Research and Enlightenment of Intellectual Property Insurance

Insurance is a tool for diversifying risks and reducing losses, and is also a reasonable means for risk management under market economy conditions. In daily life, individuals and companies are also exposed to infringement or litigation risks when they exercise intellectual property rights. This will bring huge economic burdens to individuals or businesses. Currently, intellectual property infringement cases in China are on the rise every year. Intellectual property insurance is an insurance system established for the purpose of infringement of intellectual property rights, compensation for intellectual property litigation costs and damages. At present, intellectual property insurance is practiced in many countries. The author introduces foreign intellectual property insurance legal system such as United States, Britain and Japan, also the present situation of intellectual property insurance in China, especially a series of practices in intellectual property insurance field in China. Therefore, under this background, the studies and analyzes current situation of intellectual property insurance of these countries are necessary for China to establish a legal system, which will help China to form a protective system of intellectual property rights of legal relief, administrative arbitration and economic compensation, it has some advantages, it should be as an important part of China’s intellectual property strategy.

have raised alarms about how executives can effectively avoid intellectual property risks and gain a firm foothold in the market share competition. How to make enterprises try to avoid and reduce the risks caused by intellectual property infringement or infringement in commercial activities, and how to help companies reduce the economic burden on intellectual property litigation cases, is the main concern of many market players in today's society. From the above, we can see that how important for the market body's early formulation of the risk management and control system enables it to actively respond to intellectual property rights infringement disputes or lawsuits at the time of its occurrence, thereby reducing its adverse impact on itself. In this risk management system, intellectual property insurance is undoubtedly a scientific response to reduce the risk of companies participating in intellectual property litigation. However, China's practice in this area is less than that of developed countries, and there are relatively few relevant research materials. As early as last century, developed countries such as Europe, the United States and Japan began to design and arrange intellectual property insurance according to their own national conditions.
It is necessary to combine foreign research on intellectual property insurance and conduct in-depth research and discussion on the results of developed countries in this regard. At the same time, it also put forward relevant suggestions on the construction and development of China's field in the light of the current development status of China's intellectual property insurance. It is expected that this will help the academic community to make more in-depth research and reflections on this field and make a contribution to China's early construction of a legal system for intellectual property insurance.

Nature of the IP Insurance
The author compares intellectual property insurance with insurance of tangible property to explain its nature. First, Intellectual property is intangible property enjoyed by the rights holders of their intellectual achievement. On the contrary, the subject matter of tangible property insurance is a series of properties with physical forms such as furniture, houses, vehicles, and equipment. Second，the liability for tangible property insurance is to evaluate the lost portion of the subject-matter insured，and the insurer will compensate for this portion of the loss.
The scope of liability of intellectual property insurance covers both the direct loss incurred by a third party when infringed upon the insured, as well as the liability for compensation of third parties, and thus it can be seen that intellectual property insurance is a mixed type of insurance. Therefore, intellectual property insurance can not only provide companies with high litigation funds, but also help enterprises to formulate development decisions and reduce risk costs. It can also compensate companies for paying damages as infringers when they infringe other people's intellectual property rights due to negligence. Third, Intellectual property has characteristics such as territoriality and time limit. For Therefore, intellectual property insurance will be invalidated due to the invalidity of intellectual property rights. On the contrary, the ownership of ordinary property may not have a fixed term limit.

The Classification of the IP Insurance
The international classification of intellectual property insurance mainly includes the following categories:

IP Enforcement Insurance and IP Infringement Liability Insurance
We divide intellectual property insurance into intellectual property enforcement insurance and intellectual property liability insurance due to different nature [1]. Intellectual property enforcement insurance, using intellectual property rights as the subject matter of insurance, will be compensated through legal procedures incurred by others in the infringement of the intellectual property rights.
The infringement liability of intellectual property rights is a kind of liability insurance, and it is the most important type of insurance in the world's current IP insurance. It refers to a kind of insurance that takes the liability for infringement as the main subject matter. When the IP owner prosecutes the insured for infringing on his or her interests, the insured bears compensation for damages due to litigation defense expenses and payment due to infringement, which will be paid by the insurance company. This undoubtedly safeguards the economic interests of the infringer and provides corresponding protection for the third party's ability to pay.

