A Novel Design Strategy for Temperature-Responsive IPN Hydrogels Based on a Copolymer of Acrylamide and N-( 1 , 1-Dimethyl-3-Oxobutyl )-Acrylamide

A methology is described for the synthesis of novel temperature-responsive interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) hydrogels with poly(2-acrylamido2-methylpropane sulfonic acid) (PAMPS) as a tightly crosslinked 1st network, temperature-responsive poly(acrylamide-co-N-(1,1-dimethyl-3-oxobutyl)acrylamide) (P(AM-co-DAAM)) with low cost as a lossely crosslinked 2nd network. The structure and morphology of the IPN hydrogels were characterized by FTIR, TGA and SEM, and the results indicated that PAMPS network introduced P(AM-co-DAAM) hydrogels have large, thermally stable and interconnected porous network. The properties of the IPN hydrogels, which include: swelling capacity, equilibrium swelling/deswelling ratio, temperatureresponsive behavior, and the dwelling kinetics as specific temperature, were investigated carefully. Results showed that the obtained IPN hydrogels displayed a controllable equilibrium swelling/deswelling behavior and possessed remarkable thermosensitivity. In addition, the results also indicate that the incorporation of the hydrophobic groups DAAM has a big effect on the LCST of the IPN hydrogels. Consequently, these novel temperature-responsive IPN hydrogels with low cost and slow-releasing performance would be promising for potential applications, such as environmental catalysis, water treatment, and agriculture.


Introduction
Hydrogels are three-dimensional, hydrophilic, polymeric networks having a solid-like appearance that does not dissolve in water but can absorb large amounts of water and aqueous ingredients [1] [2] [3].Over the past few decades, hydrogels have become one of the most extensively studied soft materials and currently continue to fascinate researchers throughout the world.In recent years, stimuli-responsive hydrogels as intelligent materials are increasingly attracting the academic and industrial interests: these hydrogels can undergo abrupt volume or phase transition in response to environmental stimuli such as temperature [4], pH [5], light [6], electric field [7], magnetic field [8], and oxidation-reduction [9], etc.Because of this unique feature, stimuli-responsive hydrogels have received extensive attention in the fields of controlled drug delivery [10], separation [11], tissue engineering [12], soft robtics [13], artificial muscles [14], catalysis [15], and solving environmental problems [16], etc.Among these stimuli-responsive hydrogels, temperature-responsive hydrogels are the most widely investigated.
Temperature-responsive hydrogels demonstrate a good hydrophilicity in aqueous solutions at low temperature, and separate from the solution when the temperature is raised above the lower critical solution temperature (LCST).
Poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) (PNIPAAm) hydrogel is typical temperature-responsive polymeric network, which exhibits phase separation at its relative low LCST of 32˚C -34˚C in aqueous solution [17].At a temperature lower than the LCST, the PNIAAm hydrogel can absorb water and exist in swollen state because of the bonding interaction between the hydrophilic amide group and water molecules.Whereas, at a temperature higher than the LCST, the hydrogel undergoes an abrupt and dramatic shrinkage in volume due to the disruption of hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions among the isopropyl groups of neighboring polymer chains.
From the viewpoint of applications, although the temperature-responsive hydrogels based on N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) have been investigated for many biomedical and pharmaceutical applications [18] [19] [20], the challenge impeding their potential applications such as environmental catalysis [21] [22] [23], water treatment [24] [25], and agriculture [26] is encountered.The main limitation of the conventional PNIPAAm hydrogel is fairly expensive, which may impede large-scale manufacturing of the temperature-responsive hydrogels and acceptance of water treatment and agriculture, and its phase transition is limited in a narrow range.Also, PNIPAAm hydrogels are limited by their poor mechanical properties, with the modulus and strength values [27] [28].
Based on consideration of the above limitations, studies have shown that temperature-responsive polymers on acrylamide (AM)/N-(1,1-dimethyl-3oxobutyl)-acrylamide) (DAAM), as a component of hydrogel, can effectively reduce the cost of temperature-responsive hydrogels [29] [30]   distilled in an all-glass apparatus, and the nitrogen gas was 99.999% in purity.

