Organic Richness and Organic Matter Quality Studies of Shale Gas Reservoir in South Sumatra Basin , Indonesia

Talang Akar Formation is a proven hydrocarbon source rock in South Sumatra basin. The formation contains dominant shale at the top, with some sandstone interbeds. Whereas it contains coarse to very coarse sandstone beds at the bottom. The lower sandstone unit also contains carbonaceous shale and some coal seams. The geochemical analysis is important to identify a source rock quality in shale gas. The quality of source rock is determined by richness of the source rock and type of kerogen. 37 samples were collected from well cuttings in JML-1 and JML-2 wells. Samples we are received into the laboratories in the form of well site canned ditch cuttings, bagged ditch cuttings in various stages of preparation from wet, unwashed to dried, washed; sidewall cores, conventional cores, outcrop samples. The richness of a source rock can be defined by the content of organic carbon which is measured as total organic carbon (TOC). Based on geochemical result of analysis, quantity of shale hydrocarbon potential is indicated by the TOC value of 0.52 wt% 6.12 wt% (fair to excellent criteria), with average of shale thickness more than 50 m. Tmax is an indication of the maturation stage of organic material and Hydrogen Index (HI) is a parameter used to explain the origin of organic material. HI versus Tmax crossplot was analysed for kerogen type determination and presence of type II/III kerogen was identified. This study concludes that the source rock contains abundant humic organic matter that was deposited in a transitional (Fluvio-deltaic) to marginal marine environment under oxic conditions.


Introduction
Shale Gas is a natural gas bound in very small pores of shale that cannot be produced by conventional gas.The essential parameters to be considered for shale gas prospect evaluation are total organic carbon (TOC), thermal maturity, kerogen type, thickness, depth, depositional environment, porosity, permeability, pressure, mineralogy, clay content and geomechanical properties.The potential of the source rock locally is also found in the marine shale of the Gumai Formation; some wells in the northern basin have been reported to have TOC values up to 8% and HI 350 mg HC/g (Courteney et al., 1990).Based on estimation from well logs, it is possible to indicate the presence or absence of good quality source rocks in Talang Akar Formation.Geochemical data become important parameters in gas shale study.The shale should meet two conditions, as source rock and as reservoir.The quality of source rock is determined by richness of the source rock, type kerogen, and maturity of source rock.The richness of a source rock can be defined by the content of organic carbon which is measured as total organic carbon (TOC).The amount of organic carbon present in rock is not only important as a source rock but it also contributes to the natural gas storage by adsorption and/or solution within the reservoir system.In the play concept of shale gas, using the shale-gas data that have been successful in US, the minimum average TOC value required is >2.The minimum value of shale-gas TOC is different from the conventional play concept (Peters & Cassa, 1994).
Second geochemical parameter for gas shale is kerogen type.Kerogen type analysis provides information on hydrocarbon source potential and depositional environment.Van Krevelen diagram can be used to determine the kerogen type by making cross-plot between Hydrogen Index versus Oxygen Index (Van Krevelen, 1961).
The Late Oligocene-Early Miocene Talang Akar Formation is composed by shale, rocks and sandstone, with the delta plain-prodelta facies, where the delta environment is an excellent environment for producing hydrocarbon.The Early Miocene-Middle Miocene Gumai Formation is composed by shale, limestone and sandstone, with shelf facies (Suhendan, 1984).This research evaluates Talang Akar Formation (Figure 1) as a potential and quality of source rock shale gas based on geochemical analysis.