Voluntary IP Insurance & Mandatory IP Insurance
The voluntary intellectual property insurance refers to the insured's voluntary payment of insurance premiums to commercial insurance companies for intellectual property insurance, and the corresponding insurance company evaluates and reviews the IP rights and voluntarily decides whether to insure or not.
Mandatory intellectual property insurance corresponds to arbitrarily intellectual property insurance. It refers to an insurance system that must be insured for intellectual property in accordance with the law and not the voluntary. This kind of insurance is mandatory by the state and belongs to the government's macro-control over the market economy.

Defensive Type IP Insurance & Offensive Type IP Insurance
The defensive type intellectual property insurance can be known from its name, which means that the insurer pays the insured person relevant litigation fees when the insured sue the infringer, and bears the responsibility of paying the defendant's damages when the insured loses the case.
The offensive type intellectual property insurance refers to the insurer's expenses incurred in responding to infringement lawsuits, attorney's fees, and the insurer's expenses for damages paid by the intellectual property rights to the in-

Trademark Insurance & Patent Insurance & Copyright Insurance
The Trademark insurance covers roughly the trademark litigation insurance, the trademark registration insurance, the trademark insurance, and the customs inspection and inspection of imported counterfeit goods insurance.
According to the different stages of patent right from R & D investment, application authorization, implementation transfer and final application, the patent insurance can be broadly divided into patent investment insurance, patent application insurance, patent license insurance, and patent litigation fees. Insurance.
Copyright insurance uses copyright as the subject matter of insurance. Copyright insurance generally include copyright litigation insurance, copyright contract insurance and customs supervision to inspect imported pirated product insurance.

IP insurance System in the United States
In the late 1970s, many American companies were caught in intellectual property lawsuits. Insurance companies began to explore the intellectual property insurance business in order to meet the market's need for the protection of intangible assets. After nearly forty years of judicial practice, the US insurance industry has developed rapidly. It has established a wide range of mature and mature intellectual property insurance systems. This includes many areas such as copyrights, patents, trademark rights and trade secrets.

IP Commercial General Liability
After consulting with insurance brokers, many US companies, especially small and medium-sized enterprises will choose this type of insurance to prevent unforeseen risks in the course of commercial trade. GGL is a type of insurance issued by the US insurance service company in the United States, which covers a wide range of uses. Its contents mainly include "Damage to Physical Property" and "Product Injury" project. In 1973, CGL incorporated "Advertising Injury" for the first time [2].
With the increase in patent infringement cases, from 1988 to 1993, the Central

IP Liability Insurance
Intellectual property liability insurance is a kind of defensive insurance that guarantees the responsibility of a third party. Its purpose is to reduce the indemnities incurred by the insured when the infringement lawsuit is lost, also including attorney's fees, litigation fees, and counterclaim fees, which reduce a series of losses caused by potential infringement, to provide maximum protection for the interests of the insured. The American Insurance Group (AIG) is the most professional liability insurance company in the United States. If the insured is accused of infringing on the legitimate rights and interests of other patentees in normal business activities, the US insurance group will replace the insured and bears the corresponding damages caused by the insured [3].

IP Enforcement Insurance
Its main purpose of IP enforcement insurance is to provide a series of protection for the insured's legitimate rights and interests in the exercise of its intellectual property. That is, when the insured's intellectual property is unlawfully infringed, which provides the insured with the necessary financial support. IP enforcement insurance was originally evolved from patent-executed insurance. In the United States, the standard insured amount is generally between $100,000 and $250,000. What is more special is that usually the insurance company does not provide compensation for damages when the insured loses the case, and when the insured wins, the insurance company will enjoy an additional 25% of the tort of the insured [4].

Intellectual Property Insurance System of UK
The IP insurance business of UK takes a shorter period of time than the United States, but the UK IP insurance system is one of the best systems for the development of the global IP insurance system. Its uniqueness lies in the fact that the coverage is very comprehensive and it has better protection and profits. This article will introduce some types of patent insurance as an example.

Patent Application Insurance
After purchasing an insurance for patent application, the insurance company will bear the insurance liability for the risks that occur during the patent application process. Therefore, this kind of insurance not only covers the patent applicant's possible process in the application stage or the risk of application failure, but also covers the patent applicant's risk of infringement of legitimate rights and interests during the application process. The UK Patent Office also grants preferential treatment to applicants who have successfully applied for a patent for a patent application for insurance, and the applicant can receive certain fee reductions when purchasing other types of insurance for the same patent. This policy effectively promotes the growth of the business of patent insurance and

Mutual Insurance Association
Patentee is organized voluntarily and establish a non-profits organization which raises the funds as a "litigation protection fund". When the members of the organization are involved in litigation, the fund is used to enable them to conduct litigation activities. In 2004, the UK Patent Office (UKPO) drafted a scheme for the establishment of the mutual insurance association (MIA). The members of the association chose the amount of premiums to be paid according to the size of their own patent risk, which is a differential pricing method [5].

