THz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) system. The practical D, t, n 1 , and n 2 are 3.4 mm, 0.16 mm, 1, and 1.4. And the practical divergence angle of THz beam is 36˚. Figure 5 gives the experimental results from THz-TDS

Conclusion
In this paper we use ray model to calculation the transmission loss of tube waveguide, and the transmission loss curves are presented to compare with the results calculated by COMSOL. In a range of region, the ray model is an alternative way for the calculation of THz transmission loss. Moreover, the relationship between limit transmission wavelength and inner diameter of waveguide is determined to λ = 0.092D. The experiments testify that the result calculated by ray model is credible.