Alpha Centauri System and Meteorites Origin

We propose a mathematical model for determining the probability of meteorite origin, impacting the earth. Our method is based on axioms similar to both the complex networks and emergent gravity. As a consequence, we are able to derive a link between complex networks and Newton’s gravity law, and as a possible application of our model we discuss several aspects of the Bacubirito meteorite. In particular, we analyze the possibility that the origin of this meteorite may be alpha Centauri system. Moreover, we find that in order for the Bacubirito meteorite to come from alpha Cen and be injected into our Solar System, its velocity must be reduced one order of magnitude of its ejected scape velocity from alpha Cen. There are several ways how this could happened, for example through collision with the Oort cloud objects (located outside the boundary of our Solar System), and/or through collisions within the Solar meteorites belt (located between Mars and Jupiter). We also argue that it may be interesting to study the Bacubirito meteorite from the perspective of the recently discovered Oumuamua object.


Introduction
In this work we are interested in answering the question whether meteorites found on the earth actually came from the closest star Alpha Centauri (alpha Cen) system [1]. Typically when one think about a meteorite found on earth one associates its origin with a number of possibilities connected with the solar system, including asteroid belt, Kuiper belt or Oort cloud (see Refs. [1] and [2]). In a sense, this is because one assumes that the probability of the meteorite origin decreases from the sun. Thus, one determines that the most probable meteorite Ref. [15]). However, other studies have shown that the later stage of accretion to produce lunar mass objects is reduced in efficiency due to orbital rephrasing by the binary companion. This inhibits collisional growth around alpha Cen A to regions within 0.75 AU. Moreover, visual double stars are very interesting objects for astrophysics. It is known that by determining the physical parameters of the orbits can help to determine the luminosity of such stars [16].
If circumstellar discs of alpha Cen system is capable of forming planets it is naturally to assume that there are also analogue asteroid belt, Kuiper belt or Oort cloud. From this point of view one must assume the possibility that some asteroids found on earth come from the alpha Cen system. Of course, the process can be vice versa in the sense that there has been interchange of asteroids between the alpha Cen system and the solar system. At present, roughly speaking the Oort cloud starts approximately at distance of 1 light-year and ends at 2 light-year from the sun. So one may assume that the analogue Oort cloud of the alpha Cen system starts also a distance of 1 light-year and ends at 2 light-year (from the alpha Centaury system). Considering that the average distance from the sun and alpha Centaury system is of 4 light-year it seems reasonable to assume that both Oort clouds are in interaction. If this is the case at present times presumably in the past the evolution of both systems must be of great importance in the sense that part of the matter from both systems must be interchanged. So, it is expected that some asteroids trapped in the solar system actually come from alpha Cen system. Consequently, although the meteorite origin probability found on earth is higher in the case of structure near to Earth such as the asteroid belt the probability is not necessarily zero if one assumes an alpha Cen origin of some meteorites. In this work we propose a mathematical model that could answer somehow this question. Such a model corresponds to complex network adapted to gravitational phenomena, and as a possible application of our gravitational complex network model, we consider the Bacubirito meteorite [17] [18] [19].
Finally, it is interesting to mention that a future interstellar spacecraft, in- This work is organized as follows. In Section 2 we comment about complex networks. In Section 3, we obtain an expression for gravitational complex networks. In Section 4, we explore if in the case of the Bacubirito meteorite we can apply our formalism. In Section 6 we mention that the possibility that some meteorite find on earth may have interstellar origin as the Oumuamua object [20] [21] and that perhaps this may be the case for the Bacubirito meteorite. For more details of Alpha Cen System see Refs [22]- [45].

Comments on Complex Networks
It is known that random networks with complex topology describe a wide range of systems in Nature. Surprisingly, recent advances in this scenario show that most large networks can be described by mean-field method applied to a system with scale-free features (see Refs. [3] [4] for details). In fact, it is found that in the case of scale-free random networks, the observed power-law degree distribu- where ( ) P k is the probability that a vertex in the network is connected to k other vertices and γ is a numerical scale-free parameter so called "connectivity distribution exponent". Random networks with complex topology are based in two principles: 1) Growth: starting with small number of vertices 0 v , at every time step t one adds a new vertex with 0 e v < edges that will be connected to the vertices already present in the system.
2) Preferential attachment: When choosing the vertices to which the new vertex connects, one assumes that the probability that a new vertex will be connected to vertex i depends on the connectivity (node degree) i k of that vertex and is given by (The reacher becomes reacher.) Observe that the sum in (2) goes over all vertices in the system except the new one. Assuming that i k is continuous parameter, one can assume that the variation of i k with respect the time is proportional to this probability where e is proportional constant. Thus, considering (2) we have It is possible to show that Therefore, one gets equation which has the following solution (given the condition Then, using this expression, the probability that a vertex has connectivity i k smaller than k can be written as where we have assumed that the probability density for i Making the differentiation of this expression with respect to k, one obtain the probability that a vertex in the network is connected to k other vertices Comparing this expression with (1), one sees that in this model the free-scaling parameter becomes 3 γ = .

