Gravitons into Gravitational Field

The problems connected to propagation of a gravitational field are considered. The constant homogeneous gravitational field is investigated. The law of electromagnetic radiation frequency change in this gravitational field is shown. On the basis of the solution of the Einstein’s equation for a weak gravitational field, the flux of gravitational radiation energy from system of cooperating masses is found. The equation for gravitational waves is found. On the basis of refusal from a stresses tensor into energy-impulse tensor and use of a quantum gravitational eikonal, the quantum form of the energy-impulse tensor in Einstein’s equation is found. The equation for a graviton propagating in a gravitational field of a double star is found. Resonant interaction of a graviton and a gravitational field of a double star are investigated. It is shown that such interaction allows registering the gravitons.


Introduction
The modern theory of gravitation-the theory general relativity of Einstein-is a basis for calculation of the astrophysics phenomena. It is generalization Newtonian dynamics, including the law of universal gravitation. As well as Newtonian dynamics the theory general relativity is not the quantum theory. The Einstein's equation for a gravitational field does not have stochastic nature. It contradicts modern physics. For example, for an electron cooperating with a gravitational field with help of the Einstein's equation, it is possible to calculate position absolutely precisely that contradicts a principle of Heisenberg's uncertainty.
Obviously such situation is unacceptable however the problem of a gravitational field quantization till now is not solved though for the solving of this The further increase of sensitivity of a measuring method will allow estimating more adequately correctness and other alternative theories of gravitation [5].
From the physical point of view the general relativity theory assumes that the mass curvature is a space-time [6]. This curvature of space-time influences all particles moving in space, including and what creates a curvature. Influence is carried out and on massless particles, for example-photons. It is connected to a curvature of geodetic lines of space-time on which photons move. Space-time curvature in the general relativity theory identifies with occurrence of some gravitational fields due to which there is an interaction of mass particles. Photons also change the frequency in a gravitational field.
Gravitational waves are propagating oscillations of the curved space-time as similar as the waves on a water surface are propagating oscillations of the water particles.
However in the submitted physical picture of gravitation there is no the major element-quantization of a gravitational field.
Attempts to solve a problem of the gravitational waves quantization with the help of 5-dimensional space-time use [7] can hardly lead to success. Apparently, the theory of 5-dimensional space-time now has only a historical value. By comparison of distance from the source of gravitational waves calculated by the attenuation of experimentally registered gravitational waves and by the red displacement of electromagnetic radiation it has been established [8] that dimension of our space-time is equal ~4 0.1 ± . Thus our space-time is described by four coordinates: time and three spatial coordinates.
Assuming as a whole correctness of the Einstein's equation for a gravitational field we research some features of a gravitational radiation and quantization of the gravitational waves.

Photon in Constant Homogeneous Gravitational Field
For the beginning we shall consider how frequency of an electromagnetic radiation quantum (photon) in a constant homogeneous gravitational field changes.
Research we shall carry out in flat space-time the name Minkowski's space. The interval in inertial reference system looks like [6]: where designations there are As it will be shown further in a gravitational field 00 1 g < . Therefore, proper (or own) time flows that more slowly than is less 00 g in the given point of τ in field it is less 2 τ outside of field). The clock per a gravitational field is slow.
A function of Lagrange of a particle in the gravitational field looks like [6]: where m there is mass of a particle in a field, V-its velocity, g ϕ -gravitational potential of a field, so acceleration Action for a particle in a gravitational field is equal [6]: where S there is the action for a free material particle, ds-interval.
Hence, the square of the interval ds is equal: where it is used d dτ = r V . Thus according to (1) the component of metric tensor 00 g in a gravitational field decreases: where g ϕ there is negative size.
For the further analysis we use concept of an eikonal [6]. Eikonal there is a phase of the periodic function describing a field of electromagnetic wave: φ δτ = − kq (7) where k there is a wave vector of an eikonal, q-a coordinate vector of an eikonal (it is optional Cartesian), δ-cyclic frequency of the eikonal.
Taking into account (2) and (7) it is possible to find the eikonal frequency (a photon frequency in the given point in a proper time): If to use the world time t (outside of a gravitational field), so that 0 X t c = the photon cyclic frequency measured in world time is equal 0 Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology Hence, according to (8) with the account (6) we have: where 0 δ there is photon frequency at absence of a gravitational field.
Thus, photon frequency depends on size of a gravitational field potential. As the gravitational field potential it is negative size at approach to the creating a field bodies, the photon frequency δ grows, and at removal falls (red displacement Let's note that the eikonal is a quantized size. The eikonal quantum is equal: where  there is reduced Planck's constant.

