Exact Solution for Pressure Driven Flow of Two Immiscible Phan-Thien-Tanner Fluids in a Pipe

This paper provides the exact solutions for the fully developed two layer pressure driven flows of incompressible Phan-Thien-Tanner fluids in a horizontal cylindrical pipe. Exact equations are formulated and solved for important kinematic properties, such as, velocity profiles, normal and shear stresses, total volume fluxes through a circular cross-section and average velocities. Graphical results are provided and discussed for the different flow parameters. A comparison of Upper Convected Maxwell (UCM), Linear Phan-Thien-Tanner (LPTT) and Exponential Phan-Thien-Tanner (EPTT) shows that UCM is a low viscosity fluid as compared to LPTT, and EPTT and LPTT is lighter than EPTT.


Introduction
The Navier-Stokes equations governing the motion of the viscous fluid are non-linear and their exact solutions are rare or non-existent.The nonlinearity in these equations is caused by the presence of convected term and in the case of non-Newtonian fluids, the use of constitutive equations.Because of the great variety in physical structure of non-Newtonian fluids, it is not possible to describe their mechanical behavior by a single constitutive equation.For this reason, a great variety of constitutive equations have been proposed [1].Among many equations, the constitutive equations proposed by Phan-Thien and Tanner [2] [3] have been the subject of increasingly extensive study in recent years.Oliveira and Pinho [4] studied the problem of fully developed channel and pipe flows of PTT fluids and obtained an analytical expression for velocity fields and stress components in both geometries.Some other studies regarding PTT have been carried out in [5] [6] [7].Letelier and Siginer [8] studied the problem of fully developed pipe flow of a class of nonlinear viscoelastic fluids which include PTT and Johnson-Segalman models as special cases.Some other works using PTT fluid have been carried out by Siddiqui et al. in [9].All these studies are based on the flow of a single PTT fluid.This paper however, deals with a two-layer concentric flow of two immiscible PTT fluids in a single pipe.
Recently, the interest in stratified laminar flow of two or more immiscible fluids has grown considerably because of their wide use in technological processes.
There has been some theoretical and experimental work on the stratified laminar flow of two immiscible fluids in a horizontal pipe.For instance, Packham and Shall [10] studied the stratified laminar flow of two immiscible fluids in a pipe, Brauner [11] analyzed the annular-core flow of two immiscible liquids, and Kapur and Shulka [12] investigated the flow of n layers of immiscible fluids of different heights between two plates and had shown that for any number of fluids, ignoring their heights, a unique maximum velocity always exists.The reason for the interest in this configuration stems from the idea of possibly reducing the power required to pump oil in a pipeline by the addition of water.The combination of two melt streams (co-extrusion through a die) has become a very economical method of producing materials with unique properties in polymer In this paper mathematics reveals a need for a system of four first-order linear ordinary differential equations associated with four inhomogeneous boundary conditions.We will solve this system of differential equations simultaneously, including the boundary conditions, in order to calculate the velocity profiles, total volume fluxes and the average velocities resulting from the flow UCM, LPTT and EPTT models.

Governing Equations
The basic equations governing the isothermal two-layer flow of immiscible incompressible fluids are the continuity and momentum equations.Mathematically, where the superscript k denotes the two fluids, the number 1 k = represents the fluid in the core, while the fluid properties for the outer fluid along the wall are denoted by the superscript 2 k = . ( ) and extra stress tensor of the k fluid respectively.D Dt is the material derivative defined as The general form of the constitutive equation defining the PTT fluid is where and upper convected derivative The three PTT models, commonly used are where ( )   k  is a parameter related to the elongation behavior of the model.In the absence of the parameters ( ) k  , the models (7) and (8) reduce to the well known Maxwell model (6).

Problem Formulation
We consider two-layer immiscible flow of incompressible PTT fluids in a horizontal cylindrical pipe of radius R 2 as shown in Figure 1.The interface of the two fluids lies at a constant distance R 1 from the axis of the pipe.To visualize the problem a cylindrical coordinate system is chosen, where the axis of the pipe will be denoted by z, while r will denote the radially outward measured distance from the z-axis.The flow is driven by the constant pressure gradient, assuming that the flow is steady, unidirectional and fully developed.
The velocities and extra stresses can be taken of the form where w is the axial velocity component.Using Equation (9) in Equations ( 3)-( 5), non-zero stress components become Solving Equation (10) and Equation ( 11) simultaneously, we obtain Trace of stress tensor of kth PTT fluid is given by Using Equation ( 9) in Equation ( 1), the continuity equation is identically satisfied and the non-zero component of the momentum Equation ( 2) becomes . The boundary conditions for the problem under consideration are given by , at , We note here that these conditions are four in number and are sufficient to find the solution to our problem which consists of four first order differential equations, two first order differential equations represented by Equation ( 14) and two differential equations obtained for velocity by simplifying either Equation (10) or Equation (11).Hence, our problem is consistent and we attempt to find exact solutions to the problem.

