Knowledge , Attitude and Oral Hygiene Practices among Medical Practitioners in Delta State , Nigeria

Background: The knowledge of good oral hygiene is of paramount importance for the technical knowhow to keep one’s mouth clean and free from periodontal diseases. Thus, one’s attitude towards oral hygiene directly affects the oral health status. Aims: The study aimed at evaluating the knowledge, attitude and oral hygiene practices among medical practitioners in Delta State, Nigeria. The research also aimed at determining the effect of sex on knowledge, attitude and oral hygiene practices. Methodology: This study was an observational cross sectional study. Purposive sampling technique was employed. A total of a hundred and twenty-three health care providers were assessed with a structured questionnaire. Ethical approval was obtained from the Ethics and Research Committee in the Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Biology, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 18.0 package. Descriptive statistics was analyzed using simple frequency percentages distribution and association between categorical variables and sex was done using a chi-square test. Significance was accepted at p < 0.05. Result: Findings from the study present 76.0% males and 24.0% females in the studied population. Five categories of health care providers were assessed, 63.0% of respondents were medical officers, 21.0% were consultants, and 10.0% were residents, while 6.0% were house officers. The results showed that 43.9% of the participants brushed their teeth once daily, 54.5% twice daily while 1.6% thrice daily. Respondents were asked the last time they visited a dentist. Out of the 123 participants, 37.4% never visited, 20.3% claimed six months ago, 13.0% visited a year ago, 10.6% two years ago and 19.40% visited more than two years ago. It also shows percentage distribution of variant types of last treatment, 19.5% had extraction, 10.6% had filling, and 33.3% had scaling and polishing while 36.6% had other types of dental treatment. The study revealed that the majority of the respondents How to cite this paper: Etetafia, M.O., Anibor, E., Ojigho-Jaiyeoba, E.J. and Obaroefe, M. (2018) Knowledge, Attitude and Oral Hygiene Practices among Medical Practitioners in Delta State, Nigeria. Open Journal of Applied Sciences, 8, 576-585. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojapps.2018.812046 Received: November 3, 2018 Accepted: December 17, 2018 Published: December 20, 2018 Copyright © 2018 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Open Access M. O. Etetafia et al. DOI: 10.4236/ojapps.2018.812046 577 Open Journal of Applied Sciences (93.5%) had a positive attitude towards oral health. A total of 91.9% of the participants had knowledge of oral hygiene, while 8.1% had no idea of oral hygiene. More than half of the respondent (57.2%) agreed and strongly agreed that oral hygiene knowledge in medical schools was adequate while 35.0% disagreed and strongly disagreed. There was no significant association (p > 0.05) between frequency of daily teeth brushing, last dental visit, variant treatments and sex. Conclusion: Findings from this study showed that the majority of the participants had an adequate knowledge on proper oral hygiene care and they had a positive attitude towards oral health. Being health care providers, the adequate knowledge and positive attitude could have a positive impact on the patients.


Introduction
According to Braimoh et al., 2006 [1], general health is not accessed only by the absence of diseases.The majority of oral diseases are closely related to lifestyles, which means that a change in behavior is required to decrease oral diseases [1].According to Peterson 2003 [2], Oral health is a vital component of general health.A number of risk factors such as tobacco smoking, alcohol, and nutritional status are related to several oral diseases (Watt, 2005; Phillips and Aryan, 2017 [3] [4]).
Sharda and Shetty, 2011 [5] stipulated that oral diseases have a significant influence on an individual's social life and chronic diseases, for example periodontitis leads to tooth loss, which in turn impacts the individual physically, emotionally and psychologically, which then affects the quality of life.Oral hygiene is the most significant factor towards prevention of oral diseases [2].Marmot and Bell, 2011 [6] stated that the concept, importance, and practice of oral hygiene are expected to be easily understood by all literate members of a population [6].They further reported that an individual perception towards oral health generally affects the oral health behavior.
Multiple studies have demonstrated that the sources for oral health knowledge are mass media, health professionals and related literatures [1]- [7].Studies have also shown that there is a direct relationship between increased knowledge of oral hygiene and better oral health (Woolgrove et al., 1987 [8]).In Libya Africa Naveenkumar et al., 2016 [9], found that respondents from his study had poor knowledge towards oral health.Oral health knowledge acquired by an individual is the basis of its attitudes towards oral health [9].
A study carried out among teachers in Benin City Nigeria showed that they were pessimistic towards oral health and so they had poor oral health practices [10].Another study carried out among medical health practitioners and students in Ile Ife Nigeria, reported a negative attitude towards oral health (Sede and Ehizele, 2015) [11].The previous study carried out in Ile Ife were similar to that of Vincent et al., 2017 [12] among antenatal clinic attendees in south southern Nigeria [12].
Several studies have been carried out on knowledge and attitude towards oral health hygiene but there is dearth of knowledge on the area where the study was conducted, hence this study assessed knowledge, attitude and oral hygiene practices among medical practitioners in Delta State, Nigeria.This study also aimed at describing the association between knowledge, attitudes, oral hygiene practices and sex.Findings will be highly useful in developing health promotion activities which includes education, intervention programs and campaigns aimed at changing pessimistic attitudes and practices towards oral health.Voluntary informed consent was also gotten from participants.The data was analyzed using SPSS version 18.0 package.Descriptive statistics was analyzed using percentages.Association between categorical variables and sex was done using a chi-square test.Significance was accepted at p < 0.05.

