Strength of Thin-Walled Lipped Channel Section Columns with Shell-Shaped Curved Grooves

Thin-walled member is structurally superior to a construction member. However, by reason of complexity in structure the stress and the deformation to yield the cross section are complicated. Specially, in case thin-walled members, such as thin-walled channel section columns, which are subjected to compressive force, these members produce the local buckling, distortional buckling and overall buckling. A number of experimental and theoretical investigations subjected to axial compressive force are generated for thin-walled channel section columns with triangle-shaped folded groove by Hancock [1] and with complex edge stiffeners and web stiffeners by Wang [2]. In case thin-walled channel section column with folded groove which is subjected to axial compressive force, it is cleared that the buckling mode shapes are ordinarily generated for local buckling mode shape of plate-panel composing cross section of member in short member aspect ratio and overall buckling mode shape as column and distortional buckling mode shape interacting between local buckling and overall buckling similarly normal thin-walled member. It is cleared analytically and experimentally that buckling strength and critical strength of thin-walled channel section column with folded groove can increase sharply in comparison with that of normal thin-walled member composing only plate-panel. In this paper a new cross section of shell-shaped curved groove [3] was proposed instead of the thin-walled lipped channel section column with triangleand rectangle-shaped folded grooves used ordinarily, and therefore the comparison and the examination of buckling strength and buckling behavior were generated in the case of preparing triangle-shaped folded and shell-shaped curved grooves to web and flange of thin-walled channel section column. And then in order to investigate the buckling behavior on the thin-walled channel section column with folded and curved grooves, exact buckling strength and the buckling mode How to cite this paper: Hoshide, K., Ohga, M., Chun, P.-j., Shigematsu, T. and Kawamura, S. (2018) Strength of Thin-Walled Lipped Channel Section Columns with Shell-Shaped Curved Groov. Open Journal of Civil Engineering, 8, 508-523. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojce.2018.84036 Received: May 19, 2018 Accepted: December 10, 2018 Published: December 13, 2018 Copyright © 2018 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Open Access

buckling and overall buckling.A number of experimental and theoretical investigations subjected to axial compressive force are generated for thin-walled channel section columns with triangle-shaped folded groove by Hancock [1] and with complex edge stiffeners and web stiffeners by Wang [2].In case thin-walled channel section column with folded groove which is subjected to axial compressive force, it is cleared that the buckling mode shapes are ordinarily generated for local buckling mode shape of plate-panel composing cross section of member in short member aspect ratio and overall buckling mode shape as column and distortional buckling mode shape interacting between local buckling and overall buckling similarly normal thin-walled member.It is cleared analytically and experimentally that buckling strength and critical strength of thin-walled channel section column with folded groove can increase sharply in comparison with that of normal thin-walled member composing only plate-panel.In this paper a new cross section of shell-shaped curved groove [3] was proposed instead of the thin-walled lipped channel section column with triangle-and rectangle-shaped folded grooves used ordinarily, and therefore the comparison and the examination of buckling strength and buckling behavior were generated in the case of preparing triangle-shaped folded and shell-shaped curved grooves to web and flange of thin-walled channel section column.And then in order to investigate the buckling behavior on the thin-walled channel section column with folded and curved grooves, exact buckling strength and the buckling mode

Introduction
Thin-walled member is structurally superior to a construction member.However by reason of complexity in structure the stress and the deformation to yield the cross section are complicated.Specially, in case thin-walled members, such as thin-walled channel section columns, which are subjected to compressive force, the members with folded grooves produce the local buckling, distortional buckling and overall buckling.
In recent year, thin-walled channel section columns with folded grooves fabricated from cold-reduced high strength steel plate have been used by advance of manufacturing technique.However, a design of thin-walled member with folded grooves subjected to axial force is generated by obtained strength during assumed bending test as use of deck-plate.And experimental and theoretical investigations are extremely insufficient for various complicated buckling behavior above-mentioned.Especially, in the case of thin-walled member with folded and curved grooves subjected to axial force, the examination of most effective shape to cross section is present state to be not almost investigated.
A number of experimental and theoretical investigations subjected to axial compressive force are performed for thin-walled channel section column with triangle-shaped folded groove by Hancock [1] and Wang [2].In case thin-walled channel section column with folded groove which is subjected to axial compressive force, it is cleared that the buckling mode shapes are ordinarily generated for local buckling mode shape of plate-panel composing cross section of member in short member aspect ratio and overall buckling mode shape as column and distortional buckling mode shape interacting between local buckling and overall buckling like similarly normal thin-walled member.
It is cleared analytically and experimentally that the buckling strength and the critical strength of thin-walled channel section column with folded groove can increase sharply in comparison with normal thin-walled member composing only plate-panels.
Further, on the position, the number and the size of groove-cross section and the effect exerting buckling behavior and buckling strength are examined.Then, it is clear that more large stiffened effect is obtained by establishing groove-cross section not only web but also flanges.
As regards the investigation of the shape of folded groove, the comparison and the examination on the effect exerting bending strength of deck-plate during the shape of folded groove are reported in the case of using deck-plate the thin-walled channel section column with triangle-and rectangle-shaped grooves.
This study aims to propose a new cross section of shell-shaped curved groove [3] instead of the thin-walled channel section column with a triangle-shaped folded groove used ordinarily, and therefore the comparison and the examination of buckling strength and buckling behavior are generated in the case of preparing triangle-shaped folded and shell-shaped curved grooves to web and flange of thin-walled channel section column.
And then in order to investigate the buckling behavior on the thin-walled channel section column with folded and curved grooves, exact buckling strength and the buckling mode shapes are generated by using the transfer matrix method.In analysis the transfer equations are proposed by considering the compatibility and the equilibrium conditions between plate-panel and groove.The analytical local, distortional and overall elastic buckling loads of thin-walled channel section column with folded and curved grooves can be obtained simultaneously by use of the transfer matrix method.Furthermore, a technique to estimate the buckling mode shapes of these members is also shown.