Stratigraphy of South Sumatra Basin
The stratigraphy of the South Sumatra basin area is generally was control by process of megacycle system consisting of a transition and regression.Formations formed during the transgression phase are grouped into Telisa Groups (Talang Akar Formation, Baturaja Formation, and Gumai Formation).The Palembang group was deposited during the regression phase (Air Benakat Formation, Muara Enim Formation, and Kasai Formation), while the Lemat and older Lemat Formations were deposited before the main transgression phase.The Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection stratigraphy of the South Sumatra Basin as follows (Figure 2).Muara Enim Formation is marked by sandstone, claystone, siltstone, shale, and coal streak.The upper part dominated by claystone, siltstone with minor sandstone, and coal streak.Claystones are greenish grey to grey, soft, non-calcareous.Siltstones are greenish grey to light brown, blocky to platy, firm to medium hard, streak carbon.Sandstone are poor to medium porosity, greenish grey to grey, medium hard, fine to medium grain, medium sorted, sub-angular to sub rounded.Coal are black, brittle, wood texture, concoidal fracture.The lower part is dominated by shale, siltstone with minor claystone, sandstone, with coal streak.Shale is grey to light grey, soft, platy to sub fissy, no-calcareous.Siltstone are green grey to dark brown, firm to medium hard, fine to medium grain, sub angular to sub rounded, medium sorted (Barber, Crow, & Milson, 2005;De Smet, 1992).The environment of deposition of the Muaraenim Formation is coastal and sediment composition includes sandstones with coal seams.The part where the member is thin, coal beds become very thin or are absent.This fact suggests that subsidence rates played an important role in coal deposition and preservation.The age of member has never been determined accurately, however, it should be within the Late Miocene-Early Pliocene.
Figure 1.Location map of the study area (Heidrick & Aulia, 1993).sub rounded, medium sorted to poor sorted, fine to medium grain, and loose quartz.The Lower part is dominated by shale, sandstone and siltstone (Barber, Crow, & Milson, 2005).Siltstone are grey to brown grey, soft to firm, platy, non to slight carbon.Sandstone are poor porosity, white, off white, light grey, fine grain, poor sorted to medium sorted, sub rounded to sub angular, calcareous, quartz, and glauconit.Siltstone are brown grey, soft to firm, speek carbon, non to slight calcareous, and sub blocky (Hutchison, 1996).pact (Hutchison, 1996).
Batu Raja Formation is dominated by limestone with minor shale.Limestone are poor to medium porosity, white to light brown, soft, carbon speek, no oil slow.Shale are brownish grey to grey, medium hard to hard, blocky, and slight calcareous (Spruyt, 1956).
Talang Akar Formation (TRM) is dominated by shale, siltstone, sandstone, limestone streak, and coal.Coals are found along the Upper part to the bottom.The Upper part is composed by shale, sandstone and limestone streak.Sandstones are medium porosity, white to colored, fine to medium hard, fine to medium grain, sub rounded to sub angular, medium sorted, calcareous cemented, containing glauconite minerals.Shale are brown to brown grey, medium hard, blocky, slight calcareous cemented and trace carbonate speek.Siltstone are light grey to grey, medium hard, sandy, consolidated, slight calcareous, trace carbon speek.The bottom part is dominated by shale, sandstone, minor siltstone, and coal layer.Shale are brown to dark brown, medium hard, blocky to platy, non-calcareous, silty, carbonaceous.Sandstone are medium porosity, colored to off white, fine to medium grain, trace coarse grain, sub rounded, medium sorted, carbonate speek (Spruyt, 1956).Siltstone are brown to dark brown, friable to medium hard, blocky, non calcerous, carbonate streak, locally sandy.Coal are black, brittle, glassy luster.Oil show indications are often found in the Talang Akar Formation (TRM).All the oil show indications are found in sandstone at the depth of 1904, 2004 and 2100 m (Hartanto, Widianto, & Safrizal, 1991).
Talang Akar Formation (Gritsand member) is dominated by sandtone, shale, siltstone, and coal streak.Oil show can be found at 2218,2226,2250,2360,2484,2564,2620,2644,2684,2704,2780, and 2798 m, as much as 5% to 40%.Shale are grey to light grey, medium hard, platy, silty, non to slight calcareous.Sandstone has medium to good porosity, colored to white, lost quartz, medium to coarse grain, sub angular to angular, medium sorted, locally coarse grain, non-calcareous (Hutapea, 1981).Siltstone are light grey, brown to dark brown, medium hard, and carbonaceous.The difference between Talang Akar's TRM and GRM are the sandstone texture (grain size).Talang Akar TRM is dominated by fine to medium grain, while Talang Akar GRM is dominated by medium to coarse grain Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection (mainly coarse grain) (Jackson, 1960).
Lahat Formation is composed by shale, sandstone, siltstone, tuffaceous claystone, and breccia/conglomerate, and characterized by volcanic materials.Shale are brown to dark brown, medium to hard, commonly silty, carbonaceous, non-calcareous.Sandstone are medium porosity, light brown to brown, medium hard, consolidated, very fine to fine grain, medium sorted, quartz, silica cement, volcanic materials.Siltstone are gray, brown, soft, blocky, commonly carbonaceous (Jackson, 1960).Tuffaceous claystone are white, soft, locally silty to sandy, carbonaceous speek, tuffaceous.Breccia/conglomerate are medium porosity, light grey, fine to coarse grain, angular to sub angular, medium sorted, fragments: quartz, plagioclase, igneous rock materials, volcanic materials.Matrix include silica and cement include silica and tuffaceous (Eubank & Makki, 1981).

