The Effect of Temperature Variation on Dyeing Tie-Dye Cotton Fabrics Dyed with Reactive Dye

The improvement of colorfastness properties of tie dyed cotton knit fabrics with reactive dye has been studied. Pretreated cotton knit fabric is use to dyeing for easy absorption and retention of dye. Color fastness properties of any dyed fabric are very important aspects as the end use of fabric depends on these properties. This study is to evaluate the color fastness to washing and perspiration using the method ISO 105-2CS:2002 and ISO105-E04. The fabric is dyed with reactive dye in same concentration but in two different temperature (30 ̊C and 60 ̊C) and with different amount of sodium carbonate (15 g/l, 18 g/l and 20 g/l) respectively. It is observed that the increasing temperature and using related amount of sodium carbonate the fabric absorbs more dye. In 30 ̊C temperature the result of washing fastness is fairly good to very good where in 60 ̊C the result is very good to excellent. Perspiration fastness result is fairly good to very good both in 30 ̊C and 60 ̊C temperature. The result shows very good of all washing and perspiration fastness in 20 g/l sodium carbonate. The result is concluded that the color fastness of tie-dyed samples is improved by the increasing of temperature and higher amount of sodium carbonate.

Journal of Textile Science and Technology tion of synthetic dyes like reactive dyes, it can easily apply for tie dyeing process and this dye is comparatively cheaper than natural dyes. Synthetic dyes give excellent colorfastness than natural dyes with increasing temperature. The dye absorption by cotton fabric increases linearly with temperature [2]. On the other hands synthetic dyeing is easy than any natural dyeing process. A verity of dyes can be used in tie-dyeing, including reactive and vat dyes [3]. Tie-dyeing, particularly after the introduction of affordable dyes, become popular as a cheap and accessible way to customize inexpensive T-shirt, singlet's, dresses, jeans, army surplus clothing, and other garments into psychedelic creations- [4] [5]. Colorfastness means to absorb color perfectly and retain this color of any stage such as-washing, perspiration, sunlight and any chemical process. It gives stability of any color to sustain the fabric. Good colorfastness of any fabric attracts the consumer and encourages wearing it.
[6], [7] & [8] pointed it out that reactive dyes have very good wash fastness; this is attributed to the very stable covalent bond that exists between the dye molecule and the fiber polymer. Reactive dye gives good colorfastness than any natural dye. This dye is most commonly used for cellulosic cotton fiber. Reactive dye create covalent link bond with cotton fabric with the help of sodium sulphate and sodium carbonate. This bonding becomes stronger with increasing dyeing temperature and sodium carbonate. The function of sodium carbonate is simply to increase pH. It actually makes the dye adhere chemically to the actual fiber of fabric. So sodium carbonate maintains the pH of solution and helps to dye fixation.
Reactive dyes have many properties and one of the most important properties is how well they cling to the materials and how well they stay attached in the materials. Sodium carbonate used in reactive dyeing process depends on the shade percentage. If shade percentage is increases then sodium carbonate also is increases for fixation.
The development of useful washing effect on reactive dye by tie dyeing process on cotton knit fabric where to promoted colorfastness by increasing dyeing temperature [9]. Established proper colorfastness by using sodium carbonate to obtained accurate shade percentage by increasing dyeing temperature.

Method
All the process has done before dying, like scouring bleaching for maximum ab-Journal of Textile Science and Technology sorption of dye or any kind of solution. Before dyeing all data of the fabric such as-fabric GSM, count and thickness have collected. Six samples are taken and the weight of each sample is 5 gm. Each sample is tied strongly with rope. This experiment has done by two processes, one in room temperature (30˚C) and another in 60˚C. All auxiliaries, chemicals and dyes are given in Table 1 and calculated.
Here dye concentration is used 4% in both experiment and amount of all auxiliaries are same. Amount of sodium carbonate used in this experiment are: 15 g/l, 18 g/l, 20 g/l in both temperatures.
After that the two dye bath has been prepared at 30˚C and 60˚C temperature by adding all the auxiliaries and tied fabric. Dyeing machine run for 60 minutes.
After 60 minutes the dye bath has been dropped and after treatment carried on.

After Treatment
For better colorfastness after treatment is very important process.
After completing dyeing it was needed another treatment and it is called after treatment. After treatment chemicals are given in Table 2. In this step firstly rinse the dyed sample with 50˚C hot water for 10 minutes. Then neutralize this wash according to below recipe-detergent-1 gm/l, soda ash-1 g/l, temperature 100˚C, time-10 min with enough water. Rinse with 90˚C hot water for 10 minutes. Rinse with cold water for 5 minutes. Textile fabric has many properties Fastness property is one of the most important properties of them. The resistance of color to fade or bleed of a dyed or printed textile material to various types of influences like water, light, rubbing, washing, perspiration etc.
Color fastness to wash is very important for dyed materials. The ability of a dyed fabric to retain its original shade during washing is called wash fastness.

