Determination of Optimal Hormone and Mineral Salts Levels in Tissue Culture Media for Callus Induction and Growth of Industrial Hemp ( Cannabis sativa L . )

Historically, industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) has been a valuable source of metabolites and compounds, such as cannabidiols. There is a need for large amounts of plant tissue to be grown under controlled environments, and plant tissue culture is one unique way to yield this tissue. The purposes of this study were to determine: 1) the optimal concentrations (μM)/ratios of auxin:cytokinin in media and; 2) the optimal mineral salts formulation for callus induction and callus growth in select hemp cultivars. To find the optimal concentration/ratios, 16 different combinations of auxin:cytokinin and three different mineral salts formulations were evaluated. The three mineral salts formulations tested were MS salts, MB5D1K and an MTSU formulation. The top performing hormone formulations were determined to be equal concentrations (1:1, 2:2, 3:3 μM) of auxin and cytokinin. The top performing media hormone formulations for callus induction were determined to be 2:1, 2:2, 2:3, and 3:2 μM (auxin:cytokinin). The optimal mineral salts formulation was determined to be MD5D1K. Therefore, the overall optimal media formulation for hemp callus production would be MB5D1K salts with the concentration/ratio of 2:2 μM (auxin:cytokinin).


Introduction
Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) has been a historical source for various How to cite this paper: Thacker, X., Thomas, K., Fuller, M., Smith, S. and DuBois, J. (2018) Determination of Optimal Hormone and Mineral Salts Levels in Tissue Culture Media for Callus Induction and Growth of Industrial Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.).Agricultural Sciences, 9, 1250-1268.https://doi.org/10.4236/as.2018.910088compounds and metabolites [1].One group of compounds harvested from industrial hemp is cannabidiol (CBD), which does not include tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the cannabinoid found in marijuana plants that is responsible for the psychological effects.Industrial hemp produces very low amounts of THC (less than 0.3%).Cannabinoids are unique chemicals that the plant produces for various reasons (i.e., defense mechanism for predators).Cannabidiols are one specific type of cannabinoid produced by industrial hemp [2].Several different products come from industrial hemp through utilization of various parts of the plant.For instance, hemp fiber from the stem has been used for textiles and construction materials, while the oil from the seeds is used in cosmetics and other personal care items [1].In addition to the industrial uses of the plant, there is a growing interest in the pharmaceutical applications of industrial hemp.
Cannabidiols have been used in the treatment of epilepsy, as an appetite enhancer, as an antidepressant, and also as an analgesic [1].Researchers have also discovered the potential benefits of CBD's as an anti-inflammatory and aid in sleep support [3].Other products containing CBD have shown anti-stress and relaxation qualities without the drowsy feeling that other anti-stress and anxiety medications may cause [3].As the plant produces a wide variety of cannabinoids, on which research is just beginning, there is a need for large amounts of compound-producing plant tissue to be grown in controlled environments.There are various procedures to yield plant tissue, but one unique way is through tissue culture.
The tissue culture method breaks tradition, in that, there is no soil or sunshine needed to initiate production and growth of the cells.In the wild and in agriculture, there are many confounding variables that can impact plant growth and compound production.Plant tissue culture is one method to ensure the least amount of confounding variables for plant growth.In addition, this in vitro approach is the quickest and most reliable way to preserve a germ line that has been bred for the production of specific compounds.The process involves aseptic cultures, exemplified through thorough sterilization of plant tissue, a nutrient medium containing mineral salts, sugars and hormones for the explant tissue to thrive, and the production of callus as the explant utilizes the nutrients in the medium [4].
The purposes of this study were to determine: 1) the optimal concentrations/ratios of auxin-to-cytokinin; and 2) to determine an optimal mineral salts mix in media to generate and grow tissue callus for select cultivars of industrial hemp.
Table 1 shows the hormone array and the variation among media hormone concentrations.
All media supplies were obtained through PhytoTechnology Laboratories (Lenexa, KS).Media were prepared following the procedures outlined by Murashige and Skoog [5], along with the adjustments noted above.All media were set to a pH of 5.6 -5.8, by adding either sodium hydroxide or hydrochloric acid.
The media were then autoclaved at 121˚C for 20 minutes at slow exhaust, cooled to 60˚C and poured into 100 mm × 15 mm Petri plates.The petri plates were then sealed with parafilm and stored in a refrigerator until needed.

Collection of Plant Tissue
The cultivars used in these experiments were Landrace, Futura, Canda, Joey, CFX-2 and Cherry × Workhorse.All plants were grown in a greenhouse located in Middle Tennessee, USA.The greenhouse was maintained at 22˚C, 70% relative humidity and natural sunlight.The plant tissues used in this project were leaf tissue.In order to collect the tissue, stem cuttings (10 -15 cm) were made and brought to the lab to undergo sterilization processes.