Complex Network; Gravitational Information Theory
The idea of connecting gravity with networks has been of great interest through the years (see Ref. [5] for details). In Ref. [5] it was shown that by relaying in a connection between information theory and scale-free random networks one can obtain the Newton gravitational theory (see Appendix). In Ref. [6] the identification P F ↔ of the expressions 3 1 , P k (10) and 2 1 , F r (11) was considered. Consequently the possible relation between the radio r and the connectivity k was established, 3 2 . r k (12) In fact, the expression (10) can be generalized in the form where, as it was mentioned in section 1, γ is just a free-scale parameter called the connectivity distribution exponent. It turns out that the scale-free parameter γ is a model dependent. For instance, in the observed networks the values in the range 2 3 γ ≤ ≤ [6]. For gravitational theory the most interesting possibility is when 2 γ = . In this case and because of the above expression, ( ) P k becomes 2 1 P k (14) and therefore one can make the identification r k to obtain Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics 2 , Mm P G r (15) where the constant of proportionality must have units inverse of force units.
This expression can be interpreted as "the probability that object of mass m is connected to other object of mass M is inversely proportional to the square distance between the two masses". Thus, from of point of view of complex networks the Newton gravitational law is the emergent probabilistic expression (A7) (see Appendix), which can be used to estimate the probability for a meteorite to impact the Earth from a given location, that is, to determine meteorite origin impacting the Earth.

Bacubirito Meteorite
The Bacubirito meteorite [17] is a notorious and famous anomalous iron meteorite which was found at 25˚42'05''N, 107˚54'19''W in 1889 at small village called "el Camichn", about 10 km away from Bacubirito town located in the northern mountains of Sinaloa, México. It is worth mentioning that this location has been verified by recent expedition. At the time of its finding, it was considered the biggest worldwide meteorite. Nowadays, with its 4.1 meters it is still maintain as the world fifth largest meteorite [19]. At present, it is not known the origin of the Bacubirito meteorite. Of course, one should expect that its most probable origin is the asteroid belt, the Kuiper belt or the Oort cloud. However, since it is considered anomalous iron meteorite we would like to leave open the possibility that its origin is the alpha Cen system. According to the Ref. [13] the alpha Cen system contains high concentration of metallic substances. So if one is interested to see whether a meteorite origin is alpha Cen system one needs to look for iron anomalous meteorites which it turns out to be the case of the Bacubirito meteorite. Furthermore, just by looking the expression (15), one realize that the probability that a meteorite origin is alpha Cen system is small compared with the asteroid belt, the Kuiper belt or the Oort cloud origin because of the huge distance difference. However, it is not zero indicate that metal abundance of alpha Cen A is greater than the sun abundance.
In fact, alpha Cen A may be classified as anomalous metal rich start. In this sense, the metal anomaly of alpha Cen A is related with the metal anomaly of the Bacubirito meteorite. But of course, to make a complete identification one needs among other studies to compare the full chemical composition of alpha Cen A and the Bacubirito meteorite.
It is known that in order to understand the evolution of the Milky Way one Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics uses the chemical composition of stars. Using this data, one concludes that neighbor stars are not isolated system but rather the vicinity of one another are affected by the same astrophysical events. So it is likely that alpha Cen system and the sun interact in different forms during their evolution formation. In particular one should expect that the matter interchange between both systems was a very possible scenario. In particular, in different time periods some asteroids of alpha Cen system could reach the solar system and vice versa. In this context, the study of the comparison of chemical abundance in both neighbors stars and different meteorites found of earth can be of great importance.
We would like also to analyze the possibility that the scape velocity play an important physical role in our search for a meteorite from alpha Cen enter to the solar system. As we mentioned Alpha Cen system is mainly made up of alpha Cen A, alpha Centauri B and Proxima Centauri which is a red dwarf. They masses are respectively , where G is the gravitational constant ( .
Therefore, one has that this comparison ratio between alfa Cen and our Solar System is where it has been assumed that r r ≈  one can guess that this object in alpha Centauri must be located between alpha Cen A and alpha Cen B where the non linear resonances can produce instabilities in the objects and can be ejected from the system, where the distance from alpha Cen A to alpha Cen B is about the distance from our Sun to Pluto, between 4.4 to 7.4 billion Km. In this way, any object escaping from Alpha Centauri in direction to our Solar System will have a speed such that the Solar System will not be able freely captured it into its system, unless directly hit the sun of a planet; in particular the earth. Thus, a direct hit of meteorite of the size of the Bacubirito meteorite from alpha Cen will produce a crater bigger than size left by the meteorite which made the Arizona crater (about one Km of diameter). However, there is not such a crater on the place where Bacubirito was found. Therefore, its enter energy in Earth atmosphere Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics had to be much smaller. Let us see with some details: taking 8 3 AU 4. 5

Final Remarks
While we were preparing and refining the present article for publication we became aware of the surprisingly discovered, on 2017 October 19, of the first interstellar object called 1I/2017 U1 (Oumuamua) (see Refs. [21] and [46]). This discovered triggers the possibility that many interstellar objects has been passed through our solar system in the past [20]. Thus, one may consider the possibility that some of these interstellar objects may be reached the earth. In particular, one may assume that the Bacubirito meteorite has interstellar origin as the Oumuamua object. Previously, we have considered the possibility that the Bacubirito meteorite came from alpha Cen system, but the fact that the Oumuamua object has other possible origins opens other scenarios for the origin of the Bacubirito meteorite. It is worth mentioning that the surface reactivity of the Oumuamua object is spectrally red suggesting, among other possibilities, a surface containing minerals with nanoscale iron [47]. In fact, it is interesting to mention that the chemical composition of Bacubirito meteorite is (Fe 88.94%, Ni 6.98%, Co 0.21%, F%) indicating that it is very unusual with respect most of the meteorites that are assumed to come from meteorites Belt of our solar system. Thus, it will be interesting for further research to study the Bacubirito meteorite from the perspective of the Oumuamua object.

,
where p l is the Planck's length 3 .
In addition, one assumes the following two basic conditions for small x ∆ displacement and two conditions: 3) The equipartition rule for the energy: 4) The rest mass equation expression: From 1) and 2) one has 4π . This expression can also be written as which is the familiar Newton's gravitatio law. Here, M denotes the mass enclosed by a spherical screen S 2 (see also Ref. [5] for details).