Prevalence of <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> and the Interest of Its Eradication during the Functional Dyspepsia

Functional dyspepsia 
constitutes by its impact in quality 
of life and socio-economic impact areal public health problem (40% of the adult population in the Western world). The prevalence 
of infection with Helicobacter pylori (HP) in 
patients with functional dyspepsia is about 30% - 70%. The aim of our study 
is to observe the improvement of functional dyspepsia (FD) after Helicobacter 
pylori (HP) eradication. Methods: This is a prospective study over a period of 68 
months (May 2009 - January 2015). We included all patients aged over 15 years, with 
functional dyspepsia defined by the Rome III criteria. The diagnosis of HP was made by histology 
and/or PCR. Patients infected with HP were treated in single-blind: standard triple therapy 
for 7 days or sequential treatment for 10 days. HP eradication control was 
made after: 3 months, 6 months and one year of treatment. Results: 
During the study period, 1190 patients were included of which 250 patients 
(21%) were in functional 
dyspepsia according to the Rome III criteria. The average age in patients with functional dyspepsia was 
49 years [16 - 80], sex ratio M/F was 
0.58 (N = 92/158). 60% of patients 
were older than 45 years (N = 150). Chronic smoking was found in 20% of 
patients (N = 50). One hundred and seventy five patients (70%) had HP infection 
(N = 175). One hundred and sixty five patients received the treatment of Helicobacter 
pylori (94.28%), 10 patients were lost to follow (5.71%). The eradication 
of HP was obtained in 98.41% with sequential treatment versus 88.73% 
with standard triple therapy (p = 0.026). All patients were reviewed at 3 
months and 6 months after treatment, 86% were reviewed at 12 months (N = 143). Dyspeptic symptoms was 
disappeared in 43% of our patients (N = 71) partial disappearance of 
symptoms in 
34.5% of cases (N = 57) persistence of symptoms in 22.42% of cases (N = 37). Conclusion: In 
our study the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in patients 
with functional dyspepsia is high: 70%. Sequential therapy is better than the standard triple therapy in 
the eradication of HP in patients with nonulcer dyspepsia, which 
improves their symptoms in more than 50% of cases.


Introduction
Functional dyspepsia (FD) is defined, according to the Rome III criteria, such as abdominal discomfort or epigastric pain‚ no evidence of structural disease (including at upper endoscopy) that is likely to explain the symptoms. Criteria fulfilled for the last 3 months with symptom onset at least 6 months prior to diagnosis.
Functional dyspepsia constitutes by its impact in quality of life and socio-economic impact areal public health problem (40% of the adult population in the Western world). Functional dyspepsia has substantial financial implications for patients and negatively affects attendance and productivity in the workplace.
Dyspepsia is usually a chronic condition in primary and secondary care. The costs in the United States remain poorly documented, but in Sweden a total societal cost of $63 per adult was calculated for dyspepsia (including reflux disease) [1]. In another study, 288 adult primary care patients with dyspepsia were followed up for 1 year; dyspepsia patients ended to remain symptomatic with 61% using drugs and 43% having gastrointestinal procedures, indicating intensive use of medical resources [2].
The prevalence of infection with Helicobacter pylori (HP) in patients with functional dyspepsia is about 30% -70%. However, the role of HP in the development of functional dyspepsia (FD) remains controversial.
The aim of our study is to determine the prevalence of HP in patients with FD and to observe the improvement of FD after HP eradication in a Moroccan population.

Patients and Methods
This is a prospective randomized study over a period of 4 years (May 2009 -January 2015) in the service of Hepatology and Gastroenterology in hospital university Hassan II of Fez in collaboration with microbiology and molecular

2) Randomization
The patients included in study are randomized in single-blind into three treatment groups: taken twice a day for 5 days.

3) Study Process
The aim of our study is to observe the improvement of functional dyspepsia (FD) after Helicobacter pylori (HP) eradication "the variable that needed to test is the improvement of symptoms of FD" *oo the study was conducted over five visits: -Inclusion visit: inclusion of the patients.
-End of treatment visit: evaluation of adherence of treatment and drug tolerance. -The partial improvement of symptoms: improvement of more than 50% of the symptoms of functional dyspepsia at 12 months of the eradication of HP.
-Total improvement: disappearance of the totality of symptoms of functional dyspepsia at 12 months of the eradication of HP.

Results
During the study period, 1190 patients were included‚ 250 patients (21%) were in functional dyspepsia according to the Rome III criteria.
One hundred and seventy five patients (70%) had HP infection (N = 175). The diagnosis of HP was made by histology and/or PCR. One hundred sixty five patients were randomized and treated into three treatment groups AC‚ AM and SQ‚ 10 patients were lost to follow.
The results were processed by the SPSS version 20 software.

Epidemiological characteristics of patients
As presented in Table 1‚ the average age in patients with functional dyspepsia was 49 years [16 -80], sex ratio M/F was 0.58 (N = 92/158). Sixty percent of patients were older than 45 years (N = 150). Chronic smoking was found in 20% of patients (N = 50), alcoholism was found in 8% of our patients (N = 20).
In univariate analysis comparing the two groups of dyspeptic patients: HP positive and HP negative, only the taking of non steroidal anti inflammatory was significantly higher in the HP negative group (p = 0.021).
An upper endoscopy was done in all our patients, it was normal in 6% of cases (N = 15)‚ gastritis was found in 94% of cases (N = 235).
HP eradication and its impact in the evolution of the symptoms of dyspepsia As mentioned in Table 2‚ forty six percent of patients was treated by the sequential treatment (it's mean group SQ) (N = 75) eradication rate in this group was 98.4% versus 88.7% in the group treated by standard triple therapy (it's mean AM and AC group) (p = 0.026).
The eradication rate with the sequential treatment was statistically superior to the standard triple therapy (p = 0.026), but there was no difference between the two treatments (sequential therapy versus standard triple therapy) in terms of impact in the symptoms of functional dyspepsia (p = 0.59).