Preparation of Temperature-Responsive IPN Hydrogels
The temperature-responsive IPN hydrogel was prepared via a two-step strategy, as shown in Scheme 1.In the first step, the required masses of AMPS monomer, photoinitiator, crosslinker were dissolved in deionized water.Nitrogen was bubbled through the monomer/solvent mixture for 30 min toremove oxygen dissolved in the reaction mixture.The solution was cast on glass plates equipped with spacers, then photo-polymerized by UV lamp with full wavelength at 20˚C for 2 h.The hydrogel was then removed from the plates and immersed in deionized water to remove the unreacted monomers.The hydrogel was taken out and placed in fresh deionized water three times a day for 7 days before it was dried first in air and then dried in a vacuum oven.In the second step, the dried PAMPS hydrogel, of known weight, was immersed in 40 mL of aqueous containing desired amounts of AM, DAAM, 2-oxoglutaric acid (as photointiator) and MBA (crosslinker) for at least 3 days until the equilibrium was reached.The soft-swollen hydrogels were gently handled and kept between two glass plaques Advances in Chemical Engineering and Science Initiator UV soure The water was renewed every 12 h.After, the hydrogels were dried at room temperature.The feed compositions of the hydrogels' synthesis reaction are shown in Table 1.

Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
The FTIR spectra of the dried hydrogel samples were recorded by making KBrpellets on a Nicolet MX-1E FTIR spectrophotometer (USA).The FTIR spectra were recorded in the range of 400 -4000 cm −1 .

Thermo-Gravimetric Analysis (TGA)
TGA was carried out with a NETZSCH STA 409 C/CD instrument under an oxygen free nitrogen atmosphere.Dry samples of 5 -8 mg weight were used.A linear temperature heating rate of 10˚C•min −1 was maintained from 30˚C to 900˚C.TGA weight loss curves were recorded.

Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
SEM was performed on hydrogels after freeze-dried to maintain the porous structure without any collapse.The samples were plunged in liquid nitrogen, and the vitrified samples were cut with a cold knife.They were mounted on the base plate and coated with gold.The morphology was imaged on a Hitachi S-570 SEM (Tokyo, Japan) using an accelerating voltage of 20 kV.

Measurement of Swelling Kinetics
The swelling kinetics of the hydrogels was measured at 20˚C.After wiping off water or 0.9 wt% NaCl solution on the surface with filter paper, the SR of the hydrogel was recorded during the course of swelling at regular time intervals.
The SR was calculated by Equation ( 1) where W t is the weight of wet hydrogel at regular time intervals and W d is the weight of the dried hydrogel.

Measurement of Deswelling Kinetics
The kinetics of deswelling behavior of the hydrogels was measured at 50˚C.Before the measurement of deswelling kinetics, the hydrogels were reached swollen equilibrium in deionized water or 0.9 wt% NaCl solution at 20˚C.The weights of the hydrogels were recorded during the course of deswelling at regular time intervals after wiping off water or 0.9 wt% NaCl solution on the surface with filter paper.The deswelling ratio (WR) (%) is defined as follows: ( ) where W t is the mass of hydrogels at time t, W d is the mass of the dried hydrogels, and W s is themass of water in the swollenhydrogels at 20˚C.Advances in Chemical Engineering and Science

Equilibrium SR at Different Temperatures
The equilibrium SR of the hydrogel was measured after wiping off water or 0.9% NaCl solution on the surface with filter paper in the temperature range from 20˚C to 60˚C, hydrogel samples were immersed into excess deionized water or 0.9% NaCl solution for 24 h at every temperature.The SR eq at different temperatures were calculated as Equation (1).

Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
The DSC studies were performed on a Perkin-Elmer DSC7.The samples were heated from 8˚C to 60˚C, with a heating rate of 2˚C•min −1 in an inert condition.

Oscillating Swelling/De-Swelling Kinetics of IPN Hydrogels
Pre-weighted dried hydrogel samples were first immersed in deionized water at 20˚C to reach equilibrium, whereafter the oscillatory swelling behavior was observed in deionized water at alternate temperatures of 20˚C and 60˚C.After 30 min of de-swelling at 60˚C, the hydrogels were reimmersed in deionized water of 20˚C for another 30 min swelling.The measurement of the SR for the hydrogel was performed by repeating about steps for 330 min.

FTIR Spectra of the Temperature-Responsive IPN Hydrogel
The FTIR analysis of the different hydrogel samples (Figure 1) showed the

Thermogravimetric Analysis of IPN1 Hydrogel
The thermal decomposition and weight loss profiles of PAMPS and IPN1 hydrogels were estimated from TGA thermogram as a function of temperature, as shown in Figure 2. PAMPS hydrogel presents three main thermal degradation events in the temperature range of 30˚C -200˚C, 200˚C -400˚C, and 400˚C -800˚C.The first event is assigned to the evaporation of residual water, where the weight loss of 10.0% took place.In the second stage almost 57.5% mass loss occurred.The third stage started from 400˚C, and 11.0% decomposition was observed at 800˚C.The latter two events were attributed to a sophisticated process by which breakage of crosslinking bridges, scission of the long chain backbone, and decomposition of imides and amide were dominant [33] [34].Compared to PAMPS hydrogel, IPN1 hydrogel presented a higher residual mass and the onset degradation temperature emerged at higher temperature (220˚C), which suggested the formation thermally stable network that could be attributed to the formation of inter and intra molecular hydrogen bonds among the PAMPS and the P(AM-co-DAAM) chains.