Plant Tissue Sterilization
In a sterilized biological safety hood, the plant tissue was sterilized using techniques developed by Leguillon et al. [6] and Odnevall et al. [7].These techniques ensure (to the best ability) that the tissues are clean, and free of any fungus, bacteria, or mold spores.Leaf tissues were exposed to a 30 second bath in 70% ethanol, followed by a 20 minute soak in 2.5% bleach mixed with 1% surfactant (Dawn Ultra antibacterial hand soap) on a rotary shaker at 100 RPM, then rinsed three times with sterile deionized water.

Plating and Incubation of Explants
The sterilized leaf tissue was cut into explants in the sterile hood.The tissue was generally cut into 3 cross sections/explants per leaf using a sterile scalpel and tweezers then placed on the appropriate treatment media.Three explants were placed on each Petri dish.The plates were then sealed with parafilm to ensure they did not dry out and to also help minimizing the risk of contamination.All plates were stored in the dark in an incubator at 25˚C for approximately 30 days.
The explant/callus was inspected frequently to ensure contamination had not occurred, and if it had, the callus (if salvageable) was moved to another Petri plate of the same hormone concentration to continue growing.Approximately 30 days after the setup of the experiment, the explants/callus were weighed and then transferred to fresh media for the callus to continue to grow.When the callus was transferred, it was transferred to the same media type.The explants were transferred to new media approximately every 30 days four times (passages), the hormone concentration/ratio and mineral salts media that yielded the most callus was determined through statistical methods for each cultivar.

Data Analysis
Significant differences between treatments were determined using Analysis of Variance and Holm-Sidak Multiple Comparison Procedures.Statistical analysis was performed using SigmaStat (v3.1) software (www.systat.com).
There were 16 varying concentrations/ratios of auxin to cytokinin using five of the six cultivars (Canda, Joey, Landrace, Futura, and CFX-2).

Callus Production Mineral Salts
The maximum amount of tissue callus mass for each cultivar and media type over a five-month period are displayed in Figures 1-5.The greatest callus weight by Canda was 0.56 g on the MB5D1K medium (Figure 1).The MB5D1K medium was the best callus initiating medium generating 0.33 g from August 23 rd -September 23 rd .The medium that came in second for Canda was the MS salts medium.It yielded 0.33 g of callus after 5 months with 0.27 g of callus being grown in the first month.The least amount of callus was grown on the MTSU medium with a maximum of 0.18 g of callus being produced.
The maximum callus mass for the Futura cultivar was 1.58 g on the medium MB5D1K.This weight was achieved on November 24 th but decreased the following month due to contamination (Figure 2).The second-best medium was The maximum callus mass for the Joey cultivar was 3.35 g on the medium MS salts.This weight was achieved on December 26 th (Figure 3).The second-best medium was the MB5D1K medium that yielded 1.08 g of callus after 5 months.
The MTSU medium plates were lost due to contamination along with the callus on each plate.Callus could not be weighed or saved to reduce the spread of  The maximum callus mass for the CFX-2 cultivar was 2.86 g on the medium MS salts and this weight was achieved on December 29 th (Figure 4).The second-best medium was the MB5D1K medium that yielded 1.79 g of callus after 5 months.For the MTSU medium 0.66 g of callus was grown and was the least amount of callus mass after 5 months.
Cherry × Workhorse was a cultivar that was plated a month later than the other four cultivars and, as a result, was observed for 4 months.The maximum callus mass for this cultivar was 0.78 g on the medium MS salts.This weight was  achieved on December 28 th (Figure 5).The second-best medium was the MB5D1K medium that yielded 1.12 g of callus after 2 months.The last 3 months were lost to contamination.The MTSU medium plates were lost due to contamination along with the callus on each plate after 2 months, but reached a weight of 0.59 g.

