Serum Immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM and IgA) in Nigerian Women with Breast Cancer

Background: Breast cancer remains intractable and the leading cause of cancer related death among women. The appearance of breast tumour and its progression poses great clinical unpredictability before and after diagnosis, therapy and appearance of recurrent secondary deposits. Various immunological changes occur during breast tumourigenesis, and can be of value in the surveillance of the diseases. In our environment, there is scanty information on the value of these immunological factors especially immunoglobulins in screening and surveillance of breast cancer—hence the need for this study. Methodology: A total of 59 females (mean age = 48.7 ± 8.7 yrs) with clinically and pathologically confirmed breast cancer were prospectively recruited alongside with 20 patients with benign breast tumour representing patients’ control group and 20 apparently healthy age and sex-matched control subjects (mean age = 47.5 ± 13.4 yrs). Breast cancer patients were further grouped into early stage breast cancer (N = 25) and advanced stage breast cancer (N = 34). Patients were subjected to standard treatment modalities and preand post-treatment samples collected at intervals. Samples were assayed for IgG & IgM by immunoenzymatic methods and IgA by immunoturbidimetric method. Questionnaires and measurements were used to obtain necessary demographic and anthropologic information from the subjects. Results: Results showed that in all stages of breast cancer and treatment groups, the mean serum IgG, IgM and IgA levels respectively were not significantly raised (P > 0.05) when compared. Results also showed that majority (59%) of the patients presented at advanced stage of the disease. Low level of education and low income were among the prevailing risk factors. Majority (63%) of the cases had body mass index suggesting obesity (>30 kg/m). Conclusion: Results suggest that serum immunoglobulin (IgG, IgM and IgA) levels are How to cite this paper: Felix, C.E., Ogbonna, O.S. and Chinedum, C.F. (2018) Serum Immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM and IgA) in Nigerian Women with Breast Cancer. Open Journal of Immunology, 8, 81-95. https://doi.org/10.4236/oji.2018.83005 Received: July 9, 2018 Accepted: September 4, 2018 Published: September 7, 2018 Copyright © 2018 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Open Access


Introduction
Breast cancer remains intractable and the leading cause of cancer related death among women worldwide. The prevalence is increasing even in African countries that used to have low but present with more aggressive, increased mortality, earlier age at presentation (35 -45 years) and different patterns of gene expression [1] [2] [3]. Most of the studies in Nigeria confirm late presentation with advanced disease and poor clinical outcome [4] [5] [6] [7]. Early detection therefore is of immense clinical importance.
The appearance of breast tumour and its progression poses great clinical unpredictability before and after diagnosis, therapy and appearance of recurrent secondary deposits. Biological markers are widely recognized as important tools in the evaluation and management of patients with cancer and an especially wide array of body fluid markers have been investigated for clinical utility in diagnosing, staging or managing patients with cancer [8]- [17].
The earlier classic understanding that immunoglobulins were produced only by B lymphocytes and plasma cells were challenged when many non-lymphoid lineage cells (such as breast cancer cells) were found to have the ability to produce IgG [18] [19]. Previously, possible disturbance in the secretory immune system leading to defect in immunoglobulin metabolism has been suggested in pathogenesis of breast cancer [20]. Serum immunoglobulins levels were found to be related to disease stage and tumour burden in cancers such as carcinoma of cervix [21], pancreatic cancer [22], primary liver carcinoma [23] and squamous cell carcinoma [24]. In oral cancer patients, previous investigations of serum immunogloblin levels showed an increase in IgM, IgA, IgE, and IgG when compared with normal individuals [25]. More recent study [21] contradicted the earlier finding and observed that serum IgG and IgA are not significantly elevated in oral cancers and hence not to be used as a good surrogate marker for diagnosis and prognosis.
Previous reports of immunoglobulin levels in breast cancer patients are conflicting [26]- [32] and numerous responses of immune disturbances have been associated with breast cancer due to possible defect in immune mechanisms [20]. A study observed marked increased IgM in breast fluid of breast cancer pa-  [29]. Similar significant reductions in IgA and IgG in breast tissues were observed by Robert et al. [26].
The total immunoglobulin levels and IgG levels were found to correlate with plasma cell infiltration. The previous studies neither discussed the staging of the breast cancer patients, the effect of treatment nor used age-matched controls.
Our study was undertaken to compare the major serum immunoglobulin levels (IgA, IgG, and IgM) in patients with malignant and pre-malignant breast conditions of the breast across disease stages and treatment groups. IgA: The immunoturbidimetric assay method was adopted (kit was sourced from Randox Laboratories, UK; Cat #1A2447) for IgA estimation. The principle is based on the turbidimetric specific reaction which occurs between the anti-IgA polyclonal antiserum and its corresponding antigen in optimal pH conditions and in the presence of polyethyleneglycol polymer (PEG). The change in turbidity of the immunocomplex is proportional to the concentration of the analyte in the sample.