SEM Micrographs of IPN1 Hydrogel
The interior morphology of IPN1 hydrogel is shown in Figure 3.The SEM images indicate that the interpenetrating polymer network hydrogel has been synthesized.By SEM observation, the IPN1 hydrogel appeared to have more compact porous structures with an average pore size of about 25 μm, due to the presence of the P(AM-co-DAAM) network, which increased the relative crosslink density of hydrogel structure.Moreover, due to the presence of the P(AM-co-DAAM) network, the IPN1 hydrogel shows a more porous network structure in character, which could increase the deswelling rate of the hydrogel when the temperature is about the hydrogel's LCST.

Swelling Kinetics of the IPN Hydrogels
In order to determine the effects of the contents of DAAM and AM on the network Advances in Chemical Engineering and Science  density of the IPN hydrogels which were prepared by the varying the DAAM/AM molar ratio and the concentration of DAAM and AM, the swelling studies of the IPN hydrogels were carried out at 20˚C in deionized water and 0.9 wt% NaCl solution.As shown in Figure 4, the swelling properties of the IPN hydrogels with different compositions differed greatly in deionized water and 0.9 wt% NaCl solution.It can be observed: 1) the SR of the IPN hydrogels increased steeply within 480 min, and then reached a plateau.2) the SR in 0.9 wt% NaCl solution is lower than indeionized water, for example, the SR of IPN3 (molar rate DAAM/AM = 1/1) in deionized water is about 13.6 g/g within 480 min, while the SR of it in 0.9 wt% NaCl solution is about 3.5 g/g within 480 min.3) the SR of the hydrogels decreased with an increase of DAAM content in the IPN hydrogels.For instance, the SR of the IPN hydrogels in deionized water decreased from 13.6 g/g to 9.5 g/g as DAAM/AMmolar ratioincreased from 1/1 to 2/1 within 480 min.The phenomenon can be attributed to the enhancement in hydrophobicity of the IPN hydrogel, which renders it more and more difficult for water molecules to penetrate into the hydrogel, hence decrease the swelling ratio.Ionic strength can play important role in the swelling behaviour.Hydrogels Advances in Chemical Engineering and Science do not swell appreciably in the presence of electrolytes due to the increase of movable counterions of asolution, which lead to a decrease in the osmotic pressure within the hydrogel, causing the hydrogel to shrink [35].

Deswelling Kinetics of the IPN Hydrogels
The investigation of deswelling kinetics is important for the temperature-responsive IPN hydrogels in measuring their water retention and deswelling rate.Figure 5 shows the deswelling kinetics of the temperature-responsive IPN hydrogels from the equilibrium swelling state at 20˚C water bath to 50˚C water bath.As expected, all the swollen IPN hydrogels tended to shrink and lose water after immersing in deionized water or 0.9 wt% NaCl solution at higher temperature due the disruption of hydrophilic/hydrophobic balance in IPN hydrogels.The water retention decreased rapidly with the increase of deswelling time before reaching a constant value within 600 min.The data illustrate that the deswelling rate ofthe IPN hydrogel samples is obviously dependent on the DAAM content.For example, the WR of the IPN hydrogels decreased from 76.2% (IPN1) to 44.7% (IPN3) as DAAM/AM molar ratioincreased from 1/1 to 2/1 in deionized water, while the WR of the hydrogels increased from 49.9% (IPN1) to 64.2% (IPN3) in 0.9 wt% NaCl solution within 600 min.Advances in Chemical Engineering and Science

Thermal Behavior of the IPN Hydrogels
The thermal behavior of the IPN hydrogels was investigated using DSC with the LCST reported as the peak temperature [37] [38].At the LCST, the water in hydrogels will be separated from the network, leading to a smaller heat capacity.As shown in Figure 7, the phase transition of the IPN hydrogels is gradually strengthened as DAAM/AM molar ratio or the concentration of DAAM and AM increases.For instances, the LCST of IPN hydrogels decreased from 39˚C (IPN3) to 18˚C (IPN1), as DAAM/AM molar ratio increased from 1/1 to 2/1.Note that the LCST of IPN4 hydrogel is blurry because of the extremely weak phase transition caused by decreasing the contents of thermosensive P(AM-co-DAAM).The results indicate that the incorporation of the hydrophobic groups DAAM has a big effect on the LCST of the IPN hydrogels, as discussed earlier.