Hormones
Figures 6-10 highlight the treatments with the maximum response and the maximum amount of callus fresh weight for each cultivar.Each maximum is an average of the three explants originally plated for each treatment.This means some of the maximum weights are actually higher than the averages shown due to callus loss.The best callus-initiating media may also be observed on the graphs.
The maximum callus yielded by Canda was 6.64 g with the hormone concentrations/ratios of 1:1 (Figure 6).The ratio coming in second was 3:3, yielding, 4.97 g.The best callus-initiating medium was determined to be a 3:2 ratio yielding, on average, 0.64 g from January 27th-Febuary 24 th .From the 24 th of February to April 19 th the 3:2 ratio, on average, gained 0.80 g, confirming the best hormone ratio to initiate callus production in Canda.The 2:1 ratio was shown to be a good callus-initiating medium gaining, on average, 0.46 g from January 27 th -February 24 th .
The maximum callus yielded by Joey was from a 3:1 ratio, weighing 6.63 g (Figure 7).The second largest amount of callus came from a 3:3 ratio, weighing    (Figure 8).The second and third best yields came from a 3:2 ratio weighing 2.78 g and a 1:3 ratio weighing 2.76 g.The best callus-initiating medium was determined to be a 2:1 ratio gaining, on average, 1.20 g from February 10 th -March 14 th .The next best initiating medium was a 3:1 ratio gaining, on average, 1.13 g from February 10 th -March 14 th .
The maximum callus yielded by Futura was by a 2:2 ratio, weighing 2.82 g (Figure 9).The second highest yield was from a 1:1 ratio weighing 2.36 g.The best callus-initiating medium was determined to be 1:1 gaining, on average, 1.22 g of callus weight from March 22 nd -May 4 th .The next best initiating medium was a 2:2 ratio and gained 0.89 g of callus weight from March 22 nd -May 4 th .
The maximum yield of callus in CFX-2 was from a 2:3 ratio, weighing 2.53 g (Figure 10).The second highest occurred at a 3:2 ratio, weighing 1.98 g.The best callus-initiating medium was determined to be a ratio of 2:3 gaining, on average, 0.65 g from April 14 th -May 22 nd .The second best initiating medium was determined to be a 2:2 ratio gaining 0.60 g from April 14 th -May 22 nd .

Callus Growth Rates Nutrient Salts
Growth rates (mg/day) for callus are displayed in Figures 11-15.Canda showed a significant difference (p < 0.05) in growth rates between the MB5D1K and the other two media with the MB5D1K medium showing the highest growth rate (Figure 11).  Figure 12.Callus growth rates over five months for Futura.
For Futura, there was no statistically significant difference between the media, but MS salts medium produced callus with the highest growth rate (Figure 12).
Callus growth performed well on all media with MB5D1K medium coming in close at second for callus growth rate.For Joey, there was no statistically significant difference between the media, but the MS salts medium produced callus with the highest growth rate (Figure 13).For CFX-2 there was no statistically significant difference between the media, but the MS salts medium produced callus with the highest growth rate (Figure 14).For Cherry × Workhorse there was no statistically significant difference between the media, but the MB5D1K medium produced callus with the highest growth rate (Figure 15).

Hormones
Figures 16-20 highlight the growth rates (grams/day) over a five month period   for each hormone concentration/ratio for each cultivar.For Canda, the 1:1 ratio yielded the highest callus growth rate over a five month period, with 3:3 also showing a high rate (Figure 16).

Optimal Media Formulation Mineral Salts
Table 2 shows the best media mineral salts formulations for each cultivar.Table 3 takes the rankings of the media types from Table 2 and averages their scores to get a composite mean score.The lower the mean number, the higher the ranking of that medium for the five cultivars experimented.The MS salts medium had the lowest mean and was the top medium for 3 out 5 of the cultivars.It was followed closely by the MB5D1K medium that was the top medium for 2 out of the 5 cultivars.

Hormones
The best media formulations for callus growth for each cultivar are displayed in Table 4. Similar media formulations are highlighted with the same color.The auxin:cytokinin concentration/ratio of 2:2 was the top medium for callus growth in Joey and the second best for CFX-2 and Futura.It was also the fourth best for Canda.The media formulation of 1:1 was the best for Canda, third best for Joey, fourth best for Landrace and fifth best for Futura.The media formulation 3:3 was the second best for Canda, third best for CFX-2 and Futura, and the fifth best for Joey.
The top performing media formulations, along with the number of cultivars for which they were in the top five, are shown in Table 5.It is interesting to note The best media formulations for callus initiation are displayed in Table 6.Although there is not as clear of a pattern evident in this array, the ratios of 2:1, 2:2, 2:3, and 3:2 are effective for more than one cultivar.