Statistical Analysis
Data were analyzed using statistical package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software.
Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Dunn's multiple comparison tests and Kruskall-Wallis analysis of variance were applied for measuring the differences between disease and treatment groups. GraphPad prism version 6.0 (by Graph-Pad, USA) was used for the graphs.

Results
The summary of the results statistic of different classes of immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM and IgA) levels across disease stages and treatment groups is presented in Table 1

Discussion
The assay of serum immunoglobulins in human cancers has been reported by various workers such as carcinoma of cervix [21], pancreatic cancer [22], primary liver carcinoma [23], squamous cell carcinoma [24] and breast cancer [26]- [31], with varied findings and opinions. In oral cancer patients, previous investigations of serum immunogloblin levels showed an increase in IgM, IgA,  [21] contradicted the earlier finding and observed that serum IgG and IgA are not significantly elevated in oral cancers and hence not to be used as a good surrogate marker for diagnosis and prognosis. Increased levels of IgM in cancer patients have been found to correlate with the clinical stages. On the contrary a report from India [33] found no significant increase in IgM levels with progression of disease. Numerous responses of immune disturbances have been associated with breast cancer and immunoglobulins are produced not only by B lymphocytes and plasma cells but by other nonlymphoid lineage cells like cancer cells. This may explain the role of immune defect in immunoglobulin metabolism and pathogenesis of breast cancer. Expression of different classes of immunoglobulins has been found to correlate with malignancy [25] [33] [34] and may be associated with genesis, development and prognosis of the cancer as evidenced and recognized by the American Joint Committee on Cancer. Markedincreasein IgM was found in breast fluid in breast cancer patients prior to mastectomy with decrease in IgA and IgG levels [29] and IgG levels found to correlate with plasma cell infiltration [26].
In this study serum immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM and IgA) were evaluated in women with malignant and benign breast conditions. Solid phase capture sandwich ELISA that has been found to be sensitive was used for the estimation of IgG and IgM while turbidimetric specific reaction which occurs between the anti-IgA polyclonal antiserum and its corresponding antigen in optimal pH conditions and in the presence of polyethyleneglycol polymer (PEG) was adapted for IgA. There were no statistical significant differences in total serum IgG, IgM and IgA across disease stages and treatment groups when compared. During cancer progression, the level of immunoglobulins and complements are altered markedly to compensate for changing environment of cancer cells. Variations have been found in the level of these defense proteins both in the blood and tissues concerned. Robert et al. [26] estimated the immunoglobulin levels (IgG, IgM and IgA) in protein extracts of malignant and benign tumour of breast and in normal tissues from cancer bearing breast. The serum levels of IgG, IgA, IgE and IgM pre-operatively and post operatively at 3 months, 1 year and 2 years were analyzed. Patients who have undergone modified radical mastectomy for breast cancer showed alterations in serum immunoglobulin concentration after receiving full cycle of chemotherapy. This is in disparity with the present findings though in different racial/ethnic background. We made use of more sensitive method for immunoglobulin estimation other than the immunodifussion method used by the previous researchers. Comparative analysis in serum immunoglobulin level between patient with breast cancer and benign breast disease were studied by other researchers [35] [36] with varied opinions. Schauenstein et al. [35] observed significant decrease in percentage IgG1 accompanied by an increase in percentage IgG2 in total serum. In a similar work; Kronberger et al. [37] studied the diagnostic value of the Open Journal of Immunology decrease in percentage of immunoglobulin G1 (%IgG1) in breast cancer with special emphasis on early tumor stages. The IgG1 and total IgG were preoperatively measured in the sera of a total of 801 individuals using a modified quantitative affinity chromatography. The differences in mean values were highly significant between the breast cancer, benign breast disease and apparently healthy control. They suggested that significant decrease of percentage IgG1 in total serum IgG was able to distinguish patients with breast cancer of more than 5 mm in diameter from healthy controls and patients with benign breast diseases.