Oscillatory Swelling/Deswelling Kinetics of the IPN Hydrogels
From the point of applications, the oscillating swelling-deswelling properties over a shorter time intervals with the small temperature cycles of the hydrogels are important, which would be stable for potential applicants.So it is necessary to investigate the oscillating swelling-deswelling kinetics in response to the temperature changes.Figure 8 shows the effect of oscillatory cycling on the thermosensitivity of the synthesized IPN hydrogels at 20˚C and 60˚C.It can be found that the SR of the hydrogels decreased slightly with increasing number of cycles due to their relative slow swelling rate comparing with their shrinking rate.The slower and smaller magnitude of oscollating responses from the novel temperature-responsive IPN hydrogels may be advantageous for practical applications in many fields such as environmental catalysis, water treatment, and agriculture.

Effect of Temperature on the Appearance of IPN Hydrogel
The effect of temperance on the appearance of IPN hydrogel is shown in Figure 9.The results show that the change of appearance of IPN hydrogel was observed as the water temperature was switched from 20˚C to 60˚C.When the water temperature is higher than 23˚C, the appearance of IPNhydrogel was changed from transparent to opaque because a collapsed phase transition of P(AM-co-DAAM) component was occurred under water above LCST of P(AM-co-DAAM) [29].
The IPN hydrogel would be shrunk as the temperature increased.This result conforms to the above-mentioned results for the temperature effect on ESR of the IPN hydrogels.

Conclusion
A series of novel temperature-responsive IPN hydrogels based on a copolymer of acrylamide and N-(1,1-dimethyl-3-oxobutyl)-acrylamide were successfully synthesized by a two-step method.Some conclusions can be drawn as follows.The temperature-response of the synthesized IPN hydrogels can be successfully endowed by immersing of P(AM-co-DAAM) solution into the first PAMPS network and the thermosensitivities of the IPN hydrogels are more obvious as the

H
presence of peaks corresponding to the functional groups of the monomeric units used in preparing the PAMPS hydrogel and IPN hydrogel.The characteristic absorption peaks of AMPS, AM and DAAM units appear at their usual wave numbers.The peaks at 1220 and 1039 cm −1 correspond to the asymmetric and symmetric S-O stretching of the -SO 3 H in the AMPS units, respectively.The peak at 1650 cm −1 is due to O = C-N of AMPS, AM and DAAM, and the band around 1705 cm − 1 is assigned to the characteristic stretching vibration of O=C-CH 3 from ketone in DAAM.These results demonstrate that both the PAMPS network and the P(AM-co-DAAM) network are present in the temperature-responsive IPN hydrogel.Y. Wang et al.DOI: 10.4236/aces.2018.84018261 Advances in Chemical Engineering and Science

3. 6 .
Temperature Dependence of the IPN HydrogelsThe equilibrium swelling ratio (ESR) is one of the most important parameters for evaluating temperature-responsive hydrogels because it illustrates their LCST behavior.The effect of temperature on the ESR of the temperature-responsive IPN hydrogels in deionized water and 0.9 wt% NaCl solution at various temperature from 20˚C to 60˚C are shown in Figure6.The results show that the ESR of the IPN hydrogels decrease as the temperature increases and have a broadening hydrogel transition in the range of the temperature from 25˚C to 60˚C.In addition, the change of the temperature-responsive IPN hydrogels from equilibrium swelling state to another is not instantaneous that the process is not in accordance with PNIPAM based hydrogels[36], indicating that the temperature-responsive IPN hydrogels Based on a copolymer of acrylamide and N-(1,1-dimethyl-3-oxobutyl)-acrylamide were suitable for slow-releasing applications.The temperature-response of IPN hydrogels is attributed to the alteration of hydrophilicity of the network because the thermosensive P(AM-co-DAAM) is incorporated into the first hydrogel network.At temperature increase, a part of hydrogen bonds will destroyed, and the hydrophobic interactions among the hydrophobic groups in the second P(AM-co-DAAM) network become dominant Y. Wang et al.DOI: 10.4236/aces.2018.84018265 Advances in Chemical Engineering and Science

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.ESR of IPN hydrogels in deionized water (a), (b) and in 0.9% NaCl solution (c), (d) over the temperature range from 20˚C to 60˚C.

Figure 8 .
Figure 8. Oscillatory swelling/de-swelling kinetics of IPN hydrogels over 30 min temperature cycles in deionized wate rbetween 20˚C and 60˚C.

Figure 9 .
Figure 9. Photographs of swollen the IPN hydrogel in water at 20˚C and 60˚C, respectively.
et al.

Table 1 .
The feed compositions of the hydrogels' synthesis reaction.