Synthesis, Spectroscopic, Structural Characterization, Conductivity and Electrochemical Studies of a Schiff Base Ligand and Its Copper Complexes

Schiff base ligand (L) derived from glyoxal and 4-aminoantipyrine was synthesized. The ligand (L) has been characterized by IR, NMR, electronic spectral studies and electrochemical studies. Cu(II) complexes of a Schiff base ligand (L) from 4-aminoantpyrine and glyoxal having the composition [CuL1]X2 where X = Cl or 3 NO − have been prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, electrical conductivity in non-aqueous solvent, infrared and electronic, as well as cyclic voltammetric studies. L acts as a neutral tetradentate ligand coordinating through both the carbonyl oxygen and azomethine nitrogen. On both the complexes both the anions are not coordinated. A square planar geometry is assigned for complexes. The electrochemical studies of ligand show a typical cyclic voltammogram for an irreversible process. While copper(II) complexes show the typical cyclic voltammograms for quasi reversible process.

metals [4]. The high affinity for the chelation of the Schiff bases towards the transition metal ions is utilized in preparing their solid complexes.
Schiff bases are condensation products of primary amines and carbonyl compounds and they were discovered by a German chemist, Nobel Prize winner, Hugo Schiff in 1864 [5]. In the recent decades, Schiff bases have attracted tremendous interests due to their unique properties and extensive applications in many scientific areas, e.g. anticancer [6] and antibacterial [7], biosensor [8], catalysis [2], analytical chemistry [9] and corrosion prevention [10].
Structurally, Schiff base (also known as imine or azomethine) is an analogue of a ketone or aldehyde in which the carbonyl group (C=O) has been replaced by an imine or azomethine group. Schiff bases are compounds having a formula RR'C = NR'' where R is an aryl group, R' is a hydrogen atom and R'' is either an alkyl or aryl group. However, usually compounds where R'' is an alkyl or aryl group and R'' is an alkyl or aromatic group are also counted as Schiff bases.
Schiff base ligands are essential in the field of coordination chemistry, especially in the development of complexes of Schiff bases because these compounds are potentially capable of forming stable complexes with metal ions [11].
During the past two decades, considerable attention has been paid to the chemistry of the metal complexes of Schiff bases containing nitrogen and other donors [12]. This may be attributed to their stability, biological activity and potential applications in many fields such as oxidation catalysis, electrochemistry, etc.
In this study, the synthesis of a Schiff base ligand (L) and its Cu(II) complexes were reported. Their spectral properties and electrochemical behavior were investigated.

Instrumental Measurements
IR spectra were recorded on a PERKIN ELMER SPECTRUM 65 FT-IR spectrometer on KBr pellet in the wave number range of 4000 -400 cm −1 . Electronic spectral studies were conducted on a GENESY's UV-Visible spectrometer in the wavelength 200 -800 nm. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) analysis was recorded on a Brukeravance 400 MHz spectrometer with tetramethylsilane as internal standard and DMSO-d 6 as solvent. Molar conductivity of the complexes were measured for 10 −3 Molar solution in acetonitrile using a SX713 model conductivity meter. All the electrochemical experiments were carried out using a computerized electrochemical analyzer (BAS CV-50 W) with a conventional three electrode system at room temperature with a glassy carbon electrode (diameter = 3 mm) as working electrode, Ag/AgCl/ as reference electrode and a platinum wire as counter electrode in DMF and electrochemical grade Tetra butyl ammonium hexafluoro phosphate (0.01 mol/dm 3 ) as the supporting electrolyte.

Solvents and Reagents
The metal salts were prepared from Analar BDH copper carbonate and the re-A. Abayneh et al. Advances in Chemical Engineering and Science spective 50% acids (AR) and crystallising of the salts by evaporation of the solutions on a steam bath. All the solvents used in the present study is of analytical Grade and used without any further purification. Tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate (Fluka), Glyoxal (Aldrich Chem. Co. USA), 4-Aminoantipyrine (Sigma Chem. Co. USA) were also used without any further purification.

