New Find of Six-Spoke Sun Wheels from the Bronze Age in Scandinavia

Six-spoke Sun wheels have previously been described by us from Mesopotamia, rock-carvings in Sweden and a golden sky dome from Sweden. The division of the Sun wheel into six segments refers to the six double-months of 60 days, and a full annual cycle of 360 days. In this paper we report the findings of a stone carving with 9 six-spoke Sun wheels and two solar eclipses found and depicted in 1840 in Denmark. The spokes in the nine Sun wheels are in N-S, E-W and NW-SE direction. The NW-SE line co-insides with the sunset at summer solstice and sunrise at winter solstice, which is in full agreement with the alignment of the famous stone-ship of Ales Stones in southernmost Sweden. The new stone carving in Denmark provides a confirmation of the deep knowledge in astronomy existing among the Bronze Age people, all from Mesopotamia up the Scandinavia.


Introduction
We have published a number of papers on astronomical monuments and object from the Bronze Age in Sweden [1]- [11], out of those papers the last two [10] and [11] referred to the six-spoke Sun wheel found on "the Golden Sky Dome from Mjövik" in SE Sweden, the rock-carving at Stora Backa at Brastad in SW Sweden and on a stone tablet from the ancient Sun-temple at Sippar in Mesopotamia. All these three objects are from the Bronze Age.
The six-spoke Sun wheel symbols record the course of a year in six segments all representing 60 days per segment and 360 days in total for the whole year (as further discussed in papers [10] and [11]). It was a novel finding calling for ex-International Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics tended research. Therefore, one of us (B.G.L) stated an investigation of Scandinavian rock-carvings and ornaments on Bronze Age objects in Scandinavia. And, lo and behold, he soon found what he was searching for. In the National Museum in Copenhagen, there was an old drawing from the 1840s showing 9 six-spoke Sun wheels [12] [13]. In this paper, we will for the first time describe this object, its origin, history and implication for our understanding of Bronze Age astronomy.

A Bronze Age Mound at Høbbehøjen in Denmark
The Bronze Age mound at Høbbehøjen was in today's Vestre Saeby on Sjaelland ( Figure 1). The mound included two burial chambers. In the southern chamber, there were human bones, not burned, a large number of flint object and numerous pieces of yellow amber. In the northern chamber, there was a lot of soot from cremation, and remains of a horse, which might have followed his master in death. The image stone here described was found in the southern grave.
The grave was found in 1840 and excavated by the nearby estate owner Count J. Raben in his hunting for gold. An image stone was found, but ignored by the gold hunting count.

A Stone with Rock Carvings
The rumor of the image stone reached Copenhagen in a few days, however. The

A Remarkable Bronze Age Image
The rock carvings on the Høbbehøjen image stone are quite remarkable ( Figure   2). A group of 9 six-spoke Sun wheels are shown together with two semilunar arcs. The 9 Sun wheels are obvious analogues to the ones described on "the Golden Sky Dom of Mjövik", the rock carving at Stora Backa in Brastad and from the Sun-temple at Sippar in Mesopotamia as discussed in [10] and [11].
All the 9 Sun wheels consist of a circle, which is crossed by three lines; one in N-S direction, one in E-W direction and one in NW-SE direction. The one in NW-SE is of special interest as it co-insides with the direction of sunset at summer solstice in NW and of sunrise at winter solstice in SE (whilst this is the case in sun wheals 1, 4, 5, 7 and 8, the diagonal line is somewhat steeper in sun wheels 2, 3, 6 and 9, a variation which probably belongs to the drawing).
The two semilunar arcs are likely to represent solar eclipses.
Eight of the nine Sun wheels are well ordered in rows. The 9th position is taken by a symbol of an eclipse and the ninth Sun wheel is pushed aside. This cannot have been done without a reason.

A Sad Vandalizing
The farmer owning the ground of the Høbbehøjen mound destroyed the mound with its graves and image stones. He is said to have blown it up with gunpowder.

Interpretations
The six-spoke Sun wheels we interpret in terms of annual solar calendars composed of six 60 days segments making a full annual cycle of 360 days, like we did with the other six-spoke objects [10] [11]. It is a manifestation of the sexagesimal Figure 2. The 9 six-spoke Sun wheels and 2 solar eclipses on the image stone in the Bronze Age mound at Høbbehøjen as drawn by Schiøtz in 1840. International Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics mathematical system originating in Mesopotamia [14]. The two semilunar arcs, we interpret in terms of solar eclipses. So far the interpretations agree well with previously described objects [10] [11].
The arrangements of the 9 solar symbols and the 2 eclipse symbols on the image stone (Figure 2) call for additional interpretation.
One six-spoke Sun wheel represents an annual calendar of one year. Therefore, it seems highly likely that the 9 Sun wheels represent 9 years.
On the Høbbehøjen image stone (Figure 2), there are 8 very well ordered Sun wheels, and then a 9th one dislocated to the side by the appearance of one of the semilunar arc symbols. Therefore, it seems that something unusual happened every 9th year.
According to Henriksson [15], Sjaelland experienced 3 total solar eclipses in the Bronze Age, viz. at 858, 1521 and 1596 BC, implying that an interpretation in terms of solar eclipses may well be correct, though still unconfirmed.

Magic of Number 9
Obviously, number 9 had some special implications in ancient belief and handling. Zeus and Mnemosyne had 9 daughters, the Nine Muses, all goddesses of music, poetry, art and science. In the Asa Cred, nine was a very important number. In order to obtain all earthly and spiritual knowledge, the God Odin had to hang in the world-tree Yggdrasil for 9 sun-days and 9 moon-nights. His son Heimdall, the Sun-god, was born by 9 virgin mothers at the sun rise at the horizon of the sea.
Adam of Brehmen [16] mentioned that, at the holy place at Leire on Sjaelland in Denmark, extensive feasts were performed every 9th year at winter solstice.
The feast went on for 9 days and every day one person and 7 animals were sacrificed. He also describes sacrifice rite at Uppsala in Sweden. At winter solstice, 9 humans and animals of masculine gender were sacrificed, and then hanged up in trees close to the temple [16].
Therefore, we believe that there was something special and magic with number 9 from the Bronze Age and into the Late Iron Age. It seems that this is some sort of background to the carving of 9 Sun wheels on the Høbbehøjen image stone (Figure 2).   There is still another six-spoke Sun wheel: the Golden Sun-disk from Glüsing in Schleswig-Holstein [17], but the original is so fragmentary [18] that the reconstruction remains hypothetical.

Conclusions
A new astronomical image from the Bronze Age is presented. The image (a drawing from 1840) was found in the archive of the Natural Museum in Copenhagen [12] [13], where it has been lying for 174 years without any deeper analysis.
It shows 9 six-spoke Sun wheels and two semilunar arcs. The Sun symbols agree well with our previous described objects with six-spoke Sun wheels [10] [11].   (1) to Scandinavia (2 -5).
The geographical distribution of six-spoke Sun wheels (Figure 4) indicates the wide spread in the Bronze Age of this symbol of Sun cult [11] all from Mesopotamia to Scandinavia in the northwest.