Toward a Common Ground for Gravity and Optics

A long enough period of observation of the Sun’s gravitational dragging effects by using a modified Cavendish’s balance output of experimental evidence shows new patterns. Those patterns can be explained assuming that the Sun has a torus with rotation, precession, and nutation. This purpose of this paper is to introduce the frequencies of all those movements. The torus’s rotational period can be used to explain the Sun’s magnetic pole reversal. Utilizing a modified Cavendish’s balance showed an output of dragging forces stronger than the attraction between the gravitational masses. This tool afforded this research a new experimental possibility to a more precise determination of the Universal Gravitational Constant Big G. Moreover, the dragging forces directly affect any volume of mass, which includes the atmosphere. This paper shows a correlation between the Sun’s dragging peaks and density of the air squared. The aforementioned correlation and the inverse cubic relation with the distance to the Sun are common for the dragging and tide forces providing the possibility that tidal forces are also a gravitational dragging consequence. The last 2017 total Solar eclipse created a new temporal reaction on the modified Cavendish’s balance. That temporal pattern looks as the spatial pattern created by an opaque disk. This similarity allows the researcher to calculate that the dragging forces are transmitted by photons with spatial periodicity of value λ = 6.1 km.


Introduction
In 2015, Schlamminger [1] reported a synthesis of the best experimental results on the determination of the oldest constant in physics. That constant was a mathematical consequence of the Newtonian theory of gravity, which is known as the Universal Gravitational Constant or Big G. Some inconsistency is visible in [1] because all experimental results, besides having very little standard deviation, do not show overlapping values. Due to the lack of clear evidence indicating the best result, the scientific community recommended the use of the average of all best outcomes. The last two years have been used to accumulate experimental data without a new final report about the value of Big G. This is notable as there is limited research on this scientific concern in the present literature. Only some theoretical work as the produced by Stirling [2] shows a meticulous revision of the practical equation about gravitational interactions.
In 2016, the author of the present study observed an apparent inverse relationship between the experimental values of Big G and the distance to the Sun, after making a three-dimensional graph with the Big G's values versus time. A possible correlation between data and the available theory was published by the Author in 2017 [3]. This was a desperate publication to indicate that measures of is not what is seen on the surface of the Sun. This discrepancy could be understood by considering that the author is reporting what he suggests is happening in the nucleus of the Sun and not on the surface of the Sun.
Additionally, it could be useful to mention the dragging force, which produces precession forces over bodies with extension, can also effect the mass-points movements. Those dragging forces experimentally look as Coriolis's forces but with an important distinction, the dragging forces are real.

One Year Data
The Author in [3] included only six months of observation. The minimal quantity of data made the author fail at naming the observed frequencies. The Author incorrectly mentioned a nutation within a six-day period and a precession over a 20-day period. Currently, the Author can claim, by the correlation between the dragging perturbations and the Sun's spots numbers, that the Sun's torus has four global movements. They are: 1) Rotation with a periodicity of 22 years.
2) Precession with a periodicity of two years. Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics  The points which apparently connected with the 25 th Solar cycle, the first of which was discovered by Schwabe [4], were introduced in Figure  The team developer of the web page Spaceweather.com [5] published on August 26 th , 2018 "New sunspot AR2720…appears to be the first big sunspot of the next solar cycle, Solar Cycle25". In this way, two independent observations are made: 1) what is happening inside the Sun, and 2) the other counting sunspots on the surface of the Sun, which completely match their conclusion. The signal from the Sun follows the same pattern for more than a year and a half; then suddenly, that pattern is completely flipped. As a result, a month later the magnetic field of a sunspot, on the surface of the Sun, appears flipped. Maybe this experimental evidence is not conclusive yet, but it provides important support to the model introduced by the author. The author [3] with only six months of observation, reported that Big G could have the value of (6.6114 ± 0.0031)*10 −11 Nm 2 •kg −2 and a dragging coefficient of (0.0616 ± 0.0031)*10 −11 Nm 2 •kg −2 . However, with 612 points, it is possible to make a more reliable estimation of the unknown gravitational parameters. The Kerr's dragging frequency Equation (1) has two directional components. Each  one produces a bigger effect depending on three factors: the latitude where the experiment is carry out, the hours of the measure, and the direction of the axis of rotation of the Cavendish's balance.
where Ω is the precession frequency of anybody with extension, G is the Universal Gravitational Constant, c is the speed of light, ρ is the radial distance between the source and the spinning body, and J is the angular momentum of the source; in our case the Sun's nucleus torus.
On average, in Miami, the radial component plays the most important role according to the experimental data. Equation (1) was reduced to include only the projection of the precession angular frequency in the direction of the apparatus axis of rotation. By separating constants from variables, where a's value is one Astronomical Unit (1AU), and α is the angle between the Sun-Earth direction and the direction of apparatus axis of rotation. At this time, it is important to mention that even in the case that α is nine degrees, the apparatus should show some microscopic precession because that is mechanically possible working with strings attached close to the balanced center of gravity.
Equation (2) showed that, upon first approximation, a lineal dependence could be assumed between the experimental dragging effect and the inverse of third power of the distance to the source and the cosine of the torus' direction.
This connection could be made by using Equation (3), Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics where G exp is the experimental observation, G NE is the Universal Gravitational Constantor Big G used by Newton and Einstein, G (a,α) is the perturbative effect coming from the rotation of the nucleus of the Sun, a and r are the average and instantaneous Sun-Earth separation, and θ torus is the angle between the torus axis