Results
Figure 1 presents 24.0% females and 76.0% males in the studied population.
Findings from this investigation (Figure 2) showed that 36.0% of respondents worked in private clinics, 15.0% each practiced in central and general hospitals, 9.0% in the teaching hospital and 25.0% practiced in other health centers.
Among respondents (Figure 3), the majority (63.0%) were medical officers while house officers constituted the minority (6.0%).Findings as indicated in Figure 4 showed medical officers formed the majority (79.0%) of the respondents while the specialist consultants constituted 21.1%.Out of the consultants, 6.0% specialized in obstetrics and gynecology, 4.0% in general surgery, 4.0% were physicians, 2.0% were orthopedic surgeons, while mental health/Psychiatrist, oral and maxillofacial surgeons, anesthetist, family medicine physicians and plastic surge-ons were 1.0% each.Figure 5 presents 43.9% of participants who brushed their teeth once daily, 54.5% twice daily while 1.60% thrice daily.The last time of visit to the dentist is shown in Figure 6.From the respondents, 37.4% had never visited, 20.3% claimed six months ago, 13% visited a year ago, 10.6% two years ago and 19.40% visited more than two years ago.Figure 7 shows the percentage distribution of last dental treatment; in which 19.5% had dental extractions, 10.6% had filings, 33.3% had scaling and polishing and 36.6% had other forms of dental treatment.Figure 8 shows that most of the respondents93.50% had a positive attitude while 6.50% had negative attitude towards oral hygiene practices.Respondents were also assessed on their perception towards oral health.The majority of the respondents had a positive attitude (93.5%) towards oral health.
Findings from Table 1 showed that 91.9% of participants had knowledge on oral hygiene while 8.1% had no idea of oral hygiene.Table 2 depicts that 47.2% agreed and strongly agreed that oral hygiene knowledge was adequate in medical schools while 35.0%disagreed and strongly disagreed that the oral hygiene knowledge they had adequate knowledge in medical schools.Table 3 showed the association between sex and frequency of tooth brushing.Findings depicts that there was no significant association at p > 0.05.Table 4 shows the test of association between sex and frequency of tooth brushing.Findings showed that there     was no association at p > 0.05.[15] who also reported insignificant differences between the last treatment and sex among medical student investigated in India.
In the present study, it was found out that the attitude towards oral health, 93.5% had positive attitude while 6.5% had negative attitude towards oral health.
This finding concurs with submissions of Vincent et al., 2017 [14] who reported that 87.6% had positive attitude and 12.4% had negative attitude towards oral health.
In our study, the comparison between the differences of daily teeth brushing and sex was statistically insignificant (p > 0.05).This finding is supported by Arun et al., 2010 [15] who reported that the comparison of frequency of teeth and sex among medical students in India was not significant (p > 0.05).

Conclusion
The knowledge, attitude and oral hygiene practices among medical practitioners are extremely imperative for sensitizing the general public on issues about how to care for and manage oral health conditions.This study revealed immanent overview of oral health knowledge, attitude and practices among medical practitioners in Delta State, Nigeria.It is concluded that oral hygiene knowledge among healthcare providers practicing in Delta State is considerably substantial.This is expected to have a positive impact on the knowledge, attitude and oral hygiene practices of the populace.

Recommendation
We recommend that further studies should be carried out to assess the knowledge, attitude and practices of oral health among medical practitioners with a different methodology.
This observational cross sectional study was done at the Conference Centre of the Petroleum Training Institute, Effurun, Nigeria.Effurun in Delta State is the capital town of Uvwie Local Government Area, Nigeria and an access into Delta State.The study area was chosen because of a gathering of medical practitioners held at Petroleum Training Institute.Purposive sampling technique was employed for this research.A total of a hundred and twenty three Medical Practitioners were investigated while attending Continuing Medical Education Workshop in June, 2016.Information on socio-demographic characteristics and categorical variables were obtained using a questionnaire designed for the study.Information on knowledge, attitudes and oral hygiene practices were extracted from the questionnaire.The categorical variables were knowledge, attitude and oral hygiene practices among medical practitioners.Prior to the conduct of this study, ethical approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee in the Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Biology, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Percentage distribution of practice centre.

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. Percentage distribution of daily teeth brushing.

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.Percentage distribution of last dental visit.

Figure 7 .
Figure 7. Percentage distribution of variant treatment.

Table 1 .
Knowledge on oral hygiene.

Table 2 .
Knowledge of oral hygiene is adequate in medical school.

Table 3 .
Frequency of daily teeth brushing and sex.

Table 4 .
Last visit to dentist and sex.

Table 5 .
Variant treatment and sex.
Table 5 reported no significant association (p > 0.05) between variant treatment and sex.Open Journal of Applied Sciences result agrees with the submission of Arun et al., 2010