Preparation of the Schiff Base
The Schiff base ligand was prepared by the condensation of the 0.44715 g (2.2 mmol) 4-Aminoantpyrine with 0.057 ml (1 mmol) Glyoxal in absolute ethanolic solution (Scheme 1). The resulting mixture was then refluxed for 2 hrs. The yellow precipitate formed was filtered and recrystalized from ethanol to give yellow needles.

Preparation of the Schiff Base Copper(II) Complexes
Cupric chloride 0.170 g (1 mmole) and copper nitrate 0.18756 g (1 mmole) were dissolved in methanol 5 ml and added in to a refluxing solution of Schiff base 0.4280 g (1 mmole) in ethyl acetate. The reaction mixtures were refluxed for 3 hrs.
The complexes were separated as brown solid is cooled, filtered and repeatedly washed with hot ethyl acetate to remove excess ligand if any. It was then dried in a vaccum in a desiccator over P 2 O 5 .

Electrochemical Studies
Electrochemical cyclic voltammetry measurements were performed at room temperature in 3-electrode cell by using a glassy carbon electrode with 0.071 cm 2 surface area as a working electrode, while a platinum wire served as the counter electrode and a Ag/AgCl quasi reference electrode. A DMF solution of all the ligand and complexes (1 × 10 −4 M) and tetrabutylammonium hexafloro-phosphate (0.01 M) as supporting electrolyte were used in each measurements. Measurements were made over a potential range between 0 V to +1.6 V for Schiff base ligand (L) while 0 V to 0.9 V for the complexes with a scan rate of 0.1 V/s.

Proton NMR Spectra of Ligand (L)
The 1 H NMR spectrum (Figure 1) of the free ligand showed a singlet at 9.25 ppm due to the imine protons, multiplet in the range 7.1 -8.0 ppm due to the aromatic protons, signals appearing at 3.10 -3.50 δ correspond to methyl protons near to hetro-cyclic atoms and signals at 2.8 -2.10 δ correspond to methyl protons [13] ( Table 1).
The Copper(II) complexes are brown solids (Table 2)

Infrared Spectra of Ligand and Its Copper Complexes
The important infrared spectral bands of L and its copper complexes with the tentative assignments are presented in Table 3 and Figures 2-4.
A. Abayneh et al. Table 3. Important infrared spectra bands (cm −1 ) of ligand and its copper complexes.   The infrared spectrum of L exhibits two strong bands at 1659 and 1653 cm −1 corresponding to the stretching vibrations of the carbonyl groups of the ligand, also exhibits a strong band at 1563 cm −1 due to the C=N stretching vibration [15].
The infrared band at 1659 cm −1 characteristic of the ν C=O is shifted to 1635 cm −1 in the chloride complex and 1620 in nitrate complex indicating, the coordination of both carbonyl oxygen to the central metal ion. Also the band at 1563 cm −1 corresponds to C=N stretching is shifted to 1584 cm −1 in chloride and nitrate complex indicating the coordination of both azomethine nitrogens to the central metal ion. A strong peak at 1374 cm −1 which is corresponds to the v 2 out of plane deformation of the ionic nitrate which is concordance with the conductance data [15]. Further the ν Cu-O and ν Cu-N stretching vibrations are observed at about 520 and 502 cm −1 respectively in both complexes.

Electronic Spectral Studies
The electronic spectral bands of L and its copper complexes with tentative assignments are presented in Table 4 and Figures 5-7.
The electronic spectra of L shows two band maxima at 26,881 and 39,525 cm −1 corresponding to n→π* and π→π* transitions respectively [16]. In copper(II) complexes, both the n→π* and π→π* bands are found to be blue shifted and Based on the above studies the following tentative structures can be proposed for the complexes (Figure 8).