IP Litigation Cost Insurance System
At the end of the 1990s, the British company Lordy's launched litigation expense insurance on the market. In the long-term practice, this type of insurance is widely used in all types of litigation to cover the litigation costs of various types of litigation, which also includes intellectual property litigation costs. According to the difference of the lawsuit purpose, it can be divided into defensive intellectual property litigation expense insurance and offensive intellectual property litigation expense insurance [6].
The purpose of the former is mainly to protect the accused infringer. From this we can see that insured is not limited to intellectual property holders. At the same time, it can also be a non-IP right holder. The main coverage of the insurance amount includes the damages paid by the insured due to infringement as well as attorneys' fees.
The purpose of the latter is mainly to protect the IP right owner. Therefore, the insured is usually the owner of registered trademarks, copyrights, patents and trade secrets. It helps the insured person to pay the lawsuit-related costs of indicting the infringer when it is infringed. If the insured wins the case, the insured must reimburse the insurer for the amount of litigation fees it has paid and additional costs. The general repayment amount is 125% of the actual litigation fee. Conversely, if the insured does not win in the lawsuit, the insurance company will pay a certain amount of litigation costs.

Japanese Intellectual Property Insurance System
In the early 90s of the last century, Japan began to establish its intellectual prop-

IP Litigation Costs Insurance
In Japan, intellectual property litigation costs insurance was jointly developed by

The Status of China's Intellectual Property Insurance
The arrival of the era of knowledge-based economy has made the competition among market players fiercer in this field, and intellectual property rights have become increasingly important. China's intellectual property insurance system is late compared with developed countries, and there are few practical experiences.
At present, China does not have a complete and perfect insurance system to provide appropriate protection for the industrialization of intellectual property.

However, continuous attempts and efforts in the exploration process in this field
we also have made certain achievements in China.

High-Technology Transfer Insurance
In However, the analysis of the insurance from the nature of insurance should belong to the contract liability insurance. Because the purpose of its insurance is mainly to prevent and eliminate the risk of loss to the transferee during the transfer of high-technology. It does not involve litigation issues. Intellectual property insurance is usually closely linked with intellectual property litigation. Generally, the issue of insurance claims will only arise after the judgment of the lawsuit has given the insured person a corresponding judgment. Therefore, the high-technology transfer insurance and the current internationally implemented intellectual property insurance have a major difference.

Zhongguancun Intellectual Property Insurance Cooperation Agreement
In 2004, PICC Insurance Co., Ltd. Shenzhen Branch and Zhongguancun Intellectual Property Promotion Bureau successfully signed the "Zhongguancun Intellectual Property Insurance Cooperation Framework Agreement" (hereinafter referred to as the "Framework Agreement"). The signing of the agreement represents an increasingly diversified way of protecting intellectual property in China, linking insurance and intellectual property and applying it to practice. The technical standards implemented in the development and research of a certain product at the time of large-scale production and laboratory development may have certain uncontrollable factors due to process differences. Processes that do not meet the technical standards may bring technology importers huge transferring risk. This agreement has determined that insurance companies can use insurance to cover the technical risks of technology-introducing companies in the large-scale application of imported technology. Through the analysis of the contents of the "Framework Agreement", we can know that the focus of this agreement lies in the risk that the transferee suffered in the process of technology transfer, and the economic loss suffered by the enterprise when the technology fails to meet the standard is the subject of underwriting. Therefore, the agreement is similar to the high-tech transfer insurance mentioned above and has nothing to do with intellectual property rights infringement. Of course, it is not related to damages caused by infringement.

Patent Insurance Cooperative
In 2009, the first patent insurance cooperative in China was established in mium each year to an insurance company and becomes a member of the insurance cooperative. The corresponding qualified patent agency will provide a series of patent services for the members of the patent insurance cooperative.
When its members are caught in disputes over patent litigation, the insurance company will make claims for the costs of litigation required by members of the cooperative, and the Chancheng government grants reducing premiums to individuals and companies participating in the insurance.

Patent Insurance Pilot Work
In And, for these companies, the insurance expenses are given a certain ratio reducing.