Weather in Miami
The author wants to call attention to a permanent correlation between the picks of the long-period nutation solar cycle and the square of the air density. A theoretical model will not be introduced in this paper because only one station cannot bring enough statistical confidence. To produce some confidence on the parameter correlates, the author used the Sun's perturbations from its apparatus (the only information available to him) and the pressure and temperature of an outside point that can be checked if desired. The reference point was Miami International Airport and MesoWest [8] the software used to get data in real time.
The air density was calculated using the ideal gas equation. Notice that there is always a perfect match between the picks of both data points.
It is important to clarify that both sets of points come from two separate localities and then the cause of those peaks must be external to both data sets. Another argument in favor of this idea is that outside of the peaks every set follow unlikely patterns.
This coincidence between a gravitational balance fluctuation and the density of the air is pointing to the conclusion that maybe the so called tidal forces on Earth are a direct consequence of the dragging effects created by the rotation of the Sun's torus. If true, the construction of some gravitational stations around the world could become one of the most reliable methods of collecting information about weather forecast conditions. In Figure 3, relative units were used to make possible the superposition of both data sets. Specifically, the Sun's perturbation was forced to be almost horizontal, the square of the air density was amplified to make a distinction among the peaks, and, those oncoming numbers were offset some how to make possible the desire superposition. Now it is necessary to point out the limitation of the experimental data collected by the author. The possible correlation between the Sun's dragging forces and the completely weather parameters affected by those forces, for example the tide levels, will require funds far above of the author capacity. The author makes contact with two forecast stations, but they show no interest.
This pattern tempts our curiosity with the question "If the density of the air change in Miami with the pick of the Sun's dragging effects, what is happening in other regions of the world?".