Symptoms evaluation
All patients were reviewed at 3 months and 6 months, 86% were reviewed at  Table 3.

Discussion
Functional dyspepsia constitutes a real clinical problem because of its complex physiopathology‚ the heterogeneity of the clinical presentation and difficult of its management [3].
Given the high prevalence of Helicobacter pylori (HP) in our country (around 69%), and the relationship between this bacterium and FD [4]‚ it's important to study the benefit of eradicating HP in dyspeptic patients in order to avoid costly prescription.
HP is currently considered to be the major etiological factor in the development of gastritis, peptic ulcer disease (PUD), gastric cancer and lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) [5]. However, the role of HP in the development of functional dyspepsia (FD) remains controversial [6]. One of the main arguments behind the possible role of this bacterium (HP) in the development of non-ulcer dyspepsia is derived from clinical experience, through a systematic evaluation showing the positive impact of HP eradication in the symptoms of DF [7].
The prevalence of HP is about 30% in developed countries [8] and 80% -90% in developing countries [9]. However the prevalence of HP in FD, varies between Journal of Biosciences and Medicines 30% to 70% [6] [10].
In our study, the prevalence of HP in patients with DF was 70%, it's a high prevalence but concordant with data of other studies‚ so in a series of 664 Chinese patients with DF, helicobacter pylori was found in 67.7% of patients [6].
By comparing the epidemiological characteristics of our patients with FD with HP positive and those who are not infected with HP, we find that only the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) is significantly higher in the negative HP group (p = 0.021) Which could explain dyspeptic symptoms in this group of patients, the causal link between the use of certain drugs, in particular NSAID and the appearance of dyspeptic symptoms, is clearly established [3].
Concerning smoking and alcohol, the results of scientific studies are controversial, their link with the onset of dyspeptic symptoms is poorly understood, thus, in a large Chinese serie, including 1049 patients with FD according to the Rome III criteria, in univariate analysis, alcohol is a factor related to FD (p = 0.024) [11]. In our study, neither chronic smoking nor alcohol consumption was significantly related to dyspeptic symptoms.
Among other factors related to DF, psychological disorders have been the subject of many studies [3] [12], particularly anxiety, which is a well-documented [13], the association of anxiolytic treatment and antidepressant therapy may improve the symptoms of some patients [14]. Unfortunately we cannot through our study, prove this relationship because the psychological factor was not taken into account in the collection of our data.
All of our dyspeptic patients infected with HP were treated either by sequential treatment or by triple therapy, and we have demonstrated superiority of sequential treatment in eradication of HP [98.41% versus 88.73%] (p = 0.026), unlike In a randomized prospective multicenter cohort study in China, which did not find any significant difference in the rate of HP eradication between the two groups (triple therapy versus sequential therapy) [6].
Many studies were focused on the interest of HP eradication in dyspeptic patients, some of them have reported a beneficial effect [15] [16] [17]. Some study observed no differences in symptoms in the successful and non-successful HP eradication groups [18] [19] [20]. The number needed to treat for one patient to have relief of symptoms is 15 [21]. However, after HP eradication, the profit persists in the long term [22].
In our study, HP eradication in dyspeptic patients has improved the symptoms in over 50% of cases‚ justifying the attitude: test and treat HP in patients with non-ulcer dyspepsia [23].
The eradication of HP in dyspeptic patients, According to our study, improved symptoms in more than 50% of cases, but we do not have a control group of dyspeptic patients infected with HP and not eradicated, which would to obtain a statistically significant comparison, And to recommend, to eradicate systematically this bacterium in dyspeptic patients.
In our study the statistical analysis showed that neither age (p = 0.24) nor sex (p = 0.21) nor smoking (p = 0.22) (p = 0.48), weight (p = 0.97) , and neither He-licobacter pylori eradication (p = 0.28) were not related to the persistence of symptoms of non-ulcer dyspepsia, however, a Japanese study published in 2013, Found‚ in univariate analysis‚ that HP eradication, male sex, higher than normal BMI, and an antecedent of psychotherapy or anxiolytic treatment were significantly related to the improvement of symptoms of FD at 3 months and 12 months [24].

Conclusion
Non-ulcer dyspepsia is a pathology whose pathophysiology is complex and probably multifactorial. Many pathogenic factors have been incriminated: genetic, environmental, pathological and psychological factors [25]. Psychosocial factors such as depression, anxiety and stressful life events are important factors in the development of a DF [26]. The relationship between Helicobacter pylori and DF has also been reported [27]. However, it still seems difficult to establish a direct link between HP and the symptoms of non-ulcer dyspepsia, the interest of systematic eradication is still the object of controversy. Nevertheless, given the high prevalence of this bacterium in our country, and its incrimination in several digestive pathologies, it seems logical to eradicate it when the diagnosis is made.