The Spatial Distribution Pattern Analysis of City Infrastructure Cases of Urban Management

The effective disposal of daily city infrastructure cases is an important issue for urban management. To more effectively utilize a large amount of historical cases data collected and accumulated in the urban grid management system, and to analyze their spatial distribution pattern information for city managers, this study used the comparative kernel density analysis method in two types of cases (i.e. power facilities and traffic guardrail) in Xicheng District, Beijing for the year 2016 and 2017. This research analyzes them at different scales (300 m, 600 m, 1,200 m), and the experiment results show that the method of comparative kernel density analysis is able to provide an intuitively spatial visualization distribution analysis of city infrastructure related cases. The quantitative information of spatial agglomeration degree is helpful for city managers making decision.


Introduction
With the rapid development of urbanization, the amount of city infrastructure related cases in urban management has been increasing exponentially.A large number of urban management cases not only affect the environment of the city, but also cause problems for the residents' daily life.To solve these problems in an effective way is a key issue for city managers.The government has vigorously promoted the construction of intelligent cities in recent years, and the urban grid management system (Zhao, 2012) can be recognized as a successful in-How to cite this paper: Hou, J. W., Liu, J. stance.After years of serving, the urban grid management system has accumulated many historical data of city infrastructure related cases.To take advantage of this digital urban management system, many researchers use spatiotemporal data analysis techniques to dig deep into the temporal and spatial distribution of urban management cases (Hajduk, 2016;Guo et al., 2015).The related researches have significantly guided the human resources allocation plan of urban management and related urban management decision.This paper mainly used the comparative kernel density analysis method, and analyzed the kernel density of two main cases (power facilities and traffic guardrail) in the urban grid management system of Xicheng District from January 1 st , 2016 to December 31 st , 2017.
This paper uses the massive city cases' management data accumulated in Xicheng District of Beijing, through the intensive study and analysis of urban cases (Wang & Du, 2014;Zarabi et al., 2011;Fu et al., 2017), and transferred the traditional "passive discovery and prevention" mode into "active prevention and prediction in advance" mode, so that to provide an effective exploratory analysis and visualization method, which can be used as decision references for urban managers.
The structure of this paper is as follows: Section 1 introduces the research area and data types of spatial analysis, and then introduces the ideas and methods of spatial analysis.Section 2 introduces the main ideas of making thermodynamic charts and shows the distribution of important cases.The comparative kernel density analysis and regional variance analysis are used to explore the impact of different spatial scales on the cases distribution.In the end, the conclusion of our study and the outlook of our works are summarized in Section 3.

The Study Area
Xicheng District is located in the middle part of Beijing, shown in red color in Figure 1.It covers an area of 50.70 km 2 , 15 sub district offices and 258 communities in the area.As the core area of the capital, Xicheng District is an important urban area with a political center, a commercial area and a tourist destination.The specific distribution is shown in Figure 1.

Experiment Data
The data of city component related cases used in this paper comes from the database of Urban Infrastructure Mobile Management System (UIMMS) of Xicheng District.A total of 4579 cases during the period of January 1 st of 2016 to December 31 st of 2017 were included.The data are classified into two categories: 1) the 5 kinds of city infrastructure data, it contains communal facilities, road traffic, city environment, landscaping, housing land.2) Cases data of these city infrastructure, it mainly covers all kinds of manhole covers, power facilities, traffic guardrail, street lamp and so on.There are 87 different types of cases related to the 5 kinds of city infrastructures.Each case record contains the attributes of Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection events, spatial coordinates, and other items related information.2016 and 2017.Table 1 shows the basic statistical information of the top 10 types of cases, and power facilities and traffic guardrail are the top two most common cases.Therefore, this paper focuses on these two types.

Method
Because the kernel density estimation method does not use the prior knowledge of data distribution and does not attach any assumptions to the data distribution, it is a method to study the characteristics of data distribution from the data sample itself (Gong et al., 2017).So that the kernel density analysis algorithm (Fu, Li, Yang et al., 2015;Shen & Guo, 2014) is used to analyze the urban management cases data.Through the correlation analysis between the clustering results and the urban management cases, this study identified the spatial distribution pattern of events and measured the agglomeration degree of spatial distribution.This information will be provided to city managers.Figure 3 shows the flow chart of the procedure.

The Kernel Density Estimation Method
The Kernel density estimation method is developed from the quadrate counting method (Okabe, Satoh, & Sugihara, 2009), but superior because it considers the relationship between points in the study unit.The original purpose of this method was to obtain a smooth estimation of the probability density from the observed data, based on the premise that there is a potential event density at any location in the study area (Dai et al., 2015;Gamez & Ileana, 2012).There are many methods to estimate the event density at any point in the region.The most common one is to take the point as the center of the circle and count the number of events within the radius r of the circle, then divide it by the area of the circle.
So the density of s event point can be expressed as follows: ( ) In the formula, the radius r represents the scale, K (•) represents the kernel Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection  (Leszek, 2015;Li & Zhou, 2016;Zhu, 2006).The results show that the relative scale of kernel function has little effect on kernel density estimation (O'Sullivan & Wong, 2007).
The kernel density estimation method can be accomplished by density analysis, a spatial analysis module in the toolbox of ArcGIS platform.The tool has two key inputs, one is the choice of Population field.The Population field represents the counts or quantities throughout the landscape used to create a continuous surface, which is the weight of the geographical elements to be calculated.For urban management cases, different regions, the importance of different cases is not the same, so here choose the weight of each urban management case to calculate the computation scale of kernel density, there are quantitative differences in different scales of urban management cases in space (Niemi et al., 2015).
Therefore, the choice of scales is particularly important for the spatial distribu-Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection tion analysis of urban management cases.