Wash Fastness
The recipe of wash fastness is given in Table 3. Sample size is 10 cm × 4 cm & Multi-fiber was also 10 cm × 4 cm. Condition has been followed by ISO C03 Method: ISO 105-2CS:2002. Detergent (ECE Non-phosphate)-4 gm/l, Sodium perborate-1 gm/l, steel ball, time-30 minutes, temperature-60˚C with 1:50 water. Multi-fiber fabric was attached with the dyed sample fabric by means of sewing by the white color sewing thread in the two ends. Colored fabric with the multi-fiber is treated in a wash vessel containing liquor by ECE detergent and sodium per borate. The sample was kept in 60˚C for 30 minutes in gyro wash machine. After treating the sample in wash vessel it will be dried in oven. After completed washing sewing thread is unraveled for separating the sample and multi-fiber. Using color change grey scale and color staining scale appropriate ratting is given. A multi-fiber fabric is given 6 color staining ratting each for individual fiber.

Perspiration Fastness
Perspiration can be either acidic or alkaline. Most of the tests for perspiration fastness are based on a solution containing the chemical histidine. Sample size is 10 cm × 4 cm & Multi-fiber is 10 cm × 4 cm Method: Color fastness to perspiration to E04. Journal of Textile Science and Technology

Alkaline Solution
The recipe of alkaline solution is given in Table 4. Newly prepared containing 0.5 gm. Histidine mono-hydrochloride monohydrate 5 gm sodium chloride 2.5 gm disodium hydrogen orthophosphate per liter distilled water brought to pH 8 with 0.1 N sodium hydroxide.

Acidic Solution
The recipe of acidic solution is given in Table 5. Prepared containing 0.5 g histidine mono-hydrochloride monohydrate 5 g sodium chloride 2. After complete all fastness test it was evaluated by two different scale one is color change grey scale and another is degree of staining grey scale.

Result and Discussion
The experiment is done in two temperatures which is 30˚C and another is 60˚C Journal of Textile Science and Technology temperature. This experiment it was observed that in same shade % dyeing temperature is increase dyeing shade also increase. Another observation is different amount of soda ash used in this experiment. It is established that 4% shade of reactive dye needs 20 g/l soda ash. But in this experiment different amount of soda ash is used which is 15 gm/l, 18 gm/l, 20 gm/l in 30˚C and 60˚C in both temperature. The optimum dyeing time is 60 minutes and pH is 10.5 to 11 which is standard for reactive dye.

Color Change
In wash fastness test the result is clear from Figure 1, Figure 2 & Table 6 which is color change test result. In this test result show that in 30˚C temperature color change were fair (3) Table 6.

Color Staining
In wash fastness test the result is clear from Table Table 7.

Color Change
Perspiration fastness result is given blew and the result is clear from Figure 4 and Figure 5 & Table 8 Table 8.

Color Staining
Color staining test is done by the help of multi-fiber fabric. So the results are given in mean form and show Table 9 & Figure 6. This test result is show in 30˚C temperature of 15 gm/l sodium carbonate result is good (4.08) both in alkaline and acidic condition, 18 gm/l sodium carbonate in alkaline condition result is good (4.08) and acidic condition result is also good (4.23), 20 gm/l soda ash given the result is good (4.15) in alkaline condition and also good ( Table 9. Figure 6. Graph of temperature against of sodium carbonate at 15 g/l, 18 g/l and 20 g/l (color staining mean of multi-fiber).   Figure 7 is clearly identified that between the two different temperature uses in same parameter and also same percentage of dye is gives different shade in same cotton knit fabric. Where all wash fastness and rubbing fastness parameter is same. This experiment indicate that in 30˚C temperature and use 15 gm/l sodium carbonate gives mean score 4.08, 18 gm/l sodium carbonate gives mean score 3.93 and 20 gm/l sodium carbonate gives mean score 4.28, and same parameter in 60˚C temperature and use 15 gm/l sodium carbonate gives mean score 4.14, 18 gm/l sodium carbonate gives mean score 4.40 and 20 gm/l sodium carbonate gives mean score is 4.50. So it is establish that the increasing of temperature gives good fastness in use of 20 gm/l sodium carbonate. [7] Emphasized that reactive dyes exhibited good fastness properties which may be due to the very stable electron arrangement and covalent bond that existed between the dye molecules and fiber polymers which provide good resistance to washing and sunlight respectively [10]. The small dye particles penetrate into the fabric pores at high temperature; the bright and even shades are produced at 60˚C dyeing temperature.

Conclusion
It was observed that the samples tied and dyed with standardized dyeing conditions of reactive red dye exhibited the excellent (5) wash fastness both in color change and color staining for the samples dyed with 20 gm/l sodium carbonate in 60 temperature and perspiration fastness is very good in color change (4.5) both in acid and alkali and good for color staining (4) both in acid and alkali. In 30 temperature in 20 gm/l sodium carbonate gives very good (4.5), (4.91) in color change and color staining of wash fastness and fairly good (3.4) and very good (4.5) in acid and alkaline condition and both are good in acid (4.23) and alkaline (4.15) in perspiration fastness. So the mean score is (4.5) that is very good in 60˚ temperature and (4.4) is good in 30˚ temperature both in 20 gm/l sodium carbonate. So it can be concluded from the study tie dyeing with reactive 60˚ temperature is better than 30˚ temperature in 20 gm/l sodium carbonate.

Conflicts of Interest
The author declares no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.