Palmar Dermatoglyphics of Corsicans and Comparison with Those of Sardinians

We report on five dermatoglyphic traits recorded on palm prints in sample of Sardinians and Corsicans. The two populations are very similar but not identical.


Introduction
Corsica and Sardinia probably have a similar history in terms of the first peopling of the islands (Francalacci et al., 2003).This is indicated by examination of Y chromosome haplotypes, with a small genetic difference between the present-day populations (Giovannoni et al., 2006;Varesi et al., 1996).Since digital and palmar dermatoglyphic patterns are non-adaptive traits free from environmental influences (Reddy and Reddy, 2006), they are also a good tool for population analyses (Jantz and Chopra, 1983;Adetona et al, 2008;Temaj et al., 2009;Mbaka et al., 2016).Previous fingerprint studies (Morelli et al., 1999 for males and females; Piquet-Thepot, 1963 only for males) did not show a clear difference between Corsicans and Sardinians, the former presenting a slightly higher percentage of loops (64.3% vs 63.34%) in males and a lower one in females (62.50% vs 66.45%) and a lower incidence of whorls in males (28.5% vs 32.32%) and a higher one in females (30% vs 25.23%) (Floris, unpublished data).In this note, we report on a comparison of qualitative and quantitative aspects of palmar dermatoglyphic patterns between Corsicans and Sardinians.(Floris, 1975a(Floris, , 1975b;;Floris, 1977;Floris, 1992).

Technique and Method of Examination
Corsican sample was constituted by healthy individuals of both sex, randomly selected, born and resident in the area of Corte (Central Corsica) for at least three generations.Sardinian data were constituted by 820 individuals of both sex born and resident for at least three generations in the city of Cagliari (Sardinia, Italy).The dermatoglyphic traits used for the comparison were: the presence of true patterns and vestiges in the five palmar areas; modal types of C line termination according to the Plato classification (Plato, 1970); a-b ridge count; A-d ridge count; main line index.Figure 1 showed the main lines and the triradii for the determination of the a-b ridge and A-d ridge.
Statistical differences between the samples were tested by X 2 and t di Student analysis through Statistica software (ver.7).

Results
Table 1 reports the values of palmar dermatoglyphic patterns for Corsicans and Sardinians of both sexes and the statistical results of the comparison.Comparison between Corsican and Sardinia populations is also illustrated in Figures 2-4.
There are no significant differences in the qualitative traits between Sardinians  Sardinian females) and for the A-d ridge count in males alone (higher values in Sardinian males), but not for the main line index.

Conclusion
The study of some dermatoglyphic traits shows that the Corsican and Sardinian populations are similar but not identical, with several significant differences (such as the a-b ridge count).
As demonstrated also by research on various genetic markers, the similarity is likely due to the origin and the history of the islands.In fact, Corsican and Sardinian populations derive from a common genetic founding pool, being subjected over the centuries to similar evolutionary forces (Vona et al., 2002;Piras et al., 2005;Giovannoni et al., 2006).
The similarities between the two islands were previously evidenced by researches on classical and molecular markers.A comparison of the four phenotypes of the ABO system reported for Sardinians (Floris and Maxia, 1979) with those Khérumian and Moullec, 1959;Vallois and Marquer, 1964) shows the same high frequency of O (56.19% in the Corsicans and 53.87% in the Sardinians) but a X 2 of 7.54 which for d.f.= 3 is at the limit of significance (7.81) mainly because of a greater decrease of group B in the Corsicans (6.49% vs 8.90%).These results agree with those of previous studies on classical autosomal markers and uniparental mtDNA and Y chromosome markers (Piras et al., 2005;Francalacci et al., 2003;Vona et al., 2002) which showed a strong genetic link between Sardinia and Corsica, probably due to the frequent mutual exchanges between the two islands since the Paleolithic.
It is worth noting that the genetic affinity between Corsica and Sardinia is more evident when the central part of the Corsica is analyzed, since its geographical isolation allowed it to maintain the ancient genetic characteristic (Vona et al., 2002).
On the other hand, in this work, we demonstrated that no perfect identity between the two islands.
The observed differences between them can be explained mainly by random genetic drift with subsequent isolation and endogamy.The effect of genetic drift was surely amplified by the low population density and the bottleneck effects caused by epidemics (such as malaria and plague) and strong isolation of the two islands, as shown by the rates of endogamy and consanguinity or surnames analysis (Sanna et al., 2004;Francalacci and Morelli, 1999).

and
Figure 1.Main lines and triradii of the palm.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Patterns and vestiges in the 5 palmar areas in Corsican and Sardinian male populations.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Patterns and vestiges in the 5 palmar areas in Corsican and Sardinian female populations.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Modal types of C line in Corsican and Sardinian populations.