Field Transfer Matrix for Shell-Panel
From the equilibrium equations of forces for the shell-panel subjected to in-plane compressive force (Figure 1) and from the relation between strains and deformations for shell-panel, the partial differential equations for the state va-  (1)   referenced to the variable ϕ are only obtained.
Here, m a π α ≡ Integrating Equation ( 2), the field transfer matrix S F is obtained as follows where I is the unit matrix.

Field Transfer Matrix for Plate-Panel
During the equilibrium equations of forces for the plate-panel subjected to in-plane compressive force and considering the relations between strains and deformations for plate-panel (Figure 2), the partial differential equations for the state variables , , , , , , Referred to the variable y are obtained only: or d d Figure 2. Forces and deformations of plate-panel subjected to in-plane compressive load.
Integrating Equation (7), the field transfer matrix P F is obtained as follows: ( ) 0 0 exp where I is the unit matrix.
Here, by considering r ≅ ∞ and y rϕ = , the partial differential equations of plate-panel Equation ( 7) is obtained from the partial differential equations Equation (2) of shell-panel.

The Field Point Matrix for Thin-Walled Members
As shown in Figure 3 the state vectors for each panel are referred to the local coordinate system.Therefore the relations between the state vectors of two consecutive panels are required, in order to process the transfer procedures of state vectors over these panels.Considering the relation between the state vectors of two plate panels (Figure 3), the following equations is obtained where, P i is the field point matrix relating the state vectors between two consecutive panels.

Stability Equation
Performing the transfer procedure from section 0 to 10 on lipped channel column with shell-shaped grooves in the web and the flanges, the relation between the initial state vector, 0 Z , and that at section 10, 10 Z is described as follows (Figure 4(a)): where, p F and S F are the field transfer matrices, and P is the point transfer matrix.Similarly, the transfer procedure is performed on the lipped channel column with triangle-shaped grooves in the web and the flanges (Figure 4(b)).