Basic Principles for the Development of IP Insurance
In the process of constructing the intellectual property insurance system, we As the above analysis shows, China still has some problems in the development of intellectual property insurance. In particular, it is relatively backward in many aspects such as intellectual property rights protection and insurance awareness, data analysis, talent reserve, and practical experience. Therefore, when constructing the intellectual property insurance system in our country, we must fully consider the actual situation in China and proceed from the reality so as to establish insurance that meets actual needs. Also, many countries and regions in the world have had a lot of experience in IP insurance practice. As an active par- This not only requires our country to learn from the experience of developed countries, but also to develop on this basis.

Adopt "Government Guidance Model" to Carry out Insurance Promotion
Internationally typical models of intellectual property insurance promotion are free market and government-led. Among them, the US insurance market is a typical free market operation type, insurance market and insurance are all formed spontaneously by the market, and the government is a supervisory function; while most of the IP insurance in Japan is designed and developed by the government and promoted. It is a government-led type that is significantly different from the United States. The author believes that both the free market operation type and the government-led type are not suitable for the current market conditions in China. In the early stage of the launch of intellectual property insurance, the model of free market operation can easily lead to the failure of insurance implementation. The government needs to implement relevant supportive policies for intellectual property insurance, guide the development and implementation of new types of insurance, also effectively reduce the rate to expand the market size. The purely government-led model may bring about some potential crises, with a mandatory government-led model to increase the cost of maintaining intellectual property rights and boost the negative effects of intellectual property infringement. The government guidance model refers to the government departments involved in the introduction and policy support in the initial stage of the promotion of intellectual property insurance, to provide funds for the previous subsidies and subsidies, to carry out supporting work such as organization and coordination, and to accelerate the market promotion of new insurance products. After the market has stabilized in the later period and the new types of insurance have gained higher levels of recognition, the government can shift from a guiding role Open Journal of Social Sciences to an oversight role and into a market-oriented operation.

Cultivate Professional Composite Talents
Both the intellectual property and insurance industries have high professionalism, so the professional person in these two industries are relatively lacking. The construction and operation of intellectual property insurance are inseparable from the complex talents who understand both insurance and intellectual property rights. Therefore, insurance companies should pay attention to the training of such talents and provide funding for them. At the same time, it actively recruits talents and brings professional with knowledge of intellectual property laws to the insurance market to reserve professional for the insurance market in the field of intellectual property in China.

Improving the Risk Management Awareness of Market Players
The development of China's intellectual property insurance is still in its infancy, and many people are relatively lacking in their understanding. They are also less familiar with the use of insurance to manage risks in intellectual property.
Therefore, at this stage, the government should attach importance to promoting the relevant knowledge of intellectual property insurance to market players, publicize its functions and functions, and improve their awareness of intellectual property risk management through advertisements, forums, and other methods.

Reinsurance
Reinsurance refers to the insurer's act of contracting a reinsurance contract on the basis of the original insurance contract to take part of its risks and liabilities from other insurance companies. Insurers can use this method to reduce the risk of underwriting. China's intellectual property insurance market is relatively blank, and there is less accumulation of risk data in this area, which is not conducive to the insurance company's comprehensive analysis of the market.
Therefore, China's insurance companies can apply reinsurance to ensure their stable operations.

Conclusions
With the advent of globalization, China's independent intellectual property rights have to be integrated with the international route, and the maintenance of intellectual property rights is bound to move toward a new level. Insurance is an important way to disperse the risks of daily life in the society. As Kenneth Abraham, an expert in insurance law in the United States, puts it, the application of insurance has spread across all aspects of social life. The Insurance Law also applies to all levels and different departments of the legal system. At the same time, it also has a long-term impact on antimonopoly law, property law, tort liability law, and contract law. Intellectual property insurance is a tool and means to re- spect, and the institutional system is more complete than in China. China's exploration of the intellectual property insurance system is still at a stage and can be based on the system of other countries and Form a system to learn from experience, under a special system in our country, comprehensively analyze China's national conditions, and establish an intellectual property insurance system that is suitable for China and is actually needed.
The intellectual property insurance system is not just a simple and independent mechanism. It is more like a system. It needs the close contact and cooperation of all parties to play its role. Therefore, promoting the establishment of China's legal system of intellectual property insurance needs to be compatible with its supporting facilities, which will help China form a legal protection system for intellectual property rights, administrative arbitration, and economic compensation. This should be an important part of our intellectual property strategy.

Conflicts of Interest
The author declares no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.