Analytical Methods
A broad literature review was undertaken to understand the geology and petroleum system (source rock, reservoirs, seals, and traps) in the area.The geochemical data then become an important parameter in defining shale gas plays.The shale should meet two conditions, source as well as reservoir rock properties.
The present study focuses mainly on the source rock properties.This research using by geochemical techniques i.e.TOC and Rock-Eval Pyrolysis to determine the amount of organic matter i.e. total organic carbon (TOC (wt%), type of organic matter (Kerogen Type I, II, III), genetic potential (Hydrogen Index (HI); mg HC/g C and Oxygen Index (OI); mg CO 2 /g C). 37 samples were collected from well cuttings in JML-1 and JML-2 wells.Samples we are received into the laboratories in the forms of well site canned ditch cuttings, bagged ditch cuttings in various stages of preparation from wet, unwashed to dried, washed; sidewall cores, conventional cores, outcrop samples.Each sample assigned a number which was entered into a computer system to monitor sample selection and progress.Preparation techniques we are directed towards obtaining clean samples, free of drilling mud and mud additive, obvious caving contamination and indeterminate fine material.TOC was measured from lab analysis.Kerogen type, maturity and genetic potential were also evaluated in laboratory by Rock-Eval pyrolysis.The Rock-Eval pyrolysis performed in the Lemigas Laboratory, was conducted on each sample following standard procedures.

TOC Measurements in Laboratory
Organic carbon values are obtained by treating 0.1 g of crushed rock sample with hot.TOC is measured in laboratory using LECO Carbon Determinator (WR-112).The standard procedure has been followed for TOC measurement.
The TOC of rock sample was measured by combustion of organic matter under air or atmospheric oxygen at a temperature of 1200˚C (LECO Induction Oven).
Carbonates were separated by acid treatment (10% HCL Solution), prior to combustion, to avoid the CO 2 interference due to the decomposition of carbo-

Quality and Quantity of Organic Matter
The analyzed sedimentary rocks are light gray to dark gray, non-calcareous to calcareous, and some silty.The level of color and composition of the rock is generally relevant to the composition value of the organic material.The darker the color of the rock the more organic material the rocks have.Analysis results of 37 samples in term of organic matter richness show a TOC value ranged from 0.18 wt% -6.12 wt%.
Based on the classification of Peters and Cassa (1994), at the JML-1 the shale rock of Talang Akar Formation (TAF) divided into 4 (four) categories: 1) Fair source rock; 2 samples with a TOC compositions ranging from 0.72 wt% to 0.95 wt%; 2) Good source rock; 8 shale samples fall in this category where TOC ranging from 1.04 wt% to 1.53 wt%; 3) Very good source rock; represented by 8 samples with a TOC composition of 2.34 wt% to 3.98 wt% and iv).Excellent source rock; 7 samples are categorized as excellent source rock, whose TOC compositions ranging from 4.13 wt% to 6.12 wt%.The overall TOC analysis can be interpreted that these samples have an average organic richness in the range of good to excellent source rock (TOC: 0.72 wt% -4.85 wt%).The exception is seen at the depth interval between 1625 m -1990 m (Talang Akar Formation), In the play concept of shale gas, using the shale-gas data that have been successful in America, the minimum average TOC value required is 2. The minimum value of shale-gas TOC is different from the conventional play concept because to produce enough gas and get stuck in the shale rock, more organic rich material is required.
The S1 parameter is the free hydrocarbon, the hydrocarbon and oxygen compounds contained in the rock, expressed in mg HC/g (sourced from pyrolysis analysis).The S2 parameter is the potential of extractable hydrocarbon, in mg HC/g or in this case, the peak S2 shows the presence of potential hydrocarbons in the rock and its maximum temperature is the Tmax (˚C) parameter in pyrolysis.Production Yield (PY) is the total of S1 and S2 parameters in mg HC/g, which aims to determine the production of hydrocarbons in rocks (Peters & Cassa, 1994).
The plot of TOC versus Rock-Eval pyrolysis S2 was interpreted to determine the type of organic matter (Figure 3).The figure shows that samples are of mix type II/III and type III kerogen.A source rock capable of producing gas and gas/oil.The potential source rock facies are dominated by type II/III kerogens derived from higher plant material, with minor liptinite and alginite components.
The comparison of production indices with the thermal maturity stage of samples was used to identify migrated hydrocarbon (Hunt, 1996).The high S1 values are either: 1) normal, which indicate prospective source rock; or 2) abnormal, resulting from a combination with migrated oil, or coming from drilling additives (Peters & Cassa, 1994).When S1 is high and TOC is low, non-indigenous hydrocarbon can be detected (Hunt, 1996).On the other hand, the plot of S1 versus TOC (Figure 4) can be used to discriminate between non-indigenous (allochthonous) and indigenous hydrocarbons (autochthonous).
This relation shows that majority of the studied rock samples from JML-1 and JML-2 wells were characterized by indigenous hydrocarbons (autochthonous) indicative of dry gas generation window.
Based on the classification of [2] in the JML-1, there are three shale samples categorized as poor compositions of S2 or kerogen, ranging from 1.96 to 2.4  In the JML-2 well there are eleven shale samples categorized as poor compositions of S2 having values ranging from 0.58 to 1.62 mg/g so that it is less potent to produce hydrocarbons at a good thermal maturity level and one sample is categorized as fair composition of S2 which range from 3.67 mg/g so that it has the potential to produce hydrocarbons at a mature thermal maturity level.Determination of hydrocarbon potential from the sediments of the Talang Akar Formation is done with the assumption that no primary migration has been formed out of source rock.