Solution of The Problem
Equation ( 14), upon integration with respect to r, yields where , are constants of integration.Using the condition (15) in the equation ( 19) when 1 k = , we find that ( ) Similarly, Equation ( 19) with the help of boundary condition ( 16) gives The expressions (20) and ( 21) clearly indicate that the shear stresses of both the fluids are the same and vary linearly with the distance from the axis of the pipe, which implies for which we see that for fluid (1) and fluid (2) the regions are This last result when used in Equation ( 12) for normal stresses leads to Thus the normal stresses for both the fluids are different, depending on their corresponding material constants.Moreover, these normal stresses increase with the square of the distance from the axis of the tube.For Newtonian fluids, ( ) 0 k λ = and we find that the shear stresses remain unchanged while the normal stresses are zero.
Trace of extra stress tensor is given by Velocity profile can be calculated by rewriting in simplified form equation (10) resulting in the equation which is a system of first order non-homogeneous linear ordinary differential equations for two immiscible PTT fluids.

Solution for the Upper Convected Maxwell Model
By making use of expressions ( 6) and (22) in expression (25), we get where subscript u stands for UCM model.By integrating Equation (26), we get Open Journal of Fluid Dynamics velocity profiles for fluid (1) and fluid (2), with two constants of integration and those constants are evaluated by using boundary conditions ( 18) and (17).
Velocity profiles for both immiscible fluid are given by . 4 Flow rates through a circular cross section of a pipe bounded in the region We use the expression for velocity profiles (27) in formulas (28) and obtain Net volume flux through the circular pipe of radius 2 R is given by ( ) ( ) Average velocity is given by Substituting expression (31), average velocity becomes Above results are same as for the case of two immiscible Newtonian fluids with viscosities ( )

Solution for the Linear Phan-Thien-Tanner (LPTT) Model
By using trace of extra stress tensor (24) in linear model (7) and then using that model and shear stresses (22), in differential Equation (25), we get where subscript l stands for LPTT fluid model.Integrating with respect to r we get where , 1, 2 k B k = are the constants of integration.For 2 k = , the Equation (34) with the boundary condition (18), yields with the help of the expression (36) for ( ) ( ) Flow rates for both the fluids are obtained by using Equation (36) and Equation (37) in Equation ( 28) as The total volume flux l Q through the circular cross section of the pipe of radius 2 R for two immiscible LPTT fluids is obtained as ( ) is the average velocity of two immiscible LPTT fluids.

Solution for Exponential Phan-Thien-Tanner (EPTT) Model
Constitutive equation for EPTT fluid model ( 8) is with the help of expression (24), we get Substituting function (42) and shear stresses (22) in differential Equation (25), we get where subscript e is used for EPTT fluid model.Integration with respect to r gives where ( ) , 1, 2 k E k = are the constants of integration, and can be evaluated by using boundary conditions ( 18) and ( 17) for 1, 2 k = . Both the velocity profiles become ( ) Flow rates of both the immiscible fluids are obtained as Total volume flux is given by Average velocity v is given by for two immiscible EPTT fluids.

Special Cases
, then the pressure driven two fluids reduce to a single fluid and flow becomes Poiseuile flow for PTT fluids, that is, ; 0 .
where R represents the radius of the cylinder, η is the viscosity of the fluid,  the parameter of elongation, λ the relaxation time, and

Non-Dimensionalization
Introducing non-dimensional parameters with the assumption ( ) ( ) Equation (37) and Equation (36) are transformed as Velocity components for EPTT fluid model becomes where

Graphical Results and Discussion
In this paper, the exact solution of the two layer non-Newtonian fluid through a horizontally placed cylindrical pipe is obtained and derived mathematical results are discussed and graphed.In this section, graphs demonstrating the behavior of the various parameters in conjunction with the velocity profile are presented.
Figure 2 is showing the effect of viscosity (i.e., Reynolds number , 1, 2 i i ℜ = ) on velocity profile for UCM fluid model.It can be noted from Figure 2(a) that the viscosity of the outer layer effects the whole region, but the viscosity of inner fluid layer (Figure 2(b)) only effect its own region, which is true for all three types of fluid models.It is also observed that as the viscosity of the fluid increases, the fluid becomes thick and its velocity decreases, as expected physically.
Figure 3 is showing the effect of pressure gradient on velocity profile for UCM fluid model.With the increase in pressure velocity is increased but the thickening effect can be noticed easily.Open Journal of Fluid Dynamics      λ are combined, a huge effect can be noticed.
In Figure 6 and Figure 7 the effect of viscosity on velocity profile for EPTT fluid model can be observed.
processing.All the above mentioned works on multi-layered flows of immiscible fluids have been carried out on Newtonian fluids.This paper deals with the investigation of flow of two layers of different immiscible PTT fluids.Since PTT fluids are viscoelastic in nature, the work for this model represents a variety of industrial applications very well.
the viscosity, relaxation time and trace of stress tensor of the k fluid and Rivlin-Ericksen tensor( )

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Geometry of the problem.

Figure 4 and
Figure 4 and Figure 5 are showing the effect of viscosity on velocity profile for LPTT fluid model.In Figure 4 an increase in velocity profile can be observed with the increase in relaxation parameter.

Figure 6
depicts how relaxation parameter is affecting the velocity profile.With increase in relaxation parameter, velocity is increased.From Figure7, it can be observed that elongation alone has very little influence on the velocity profile, but when it is combined with the relaxation parameter, velocity of EPTT fluid has increased significantly.Observing Figure2(a), Figure4(a) and Figure6(a), we find that for small values of elongation and relaxation parameters, all three PTT fluids have almost the same behavior, but with increasing these two parameters LPTT and EPTT Open Journal of Fluid Dynamics