Cyclic Voltammetry
The ligand (L) and copper(II) complexes were subjected to cyclic voltammetric studies with a view to examine its electrochemical behaviour. A glassy carbon electrode was used as working electrode, Ag/AgCl as reference electrode and      Measurements were made over a potential range between 0 V to +1.6 V for Schiff base ligand and 0 V to 0.9 V for the corresponding complexes with a scan rate of 0.1 V/s (Table 5). =100 mV/s.
The CV of the Schiff base ligand (L) (Figure 9) which exhibited one irreversible oxidation peak as a result of a large peak separation value (∆E p = 819 mV) at 0.100 V/s scan rate. A cyclic voltammogram of Cu(II) chloride complex displays a reduction peak at E pc = −326 mV with an associated oxidation peak at E pa = 712 mV at a scan rate of 100 mV/s. The peak separation of this couple (∆Ep) is 386 mV. The ratio of anodic to cathodic peak height was greater than one. However, the peak current increases with the increase of the square root of the scan rates. This establishes the electrode process as diffusion controlled [17].
The copper nitrate complex exhibited two quasi-reversible peaks. The representative CV of copper nitrate complex is shown in Figure 10. redox couples respectively and increases with scan rate giving evidence for quasi-reversible nature associated with one electron reduction. The ratio of the anodic to cathodic peak current (I pa /I pc ) is deviates from one. From these observations it is concluded that the redox process is diffusion controlled.

Effect of Scan Rate
The effect of scan rate could be shown by recorded the CV at concentration of 1 × 10 −4 M of Schiff base ligand. Schiff base ligand L shows the typical cyclic voltammogram for an irreversible process ( Figure 12 & Figure 13). The most obvious indication is the absence of a cathodic reduction signal. Furthermore the oxidation signals significantly shift to more positive potentials with faster scan rates.     voltammograms for quasi reversible process. The cyclic voltammogram will take longer to record as the scan rate is decreased. At a slow scan rate, the diffusion layer will grow much further from the electrode as compared to a fast scan. This leads to a concentration gradient to the electrode surface that is much lower as compared to a fast scan. The peak heights of the anodic signal and the cathodic signal are not completely equal anymore. However, the most obvious indication that the process is not completely reversible anymore is the separation of anodic and cathodic peak potential. The difference of the peak potentials is significantly bigger than 59 mV and the separation of the two signals increases with faster scan rates [18]. Therefore the reaction of copper(II) complexes at higher scan rates can be considered to be quasireversible ( Figure 14 & Figure 15).
For both chloride and nitrate complexes the graph of i pc and i pa against v 1/2 gave a linear plot with R 2 greater than 0.98 ( Figure 16 & Figure 17). This indicates that the i pc and i pa were directly proportional to the square root of the scan     rate. From the graph, it also shows that as the scan rate increases, the peak current also increases.

Summary and Conclusion
The Schiff base ligand (L) and its copper(II) complexes were synthesised and characterised by elemental analyses, molar conductance in non-aqueous solvents, infrared and electronic spectra NMR as well as spectra.
The complexes of L have the general formulae [Cu(L) 1 ]X 2 (where X = Cl − or 3 NO − ). The ligand L acts a neutral tetradentate ligand, coordinating through both the carbonyl oxygens and both the azomethine nitrogens in the complexes.
Both counter anions remain ionic in the complexes. Electronic spectral studies suggest a square planar geometry around the Cu(II) ion in both the complexes.
The electrochemical studies of ligand show a typical cyclic voltammogram for an irreversible process. The most obvious indication is the absence of a cathodic reduction signal. Furthermore the oxidation signals significantly shift to more positive potentials with faster scan rates.
Copper(II) complexes show the typical cyclic voltammograms for quasi reversible process. The cyclic voltammogram will take longer to record as the scan rate is decreased. At a slow scan rate, the diffusion layer will grow much further from the electrode as compared to a fast scan. This leads to a concentration gradient to the electrode surface that is much lower as compared to a fast scan. The peak heights of the anodic signal and the cathodic signal are not completely equal. However, the most obvious indication that the process is not completely reversible anymore is the separation of anodic and cathodic peak potential. The difference of the peak potentials is significantly bigger than 59 mV and the separation of the two signals increases with faster scan rates. Therefore the reaction of copper(II) complexes at higher scan rates can be considered to be quasi-reversible.