Genetic Type of Organic Matter
Analysis of organic material type is the basic nature of petroleum products, namely oil or gas.Organic material in the source rock which produces oil or gas in certain qualified conditions is called kerogen.To classify the type of kerogen, the usual method is to create a graph between the hydrogen index and the oxygen index, or a comparison between the hydrogen index and Tmax values can be used.We have previously discussed the analysis of organic richness materials based on TOC parameters.
The initial genetic type of organic matter of a particular source rock is essential to produce oil and gas.Waples (1985) used the hydrogen index (HI) value to differentiate between the types of organic matter.Hydrogen indices < 150 mg HC/g indicate a potential source to generate gas (mainly type III kerogen).Hydrogen indices value in the range of 150 -300 mg HC/g contain more type III kerogen than type II and therefore are capable of generating mixed oil and gas but mainly gas.Kerogen with hydrogen index > 300 mg HC/g contains a substantial amount of type II macerals and thus are considered as a good source rock capable of to producing oil and minor gas.Kerogen with hydrogen index > 600 mg HC/g usually indicate to nearly type I or type II kerogen and have an excellent potential to generate oil (Waples, 1985).
The HI data confirm a gas prone source in the Talang Akar unit.Given the

Generating Potentialities
The generation potential of a source rock is identified using the results of pyro-Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection lysis analysis.The genetic potential (GP) is the sum of the values S1 and S2 .According to Hunt (1995), source rocks with a GP < 2, from 2 to 5, from 5 to 10 and >10 are considered to have poor, fair, good, and very good generation potential (Hunt, 1996).Figure 7 shows that the source rock in JML-1 are considered as fair to very good source except few samples that are considered as good source potential.
According to Perbawa, Kusuma, and Winardhi (2012), the potential shale gas has a thick mudstone of interval about 100 ft and has TOC > 1% is in the Upper Talang Akar Fm.The Lower Talang Akar Formation has less potential shale gas.

Conclusion
This study evaluates the Talang Akar Formation for shale gas reservoir in terms of its Total Organic Carbon (TOC), generation potential, maturity, subsurface depth and thickness.This formation is already a potential reservoir in South Palembang sub-basin.It was deposited in various sedimentary environments, from fluvial environment (terrestrial), transitional environment until shallow marine environment.We found that TAF is rich in organic matter with TOC ranging from 0.52 wt% to 6.12 wt% (fair to excellent criteria).Typical oil and gas gene-

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Crossplot of remaining hydrocarbon potential (S2) and TOC (wt%).All the samples are falling in type II/III and III zones.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. S1 versus TOC (wt%) crossplot shows all the samples are in the zone of nonindigenous hydrocarbon.

Table 1 .
TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis result from the sampled rock.