Numerical Analysis and Analytical Results
For the purpose of grasping fundamental mechanical behavior on cross section of folded and curved grooves the buckling strength and the buckling mode shape of the thin-walled channel section columns with stiffeners subjected to axial compressive force are investigated by use of the transfer matrix method.
The transfer matrix method is analytical method to perform analysis multiplying the field transfer matrix derived by the governing equations for plate-or shell-panel composing the thin-walled member and the transform coordinates matrix relating the vectors between plate-panels composing the thin-walled members, and owing to finish construction of transfer matrices a time the structural analysis is consequential to multiplication of matrices only and is very automatically advanced to be not necessary intervention of mechanical principle during analysis [4].Therefore, as compared with the other numerical analysis method of the finite element method and so the transfer matrix method is possible and efficient analysis method to obtain very accurate solution in small number Although the present method is naturally a solution procedure for one-dimensional problems, this method is extended to two-dimensional problems by introducing the trigonometric series into the governing equations of problems.
Further this transfer matrix method is expanded for the thin-walled member by introducing the field transfer matrix and the transform coordinates matrix relating the vectors between plate-panels composing the thin-walled member.In present paper the buckling analysis is generated by introducing the field transfer matrix and the transform coordinates matrix on lipped channel section columns with folded and curved grooves.
In Figure 5    small member aspect ratio (a/b).However, before sifting over to overall buckling the distortion buckling is produced, and after that the buckling behavior is sifting over to overall buckling.In the case of L = 5 mm local and overall buckling behavior is produced failing of buckling strength in comparison with that of lip length L = 15 mm and 20 mm.
In Figure 7 the buckling coefficients of lipped channel section columns with various shell-shaped grooves are shown in member aspect ratio (a/b) under length of lip (L = 20 mm).In the case of S1 = 10 mm, 15 mm and 20 mm behavior of local buckling are generated in small member aspect ratio (a/b).Before sifting over to overall buckling the distortional buckling are produced, and after that the buckling behavior is sifting over to overall buckling.In the case of S1 = 5 mm the fall of buckling strength by local and overall buckling behavior are produced in comparison with that of groove-height S1 = 10 mm, 15 mm and 20 mm.
The buckling strength of groove-height S1 = 10 mm is a little failing in comparison with those of S1 = 15 mm and 20 mm.Then, as groove-web ratio (2S1/b = S2/b) is about 0.15 -0.20 by Hancock [1], the groove height (S1) is used with 10 Open Journal of Civil Engineering mm in this study from now on.
In Figure 8 the buckling coefficients of lipped channel section columns with shell-shaped curved groove in the web are shown during various length of lip and member aspect ratio.Owing to stiffening the web the buckling coefficients are increasing under L = 15 mm and 20 mm.However, under L = 5 mm and 10 mm the buckling strength are not increasing, and as this reason the local buckling in the flanges are produced.Therefore, it is considered that stiffened effect is not generated by shell shaped groove in the web.
In Figure 9     Figure 13 shows the buckling coefficients of lipped channel section with shell-shaped curved grooves in the web and the flanges during various length of lip (L) and member aspect ratio (a/b).As shown in Figure 13, the local buckling strength is naturally rising with shell-shaped curved grooves in local range.
However, as falling rapidly after that the distortional buckling is produced, and then the effect of shell-shaped grooves are shown on the local buckling In Figure 14 the buckling coefficients of lipped channel section with triangle-shaped folded grooves in the web and the flanges are shown for various length of lip (L) and member aspect ratio (a/b).As shown in Figure 14, the same tendency is shown in respect of member with shell-shaped curved groove.As regards the buckling strength, that of the member with shell-shaped curved grooves is rising in comparison with the member with triangle shaped folded grooves.buckling and overall buckling.In comparison with the buckling strength obtained by Hancock and Yang [1] and that obtained by the transfer matrix method, the buckling strength is almost equal except some differences in distortional region.In distortional region the effect of stiffener on lipped channel column with shell-shaped curved grooves in the web and the flanges is large in Figure 17.Comparison of the buckling strength of lipped channel section columns with triangle-and shell-shaped grooves obtained by transfer matrix method and finite strip method.
comparison with that on lipped channel column with triangle-shaped folded grooves in the web and the flanges.

Conclusions
In this chapter a new cross section of shell-shaped curved groove was proposed instead of the thin-walled lipped channel section column with triangle-and rectangle-shaped folded grooves used ordinarily, and therefore the comparison and the examination of buckling strength and buckling behavior were generated in the case of preparing triangle-shaped folded and shell-shaped curved grooves to the web and the flanges of thin-walled channel section column.As compared with the buckling strength stiffening the web, that stiffening the flanges is naturally appreciated to be increasing.
Regarding to the buckling strength, that of the member with shell-shaped curved groove is a little rising in comparison with the member with triangle shaped folded groove.
Therefore, it is considered that the use of the shell-shaped curved groove is possible sufficiently.
Then, it is considered that there are sufficient possibilities when using this thin-walled lipped channel section with shell-shaped curved grooves as compression.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Forces and deformation of shell-panel subjected to in-plane compressive load.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Lipped channel column with curved and folded grooves in the web and the flanges.(a) shell-shaped grooves; (b) triangle-shaped grooves.

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.Buckling coefficients of lipped channel section columns without stiffener.
Figure 7. Buckling coefficients of lipped channel section columns with various shell-shaped grooves under lipped length L = 20 mm.

Figure 8 .
Figure 8. Buckling coefficients of lipped channel section columns with shell-shaped groove in the web.

Figure 9 .
Figure 9. Buckling coefficients of lipped channel section columns with triangle-shaped grooves in the flanges.

Figure 13 .
Figure 13.Buckling coefficients of lipped channel section columns with shell-shaped curved grooves in the flanges and web.

Figure 14 .
Figure 14.Buckling coefficients of lipped channel section columns with triangle-shaped folded grooves in the flanges and web.

Figure 15 . 2 Figure 16 .
Figure 15.Local buckling mode shape of lipped channel section column with shell-shaped curved grooves in the flanges and web.

Table 1 .
Parameters of analytical models.