Effects of Time Dilation on the Measurements of the Hubble Constant

We show that, when measuring the Hubble constant by starting the evaluation from the time of the big bang era, the effect of time dilation results in a decrease in the value of the Hubble constant. But when evaluating the Hubble constant by starting the evaluation from the present time, the effect of time dilation results in an increase in the value of the Hubble constant. To elucidate the process, the time dilation is calculated both directly and through Schwarzschild solution of the Einstein equation for the gravitational time dilation. It is concluded that both measured values are valid but because of time dilation, different starting times for the evaluation of the Hubble constant have resulted in different measured values for the Hubble constant.


Introduction
The recently reported measured value for the Hubble constant by the Plank team [1] is the present time and then calculating the value for H 0 .In this measurement, the direction of time is future pointing, that is, toward the future as it progresses from the surface of last scattering toward the present time.Thus as the length of time from the center of gravity is increased, the hold of gravity on time is decreased.The evaluated Hubble time intrinsically includes the time dilation.
Another measured value for the Hubble constant, reported by the Reiss team International Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics .This team starts its evaluation from the present time by measuring both the redshift and distance first and then calculating the H 0 .In this measurement the redshift increases as one goes back from the present time.Here the direction of time, for evaluation of H 0 , is past pointing, that is, toward the surface of last scattering.Thus as the length of time to the center of gravity is decreased, the hold of gravity on time is increased.In this case the evaluated H 0 also intrinsically includes the effect of time dilation.The discrepancy or tension between the above two values of H 0 has been puzzling [3] [4] [5].Here we first evaluate a reference Hubble constant without including the time dilation.Then we show that including the time dilation and starting the evaluation from the surface of last scattering proceeding toward the present time yields . This value of H 0 is remarkably consistent with the Plank measured value.Then, still including the time dilation, we reverse the starting point for the evaluation of H 0 .We show that starting the evaluation from the present time proceeding toward the surface of last scattering yields

Evaluation of the Reference Hubble Constant
According to General Relativity (GR) time and space are coupled and a global reversal of coordinate system has no effect on the result.That is, time symmetry is inherent in GR.Because in the above two measurements the reversal of the proper time of a single world-line from a future-pointing to a past-pointing has resulted in different values for the Hubble constant; the time symmetry is broken [6].As such one cannot use GR in its classical form to address the problem at hand.In the Plank measurement the direction of time is pointing toward the future while in the Reiss measurement the direction of time is pointing toward the past.In the following it is shown that in the Plank measurement, because the time dilation is positive it increases the Hubble time, resulting in a lower value for the Hubble constant.But in the Reiss measurement, because the time dilation is negative, it decreases the Hubble time, resulting in a higher value for the Hubble constant.It should be noted that the Friedmann-Robertson-Walker model (FRW) of the standard model of relativistic cosmology includes both isotropy and homogeneity, Peacock [7].But the effect of time dilation does not directly show up in the FRW model because the FRW model is based on General Relativity, in which time is symmetric.Below it will be shown that the time dilations for the future pointing and the past pointing measurements have opposite signs.
Increasing entropy with the forward flow of time (which is not included in GR) may be the cause of the broken symmetry.
Here we first evaluate a reference Hubble constant not including the effect of time dilation.Then we evaluate the effects of time dilation on the above two measurements.Because of broken time symmetry, as an alternative exploration International Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics e T t at the present time [8].Thus, the spatial velocity, ( ) v t , and the spatial acceleration, ( ) a t , of the expansion of the universe, in this simple model, are given by ( ) ( ) ( ) The acceleration, ( ) a t , is a centrifugal acceleration and its effect according to the equivalence principle of GR is equivalent to gravitational acceleration.Thus Because the sign of ( ) a t is positive, it represents a repulsive inertia acceleration.The above relation yields Considering the radius of the universe at the time of the big bang to have been  4) the total mass of our universe, M, is given by ( ) where p z represents the Plank redshift.Since the total mass of the universe, M, is conserved, Equation (5) implies that where St t represents the radius of the surface of last scattering (the horizon) and H z represents its corresponding redshift, and t/2 represents the time distance from the big bang at any time t.
From the CMB radiations at the time of decoupling, the temperature has been estimated to have been about 3000 K, and the black body radiation temperature International Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics now is now 2.72548 K τ = [11].From relations (7)

Evaluation of the Effects of Time Dilation on the Hubble Constant
Here we show that the effect of time dilation manifests itself in two ways.If we make our measurement toward the present time, the effect of a positive change in time is a negative change in the redshift.But if we make our measurement toward the big bang, the effect of a negative change in time is a positive change in the redshift.Let t δ represent a small change in time.Since according to Eq- uation (6) ( ) it follows that ( )  making the measurement toward the present time one is moving away from the gravitational center in the direction of increasing time, which according to Equation (4) causes a reduction or a negative change in the value of the redshift.
Since 1 z δ is negative, the change in time according to Equation ( 13) must be positive.Thus changing the sign of 1 z δ , one obtains the time dilation as ( )

10 s
where ( ) is the reference Hubble time given in Equation (10).Therefore the present time value of the Hubble constant, in this case, is calculated to be ( ) ( ) The above value for the Hubble constant is consistent with Plank's value of Thus the Hubble constant including the effect of time dilation is given by ( ) ( ) For comparison, the calculated Hubble constants and the measured ones are presented in Table 1.

Conclusion and Remarks
Based on the results presented above it is clear that, because of time dilation, the measurement of H 0 is sensitive to the direction in which the measurement is performed, that is toward the present time or away from it.Therefore, considering the directions of evaluation, both measured values of the Hubble constant are valid.Removal of time dilation would yield a unique value for H 0 .However, because time dilation is inherent in the evaluation of the length of time, its effect cannot be removed through more precise measurements.Also according to Equation (3) the redshift, z, that is, the rate of change of the expanding time, ( ) e T t , can represent the repulsive gravity.
team obtains this value for H 0 by using the cosmic microwave background (CMB) data together with the ΛCDM standard model.Since CMB happens in the recombination era, the process involves evaluating the Hubble time from the surface of last scattering to the expanding time part of the expanding universe where cz represents the rate of expansion of the universe.Since the speed of light, c, is constant, the redshift, z, represents the rate of change of the expanding time, ( ) e T t .It has been shown that the quantity 2 t a z t = represents the second rate or the acceleration of ( ) smallest unit of time), based on Equation (

13 )
That is, a positive change in the value of time, t, corresponds to a negative change in the value of the redshift, z.But a positive change in the value of redshift corresponds to a negative change in the value of time.If we start the measurement from the surface of last scattering to the present time, t 0 , the length of time is ( ) the corresponding change in redshift is given by ( ) ( )

Factor 2
in the above equation represents the fact that, from the time of the big bang, the expanding time expands both toward the earth and in the opposite direction.The 2π factor represents the fact that, based on Equation (3), the path of expanding time is circular.Now evaluating the Hubble time via evaluation based on measurement from the surface of last scattering toward the present time, including time dilation, one obtains the Hubble time as case the evaluation of the Hubble time, ( ) 1 H t , is from the surface of last scattering to the present time, 0 t , on earth.Now we consider evaluation of the Hubble constant through measurement of redshift from the present-time toward the surface of last scattering.Reversing the direction of evaluation of Hubble time causes the change in the redshift to be positive.This is so because in making the measurement going back from the present-time one is moving toward the gravitational center, reducing the length of time and, according to Equation (4), causing an increase or a positive change in the value of the redshift.The length of time to the surface of last scattering is ( ) one obtains

Table 1 .
Measured and calculated values of Hubble constant.