Design of High-Utilization Current-Sharing Controller for Battery-Ultracapacitor Hybrid Energy Storage System

In this paper, a new control strategy of battery-ultracapacitor hybrid energy storage system (HESS) is proposed for hybrid electric drive vehicles (HEVs). Compared to the stand, alone battery system may not be sufficient to satisfy peak demand periods during transients in HEVs, the ultracapacitor pack can supply or recover the peak power and it can be used in high C-rates. However, the problem of battery-ultracapacitor hybrid energy storage system (HESS) is how to interconnect the battery and ultracapacitor and how to control the power distribution. This paper reviewed some battery-ultracapacitor hybrid energy storage system topology and investigated the advantages and disadvantages, then proposed a new control strategy. The proposed control strategy can improve the system performance and ultracapacitor utilization, while also decreasing the battery pack size to avoid the thermal runaway problems and increase the life of the battery. The experiment results showed the proposed control strategy can improve 3% 4% ultracapacitor utilization.


Introduction
Hybrid energy storage system (HESS) is very important of hybrid electric vehicles because environmental issue and the increasing energy cost need to be considered [1].Then how to control the hybrid energy storage system is a very important thing.A new control strategy of battery-ultracapacitor hybrid energy storage system (HESS) is proposed for hybrid electric drive vehicles (HEVs) in this paper.
The problem of battery is that battery not be sufficient to satisfy peak de-

Battery/Ultra-Capacitor Passive Topology
Battery/ultra-capacitor passive topology, as shown in Figure 2, is the simplest topology of battery-ultracapacitor hybrid energy storage system.This topology directly connects battery and ultracapacitor without any controller and power converter.In this topology, the power distribution cannot be controlled, the current sharing is based on them self electrochemistry characteristics.The advantage is very easy to implement, and its disadvantage is that battery has the high frequency current ingredient.

Battery/Ultra-Capacitor Parallel Topology
The battery/ultra-capacitor parallel topology [4], as shown in Figure 3

Battery/Ultra-Capacitor Series Topology
Battery/ultra-capacitor series topology [5], as shown in Figure 4, is connected with two DC-DC converters in series.The two DC-DC converters also can control the battery current and the load voltage, the battery high frequency current problem is solved.Compare to the battery/ultra-capacitor parallel topology the series topology's converter size can be smaller.

The Current Control Strategy
A new current control strategy is proposed in this paper.Because the ratio of peak power and average power in hybrid electric vehicles is 10:1 [6], battery provides the average power and ultracapacitor provide the transient power.So the battery current is controlled to the load average current with a low-pass filter.In this paper, the low-pass filter is substituted by moving average.The battery current I bat is show as (1), and the ultracapacitor current I UC is how as (2), where I L is the load current and M is the size of moving average window.
[ ] [ ] In HESS, the ultracapacitor's voltage needs to be control.In this paper, use changing moving average window size between sampling point and sampling  [ The Equation ( 3) is the battery current at (n + 1) sampling point without changing the window size, the Equation ( 4) is battery current which change the window size.Comparing ( 3) and ( 4), the differential current [ ] shown as (5).In this paper, use the difference current to charge the ultracapacitor, and control the ultracapacitor in a range.

[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
The Hybrid Energy storage system is implement in digital circuit so the HESS control software flow chart is shown in Figure 5.For performance evaluation, the ultracapacitor utilization is defined in (6), where

Design of DC/DC Converter
A small-signal transfer function for PWM DC-DC converter is needed to understand the converter performance and control.Since we have to control the input current of the converter which is also equal to the inductor current, transfer function between duty cycle and inductor current needs to be determined.
The boost converter can be modeled with a circuit averaging technique [7], as shown in Figure 6.For a CCM boost converter, the currrent through the switching transistor is shown in (7), where (D + d) is the duty cycle and L l I i + is the inductor current, and the voltage of diode is shown in (8), where O o V v + is the output voltage.

Experimental Results
Figure 7 shows proposed hybrid energy storage system circuit, we verify developed the system based on a DSP controller.The DSP device is Texas Instrument DSP320F2812, and we used it with its function such as 12 bit resolution ADC, high speed PWM module and high speed computation ability for type-III compensation.The PWM signals generated by the DSP controller are applied at a low-side driver to drive the MOSFET switching.The current sharing of battery and ultracapacitor algorithm is also build with DSP controller.
Figure 8 shows the physical setup of HESS system, where the part A is the     9 shows the battery current and Figure 10 shows the ultracapacitor current.We can see the battery current change is flat and the proposed control strategy can improve 3% -4% ultracapacitor utilization.

Conclusion
In this paper, a new control strategy of battery-ultracapacitor hybrid energy storage system (HESS) is proposed for hybrid electric drive vehicles (HEVs).Compared to the stand alone battery system may not be sufficient to satisfy peak demand periods during transients in HEVs, the ultracapacitor pack can supply or recover the peak power and it can be used in high C-rates.However, the problem of battery-ultracapacitor hybrid energy storage system (HESS) is how to interconnect the battery and ultracapacitor and how to control the power distribution.This thesis reviews some battery-ultracapacitor hybrid energy storage system topology and investigates the advantages and disadvantages, then proposes a L.-R.Dung, Z.-Y.Lin DOI: 10.4236/cs.2018.99013126 Circuits and Systems mand periods during transients in HEVs, but the ultracapacitor pack can supply or recover the peak power [2] [3].The ultracapacitor's time-constant is smaller than battery.So combining the battery and ultracapacitor is a better solution of hybrid energy storage system.Different topologies of hybrid energy sources have been studied in the literature.In this paper, we compare battery/ultra-capacitor passive topology, battery/ultra-capacitor parallel topology, and Battery/Ultra-capacitor series topology.The topology's advantages and disadvantages are shown in Section 2. Figure 1 shows the battery and ultracapacitor electrochemistry characteristics, and the control flow chart and system design flow are shown in Section 3.
, is connected with two DC-DC converters in parallel.Because the DC-DC converters can control the battery current and the load voltage, the battery high frequency current problem is solved.So the topology can increase the battery cycle life and the battery bank size can decrease.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Electrochemistry characteristics of energy storage devices.

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. Flow chart of the proposed HESS current control strategy.

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.The small-signal model of CCM boost converter.

Figure 7 .
Figure 7.The circuit implementation of HESS controller.

Figure 8 .
Figure 8.The experimental setup of HESS.

Figure 9 .
Figure 9.The battery current waveform of HESS.