Generating of a Gravitational Radiation, and Gravitational Waves
Gravitational radiation arises at the relative movement of massive bodies. We shall consider the weak gravitational radiation created by the rather small bodies which move with small velocities.
Let's assume that gravitational waves are connected to small change of a metric tensor. In this case it is possible to write down [6]: there is basic part of a metric tensor created by a body, ik h -the small gravitational additive of a metric tensor concerning to the radiated waves, The gravitational field is described by the Einstein's equation. For writing of the Einstein's equation it is necessary, first of all, by the mathematical to describe a curvature of space-time. For the description of the mathematical curvature of space-time it is used a tensor of curvature (Riemann's tensor) [6]: where Г i kl there is a projection of a derivative unit vector k e on coordinate l X on a coordinate axis Cristoffel's symbols can be expressed through metric tensor [6]: Thus curvature tensor of a space-time it is determined by a velocity and rapidly of a metric tensor ik g change in the space-time. Generally there are 10 components of a metric tensor: 4 -with identical indexes (00, 11, 22, 33), and 6 with different indexes (01, 02, 03, 12, 13, 23, 2 The curvature tensor is a fourth rank. Physically the curvature of space-time can be described only the second rank tensor since energy-impulse tensor creating this curvature is the second rank tensor. Therefore we shall pass with the help of a curtailing operation in (12) to the second rank tensor (Ricci's ten- The Ricci's tensor it is symmetrical: Further we shall introduce a scalar curvature of a space-time under the formula: where ik g there is contravariant metric tensor. Using the Ricci's tensor (14), a scalar curvature of a space-time (16), and also a metric tensor ik g , the Einstein has written down the basic equation for a gravitational field: The left part of this equation refers to Einstein's tensor . It characterizes geometrical properties of a space-time in particular its curvature.
The right part of the equation includes an energy-impulse tensor of the second rank describing the source which creates the curvature of a space-time:  T  T T  T  T  T T  T  T  T  T T  T  T  T T Einstein's Equation (17) can be written down in the other kind. We shall multiply at left the Equation (17) on the contravariant metric tensor ik g : Taking into account ik ik R g R = and 4 ik ik g g = (in a four-dimensional space-time) we shall find: Having substituted (20) in the Einstein's Equation (17) we shall find: Outside of a spherical symmetric body in mass M creating a gravitational field the energy-impulse tensor is equal to zero 0 ik T T = = . In this case according to Let's substitute the Cristoffel's symbols (13) in the first bracket of a Riemann's curvature tensor (12) of space-time. In result we have: In the Formula (23) we shall substitute (11), and neglecting for the small gravitational additive ik h the products of the Cristoffel's symbols we shall find: Let's pass to the Ricci's tensor multiplying (24) at the left on not perturbed metric tensor ( ) 0 lm g . Taking into account: for contravariant components as against (11) it is possible to write down approximately (product of additives to metric tensor it is neglected): Thus we shall find: where it is designated Rise of indexes was carried out by a rule We use in (20) the additional gauge condition [9]: Let's show that a condition (27) is gauge condition. We shall transform the left part: Equating (27) and (28), we shall find: If scalar curvature of space due to the gravitational additive of metric tensor is small 0 h → , and accepting a constant of integration equal to zero that is reached by a choice of the reference system beginning, we receive: The received condition is similar to Lorentz's gauge in electrodynamics.
Therefore equality (27) is a gauge condition.
Thus Ricci's tensor (26) with the account (27) looks like: Let's substitute the received expression of the Ricci's tensor (31) in Einstein's equation for a gravitational field as (21). In empty space outside the mass creating a gravitational field we shall assume the diagonal components of energy-impulse tensor equal to zero 0 T = . In this case we have: The solution of the Equation (32) is well-known from the theory of retarded potentials [10]. At small speeds of movement of a gravitational radiation source: where 0 r there is distance from the mass center of a field source up to a point of supervision, V -volume on which integration is carried out.
Let's find a derivative of the left and right parts of the Equation (31) on k X : Taking into account (30) at replacement of an index l on an index k, we have: Let's multiply the first Equation (36) on X β and we shall integrate it on all space: where according to Gauss's theorem The equality (37) can be copied in a symmetrical kind: Similarly we shall multiply the second Equation (36) From (39) follows: ( ) Substituting (40) in (38) we find: Taking into account (41) Let's expand into series the gravitational potential [6]: where dipole component of potential 1 0 ϕ = owing to a choice of a reference system beginning in the mass center of system, there is quadrupole moment of system. On the big distances from system it is Thus the Formula (42) can be written down as: The energy flux of gravitational radiation in the given direction is equal [9]: 2  2  2  2  3  3  3  3   4  3  5 2  3  , , Finding the energy flux of a gravitational radiation in the element of a solid angle dΩ , and averaging it on all directions we shall receive [6]:

Gravitational Radiation of Double Stars
Let's find the general energy flux of a gravitational radiation from the two bodies mass 1 m and 2 m the distance between which is equal l, moving on circular orbits with frequency of rotation δ around of the common mass center, Figure   1. Such system is characteristic for double stars.
As well as everyone symmetric tensor the tensor ik D can be reduced in the main axes.
Entering the reduced mass of system The derivative from the quadrupole moment ZZ D is equal to zero since it does not depend on time.
Substituting (51) in (46) we find: Let's note that the gravitational radiation energy flux Outside a radiator of gravitational radiation the energy-impulse tensor 0 ik T = . In this case the Equation (32) will be transformed to a kind: The Equation (45) As against an electromagnetic wave which polarization is determined by a vector of the electric field oscillations, the polarization of a gravitational wave A. N. Volobuev Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology has essentially tensor character.
The third condition (56) is a condition of the gravitational waves cross-section.

Quantization of Gravitational Waves
At first point of view the quantization of a gravitational field can be carried out on analogies to a standard method of an electromagnetic field quantization, in particular, by a method of secondary quantization. Really, the equations of an electromagnetic wave include the wave equation and gauge equation. Similarly, the equation of a gravitational wave (54) is accompanied by the gauge Equation (27) which for a weak gravitational field passes in Lorentz's gauge (30) identical to one gauges used in electrodynamics.
Therefore the gravitational field is a version of gauge fields [13]. However, for a gravitational field the situation is complicated two problems. First, the physical mechanism of reflection of gravitational waves from physical structures is not clear. Second, it is not known whether origination, and how of standing gravitational waves is possible.

Action of the Systems Gravitational Field-Particle
Both these unresolved problems now do application of a standard method for quantization of gravitational waves problematic.
Quantization of electromagnetic waves was carried out by quantization of the volumetric density of action in space of the generalized coordinates: where l T U = − there is total Lagrangian of a system a photon-particle and their interaction [14].
Let's consider Lagrangian l of a systems a gravitational field-particle. Lagrangian of this system looks like: where R there is a scalar curvature of a space-time, 0 g < -the determinant of a metric tensor, g − -defines the dependence of an volume normalizing element on space curvature, ρ -mass density of a particle in a field, 0 ρ -mass density of a rest particle, g ϕ -gravitational potential of a field.
Lagrangian to the Lagrange's equation submits which looks like: For the generalized velocity we use size: In this case the known formula for volumetric density of energy [6] is correct: From Formulas (58) and (61) follows that kinetic and potential energy of a particle in a gravitational field are equal: Thus both components of volumetric density of action depend on a body density which creates curvature of a space-time.
Therefore in the Einstein's Equation (17) the right part of the equation dependent on mass creating a gravitational field should be subject to quantization only. The time is not quantized value. Apparently are not quantized all parameters of a space-time (scalar curvature, metric tensor, Ricci's tensor, etc.). To quantization can be subject to only energy-impulse tensor.

Graviton Energy and Quantum Gravitational Eikonal
The quantum of a gravitational field-a graviton arises far from massive bodies where there is no gravitational field of these bodies. It arises due to curving by graviton of the Riemann's spaces. Therefore a graviton has mass. The graviton mass is equal: where Е there is a graviton energy, c-a light velocity. Trace Т an energy-impulse tensor in Einstein's equation is connected to scalar curvature of space-time R a ratio (20).
We use a sign plus in the Formula (20), since sizes in the left and right parts of equality positive. A sign minus is necessary to use in Lobachevski's space to which Einstein's equation it is applicable as absolutely general law of the nature.
If the graviton is propagated in a direction of an axis 1 X the diagonal components of a metric tensor owing to the cross-section of gravitational waves following: 11 0 h = , 22 33 h h = − [11]. The same ratio of components should be according to (32) in the energy-impulse tensor of a graviton (18). Therefore a trace of a graviton energy-impulse tensor is equal where V there is normalizing volume. According to (20) the scalar curvature of space-time is equal: Action of a gravitational field is equal: Lagrangian of a gravitational field it is equal [6]: Substituting (67) in (66) and assuming approximately constancy of scalar curvature in area of a graviton we shall find: where C there is a constant of integration which can depend from 1 X .
Substituting (65) in (68) we have: Further to similarly electromagnetic field, see (10) [15]. We shall note equivalence of quantum gravitational eikonal and actions of system a gravitational field-particle. Both sizes submit to a principle of a minimum (to Maupertuis' principle for action or Fermat's for eikonal) [6].
Let's equate a quantum gravitational eikonal and action: From the Formula (70) follows that graviton energy is equal: and size Energy of a relativistic mass particle is equal the Formula (71) allows to assume that as against an ordinary particle the graviton rest mass is equal to zero 0 0 m = , and the impulse of the graviton is equal Having substituted (71) in (64) we find