The 2017 Total Eclipse of the Sun
Pugach [9] reported that an eclipse of the Sun happening in the other side of the planet creates observable variations on his balance. That aim the author to quantify that effect. In August 21 st , 2017 a total solar eclipse was visible in the United States, which from the point of view of Miami depicted that 4/5 th of the surface of the Sun was covered. Two sets of data were recorded to understand if occulting the Sun can create variations in its dragging forces. The horizontal dragging angles were taken every 15 minutes the day before the eclipse and the day of the eclipse. The data were collected on both days from 5:30 A.M. to 8:00 P.M. The mode in which the dragging angle was changing with the eclipsing-time brought new information about the nature of the dragging forces.
The points for August 21st, 2017 show that the dragging force was decreasing before the eclipse started to occur at 12:00 EST. The Miami local time, which operates in the Eastern Time Zone, will be used in this paper because it is where the dragging-sensor is located. Between 10:00 A.M. and 12:00 P.M. an apparent secondary maximum is observed, its peak happens at 11:00 A.M. From 12:00 P.M. to 18:00 P.M., the eclipse-time, the dragging angle shows a continuous in-Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics crement and then starts decreasing after that.
Something unexpected happens when the eclipse is at its maximum, around 15:00 P.M.; after that the dragging angle does not decrease as anticipated; instead, the opposite is evidenced. It is the slope, however that, kept increasing.
A single idea can explain these experimental results. It is, the secondary peak, the continuum increase slope, and the decreasing of the dragging perturbation only after the eclipse was finished, can be the consequence of a simple reason:  Figure 4 shows the experimental points for the control-day (the day before the eclipse), the points for the eclipse-day and the superposition of Fresnel's Diffraction for a spatial periodicity of λ = 6.1 km. The correspondence between time and distance was calculated by how much distance the Moon travelled in the seven hours of the elapsing eclipse-time. The corpuscular equation from [11] was used here as Equation (4), but now abandoning the dimensionless variable v and returning to normal metrical distances x and y, Of those equations, x is the Earth-Moon distance, y is any radial distance on the surface of the Earth, λ is the signal spatial periodicity, y ini is the distance outside of the Moon that produce the "refraction" and "reflection" of the coming photons, and φ ini is the necessary initial phase that guarantee the continuity between the shadow and illuminate signals. The values used on Equation (4) were tuning by trial and error, those parameters can be deduced rigorously using the model described in [11]. They were A = 0.147, y ini = 3807 km, φ ini = −2.58 rad, and λ = 6.1 km. This is the first time that any scholar reported that a gravitational effect is fashioned by the laws of optic, which was just as surprising to the author.
The visually complete Sun eclipse occurred at the 15-hour mark. The maximum dragging point, the Arago's Spot, occur at the 11-hour mark. During those four hours, the Moon travelled 14,720 km. Because the Earth-Moon distance is 384,000 km, the dragging photons come at 2.2 degrees inclined respect to the visual focal point. As was mentioned before, the Kerr's dragging forces are not radial and show lines similar to galactic arms. It is important to mention that the Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics Equation (4), describe the interaction between two orthogonal fields, one transversal and the other longitudinal to the direction of the signal of propagation. This idea is working fine for photons, but it is necessary to investigate if it applies to gravitons.

Conclusions
It looks as even Cavendish struggled with the same main problem that appears in the determination of Big G. He claimed that he could not be more precise that four significant figures on the determination of G. Perhaps he concluded that some hard to see systematic error was present in the experiment and stopped doing measurements. More than two centuries later, scholars come to the same conclusion after trying to control the apparatus's error far beyond the third decimal place. A fundamental variation of Cavendish's balance allows the author to make a lineal control of the hidden perturbation. The variation used aimed to change the supporting string numbers. To illustrate, the classical balance used one string, and thus the author used two strings. As a result, manipulating length and the separation of the strings were proved useful to observe microscopic lineal variations on the balance's angles.
Those angle variations showed patterns of at least four periodical movements. The most important of them, discovered by the author, was a Sun's torus flip with a periodicity close to decennia of years and a torus's precession with a period that double the Earth's annual rotation. Those numbers mean that the Earth is in resonance with the Sun's torus frequencies. Due to the torus's flip force, Sun's magnetic field flips its polarity. An inversion of the polarity of the mag-Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics netic parameters on one sunspot was observed by an independent Sun-weather station. This coincidence increases the expectation of the model used by the author. If in the next four months the green curve in Figure 2 continues its decreasing tendency, and more reverse sunspots appear, it will provide conclusive evidence in favor of the author's hypothesis.
This paper introduces a new method on the determination of the universal gravitational constant and the dragging parameter.
The not so precise equipment settings only allowed the author to make a rough estimation of those values. But more importantly than that there is the experimental verification that the idea works, and the possibility that a more intense accumulation of data could increase appreciably the precision of the gravitational parameters. It looks as if the dragging forces are carried out by radio photons of a large spatial periodicity. In the case that this result becomes confirmed by other scholars, it will be the first announcement of a new common ground for gravity and optics.