Region Analysis
Region analysis is mainly based on "region" as the object of analysis and operation (Kim et al., 2017), in order to more clearly see the trends and trajectories found in urban management cases at the macro level.The standard deviation of kernel density at different scales of each sub-district office can be clearly seen by regional analysis, so as to judge the occurrence of cases in each sub-district and the change of kernel density in different scales.In each street area, using the following formula (2) to calculate the standard deviation of kernel density.

( ) ( )
Among the formula, N refers to the number of all raster pixels in the region, i x represents the kernel density at raster pixel i, and x represents the average kernel density of urban management cases in the region.

Results and Discussions
For the parameter setting of kernel density estimation method in ArcGIS platform, there are three main parameters: Population field, output pixel size and search area.Population field is set for the weight of each urban management case.The output pixel size is set to 20 m, and the search area is set to 300 m, 600 m and 1200 m respectively.Generally, in Xicheng District, 300 m represents the community level, 600 m represents the street level, and 1200 m represents the whole district level (Jing et al., 2017).In order to clearly show the variation trend of urban management cases under different scales, the regional variance statistics of kernel density are carried out separately for the calculated results.

Kernel Density Analysis
Figure 4 and Figure 5 show the spatial distribution trend change of power facilities cases and power facilities, traffic guardrail cases and traffic guardrail at different scales.The power facilities cases and traffic guardrail cases are the damage situation of power facilities and traffic guardrail that reported by supervisors.
The power facilities cases mainly concentrated in the east, and traffic guardrail cases mainly concentrated in the south.The distribution of these two kinds of cases gradually increases with scale, the number of the concentrated distribution region is decreasing, and the area of the concentrated distribution region is gradually increasing.When the scale of power facilities cases is small, the con-  Therefore, it can be seen that at small scale, it can be clearly seen that the relatively concentrated distribution of cases within each street, the spatial distribution of local details is more significant; At large scale, it highlights the overall distribution of cases throughout the entire study area.

Conclusion
Urban grid management system has greatly improved the comprehensive efficiency of urban management.City infrastructure cases' management is an important part of urban management.The analysis of urban management cases can present more useful information to improve the efficiency of case handling.This paper focuses on the analysis of power facilities and traffic guardrail cases.It provides the hotspot information to intuitively display the spatial distribution trend of related cases, which can provide the management and resource deployment information for the relevant management departments.In the analysis of urban management cases, the choice of different scales reflects the different trend of cases distribution.The smaller the scale is, the more details reveals and the more concentrated areas are; The larger the scale is, the fewer concentrated areas and the larger concentrated area are, which highlights the overall distribution of cases.The larger the scale is, the smaller the density of urban management cases is; otherwise, the smaller the scale is, the larger the density of urban management cases is.
However, the spatial clustering method used in this paper belongs to the category of exploratory spatial data analysis in essence.It can assist in exploring the relationships, patterns and trends hidden in spatial data without excessive prior knowledge and assumptions, it can also handle other case types as listed in Table 1.In the future research, we plan to add population and economic variables and other auxiliary data, and use geographic weighted regression and other spatial statistical methods to do further modeling analysis.

Figure 2
Figure2shows the statistics of 5 categories urban management case data in

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. The statistics of 5 categories urban management case data change from 2016 to 2017.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Procedure of cluster of urban management cases.
Figure4and Figure5show the spatial distribution trend change of power facilities cases and power facilities, traffic guardrail cases and traffic guardrail at different scales.The power facilities cases and traffic guardrail cases are the damage situation of power facilities and traffic guardrail that reported by supervisors.The power facilities cases mainly concentrated in the east, and traffic guardrail cases mainly concentrated in the south.The distribution of these two kinds of cases gradually increases with scale, the number of the concentrated distribution region is decreasing, and the area of the concentrated distribution region is gradually increasing.When the scale of power facilities cases is small, the concentrated areas are distributed in Shichahai Street, Yuetan Street, Jingrongjie Street, West Chang'an Street and Dazhalan Street.With the scale increases, the appearance of concentrated areas decreases, at 1200 m scale, only the Shichahai Street and Dazhalan Street show obvious concentrated areas.By comparing (Figure 4(a), Figure 4(c), Figure 4(e)) and (Figure 4(b), Figure 4(d), Figure 4(f)), we can see that the distribution area of power facilities cases is related to

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. Kernel density distribution of "Traffic Guardrail" cases at different scales and Kernel density distribution of "Traffic Guardrail" cases at different scales.(a) "Traffic Guardrail" cases at 300 m scale; (b) "Traffic Guardrail" at 300 m scale; (c) "Traffic Guardrail" cases at 600 m scale; (d) "Traffic Guardrail" at 600 m scale; (e) "Traffic Guardrail" cases at 1200 m scale; (f) "Traffic Guardrail" at 1200 m scale.

Figure 6 and
Figure 6 and Figure 7 show the variance distribution of the kernel density of each street at different scales for power facilities and traffic guardrail cases.It is obvious that the variance of kernel density decreases with the increase of scale.It shows that with the increase of scale, the kernel density value of each street area decreases.From (Figure 4(a), Figure 4(c), Figure 4(e)) and (Figure 5(a), Figure 5(c), Figure 5(e)), we can see that the larger the scale, the smaller the kernel density is, and the larger the concentrated area of the case distribution.Accordingly, the smoother the contour line changes, the smaller the variance is.And it can be clearly seen that in the diagram that the maximum variance of kernel density in power facilities cases is at Shichahai Street, and in traffic guardrail cases it is at Dazhalan Street.

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.Power facilities variance comparison for kernel density of different streets and scales.

Figure 7 .
Figure 7. Traffic guardrail variance comparison of calculation results for kernel density of different streets and scales.

Table 1 .
Statistics of top ten types of city management cases.