The Quantum Form of an Energy-Impulse Tensor
Before to pass to the gravitational waves quantization we shall be solve one task.
We shall find a gravitational field created any gas in space. Let the size We shall consider the energy-impulse tensor (18) in more detail. Into the energy-impulse tensor enters as making the stresses tensor: 11 12 13 21 22 23 31 32 33 In a basis of the further research we shall assume absence of a stresses state birth of empty space owing to its possible curvature.
In [17] it has been shown that in a fluid and gas there is an uncertainty of a sign on tangential stresses. Moreover the stresses tensor only approximately describes a stressed state of a fluid and gas. In a fluid and gas the stresses tensor is absent. For calculation of a fluid or gas flux it is necessary to use the vector formula connecting force dF and velocity V as [17]: where dS there is area of contacting layers in a fluid or gas, η  -viscosity tensor of the second rank, which diagonal components there are molecular viscosity, not diagonal components-turbulent viscosity.
If a flux of fluid or gas occurs for example in a direction axes X the directions of vectors in the Formula (76) are shown on Figure 2. For our purposes in the Formula (76) using cyclic frequency of a medium rotation 1 rot 2 = ω V [18] it is convenient to write down as: The scalar variant of the Formula (77) looks like: where i, j, k there are in this case unit vectors of 3-dimensional space. Assuming space homogeneous we use a scalar variant viscosity tensor η . We shall write down the energy-impulse tensor (18) where transition to digital indexes is carried out.
Taking into account (78), we have: The tensor (80) is an energy-impulse tensor creating a curvature of a Let's consider for example the energy-impulse tensor for propagation of gravitational radiation to a direction of axis Asymmetry of the energy-impulse tensor ik T is connected with basic refusal from use symmetric stress tensor [17].
In the tensor of energy-impulse the components In spite of the fact that we have entered the graviton energy in energy-impulse tensor it does not mean that tensor began to have quantum character. Further it is necessary to take into account ideas of the quantum mechanics matrix form and to add at least to tensor components with graviton energy a factor ( )   with constant frequency δ (55). If graviton gets in area of such cosmic bodies its own frequency ω grows according to the formula similar (9) for photon. According to the Formula (93) growth of a graviton energy occurs much faster 2 ω  that specifies resonant pumping of energy of these massive bodies gravitational field (through gravitational radiation P, Figure 1) in a graviton. Graviton energy can considerably exceed energy of a gravitational wave and finally graviton can be registered. Probably for this purpose it is necessary to install the detector on massive bodies or near to them (on their planet or the artificial satellite). With the help of such detector it is possible to register abnormal splash in gravitation at graviton passage.
At distance from the bodies a graviton return the energy to a gravitational field of the bodies; its frequency falls (as red displacement in gravitation), Figure  1. Therefore energy of a gravitational field of the massive bodies as a whole does not change at flight near them of gravitons. We shall notice also that Riemann's curvature of space-time is positive therefore in the considered effect the additional components of matrix tensor 23 h and 33 h take part only. They resonantly grow at flight of a graviton near the massive bodies.

Conclusions
On the basis of Einstein's equation for gravitation the gravitational radiation of a double star is investigated. By refusal from a stresses tensor into energy-impulse tensor, and replacement corresponding a component in power sizes also introductions of a gravitational eikonal, the quantum quantization of gravitational radiation is lead.
The solution of the quantum equation of Einstein in the certain direction shows that this solution represents the sum of two composed, first of which characterizes gravitational waves, and the second-graviton.
At approach of the gravitons to a double star there is a resonant pumping of the gravitational field energy through gravitational radiation to gravitons. It allows registering the gravitons. At distance of the gravitons from a double star their energy comes back in a gravitational field of the stars. Frequency of the gravitons decreases as red displacement for gravitation. Therefore as a whole the gravitons do not influence on a gravitational field of stars.