Discussion
The purposes of this study were to determine: 1) the optimal media mineral salts and; 2) the optimal hormone concentration/ratio for callus induction and callus growth in Industrial Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.).There has been minimal research conducted on plant tissue culture systems specifically implemented on industrial hemp.Feeney and Punja [8] support the use of 2,4-D and kinetin as the optimal hormone growth regulators, finding that these produced greatest callus growth and also made for the best appearance of callus.However, they used a 5:1 ratio of auxin:cytokinin for their cultivars of interest.Slusarkiewicz-Jarzina et al. [9] found that DICAMBA, in concentrations of 9.05 µM or 13.7 µM, alone produced the greatest amount of callus, which is interesting because DICAMBA is solely a cytokinin and contains no auxin.In this experiment, the majority of plates that contained no auxin tended to form roots (i.e.ratios like 0:1, 0:2, and 0:3).Minocha [10] suggested that the reason media lacking auxin produced roots was because of the availability of endogenous auxin in the plant occurring naturally.Jiang et al. [11] found that the optimal hormone concentration for callus initiation was a 4.4:2.7 ratio.They also found the optimal concentration for callus growth occurred at a 4.6:2.7 ratio.It is interesting to note that they found similar ratios to induce and grow callus.
Additionally, few studies have been conducted for determining optimal mineral salts or hormone formulations for Industrial Hemp.Feeney and Punja [8] used the MB5D1K medium formulation and it was shown to promote substantial callus growth.The MS salts medium formulated by Murashige and Skoog [5] was originally used to generate callus growth in tobacco for a study on cytokinins.
Results in our study show that three of the five cultivars (Joey, CFX-2, and Futura) responded well to the MS salts medium as far as callus mass produced and growth rates.Two of the five cultivars (Canda and Cherry × Workhorse) responded well to the MB5D1K medium with callus mass produced and growth rates.The results from the Canda experiment showed a significant difference between the MB5D1K medium and the other two.Because of the significant difference (p < 0.05), the MB5D1K medium can be used to generate the best result of callus mass produced and the highest growth rate.This finding is substantiated by Feeney and Punja [8], who also used the MB5D1K medium.
There were specific hormone concentrations/ratios for the best callus-initiating media and the most callus growth.Interestingly, results showed that in four of the five cultivars tested, the top three media formulations for callus growth were equal concentrations of auxin to cytokinin (1:1, 2:2, 3:3).These cultivars include Canda, Joey, CFX-2, and Futura.Landrace had a 1:1 ratio as the fourth best ratio for callus growth, but it was not in the top three.The trend with callus-initiating media was not as easy to determine.The best media formulations determined for callus induction were 2:1, 2:2, 2:3, and 3:2.The best media formulation determined for callus growth was an equal concentration of auxin:cytokinin, however 2:2 showed up the most on the top 3 media formulations.It is important to realize that 2:2 was recognized as a good initiating media type, as well as, an excellent media type for maintaining callus growth.
In summary, Table 7 shows the top two media formulations for callus induction,

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Canda callus mass for MS salts, MTSU, and MB5D1K media from initial plating on August 23 rd to final weight on December 23 rd .

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Futura callus mass for MS salts, MTSU, and MB5D1K media from initial plating on August 24 th to final weight on December 24 th .

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Joey callus mass for MS salts, MTSU, and MB5D1K media from initial plating on August 26 th to final weight on December 26 th .

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. CFX-2 callus mass for MS salts, MTSU, and MB5D1K media from initial plating on August 28 th to final weight on December 28 th .

4 .Figure 5 .
Figure 5. Cherry × Workhorse callus mass for MS salts, MTSU, and MB5D1K media from initial plating on September 28 th to final weight on December 28 th .

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.Canda change in callus mass for varying auxin:cytokinin concentrations from setup (November 26 th ) to completion (August 3 rd ).

Figure 9 .
Figure 9. Futura change in callus mass for varying auxin:cytokinin concentrations from setup (March 6 th ) to completion (November 11 th ).

Figure 11 .
Figure 11.Callus growth rates over five months for Canda.* Indicates there was a significant difference (p < 0.05) between MB5D1K and the other two media.

Figure 13 .
Figure 13.Callus growth rates over five months for Joey.

Figure 15 .
Figure 15.Callus growth rates over four months for Cherry × Workhorse.

Figure 16 .
Figure 16.Canda callus growth rate over five months.

Figure 17 .
Figure 17.Joey callus growth rate over five months.

Figure 19 .
Figure 19.Futura callus growth rate over five months.
X. Thacker et al.

Table 2 .
The best media formulations ranked in order based on callus growth for each cultivar tested, 1 being the greatest callus growth and 3 being the least.

Table 3 .
Media scores for the five cultivars tested, and the means and standard deviations of those scores.Scores are the representative rankings of the media effectiveness.A score of 1 represents the best medium and a score of 3 represents the least effective (see Table2).

Table 4 .
The best five media formulations for callus growth for each of the five cultivars tested.

Table 5 .
Top performing media formulations for the five cultivars of hemp tested.The numbers in parentheses indicates the number of cultivars for which that formulation was in the top five best media formulations.

Table 6 .
The top performing formulations for callus-initiating media for the five cultivars tested.

Table 7 .
. Thacker et al.Top two media formulations for both callus induction and callus growth for each cultivar.and also callus growth, for each cultivar.This table shows that 2:2 is the most frequently occurring concentration/ratio.If one did not want to make different media types for induction and growth, then this experiment shows that 2:2 would be the most appropriate growth regulator for both purposes.