Most of these works were done on patients of different ethnic/racial and environmental background and this could possibly explain the different paradigm of the present study. Immunoglobulin subclasses were not however analyzed in this study to ascertain possible association with progression of breast cancer.
There is need therefore for further work on the clinical utility of immunoglobulin subclasses in the management of breast cancer. Despite the improvement in health facilities; most of the patients in this study presented at advanced stages of the disease when little or no benefit can be derived from any form of therapy. This is indeed is worrisome and a major challenge and could be attributed to poverty, lack of free screening centers and ignorance giving room for incorporeal interpretation for such health problems. The knowledge, attitude and practice of breast cancer screening was previously studied by Chukwurah et al. [38] in the same environment and found to be poor.
Unfortunately early detection through mammography, routine and self-breast examinations which are so effective in educated communities are seldom applicable in poorly educated ones in whom the carcinomas commonly present late; intensive education and training of women groups by the government and non-governmental organization should be encouraged and extended to rural communities.
The median age at diagnosis for the female breast cancer patients studied was 51 years. This is similar to the reports in Nigeria [39], Anzanian women [40] and in African-Americans [41], but higher than 29.1 years found among Indian women [42]. The majority (75%) of the patients under study were 46 years and older at diagnosis, which is older than the age range of 35 to 45 years, found to be the typical age at diagnosis for most African women by various researchers [40] [43]. The age at the time of diagnosis determines risk (the earlier a woman develops a first primary breast cancer in her lifetime, the greater the risk of developing a second breast cancer [44]. Only 25% of the current patients were diagnosed before the age of 45 years which corresponds to a high risk for breast cancer recurrence. However, the age of studied subjects across disease groups did not differ statistically. This implies that screening for breast cancer ought to start at earlier age (25 years) in order to aim for early detection and treatment and thus a better probability of survival.
A woman is at an increased risk if her blood relatives on either her mother or father's side have had cancers of the breast [45] and/or ovaries [46]. The majori- nosed with any type of cancer, which corresponds with a low risk [47]. Nigerian patients [48] and American women (both African-American and white) with breast cancer [49] were reported to be more likely to have a first-degree family history of breast cancer than their controls. Only 9% of the present patients had first degree relatives with cancer which placed them in a high risk category compared to 19.0% of Californian patients [50]. The reasons for low prevalence of first-degree and second-degree family history of cancer may be due to poor recording of deaths, tendency of secrecy regarding family history, incorporeal believe on every sickness and dirt of autopsy report on every patient that died in the hospital. Effort should be geared towards adequate information and education of the populace on the importance of knowing the cause of every death and the implications in health policies and management.
Level of education has been described a risk factor in breast cancer development [51]. Findings in Filipino women [52] indicated that the risk is almost double for women who had received a tertiary education compared with those who received only a minimal education, or primary and/or high school certificates, since time spent in getting educated followed by building a career contribute to delay in marriage and possibly conception [53]. The level of education has been suggested to affect other factors associated with breast cancer risk-including reproductive patterns (parity and age at first birth) and lifestyle behaviours (physical activity and diet) [51]. In this study the majority (66%) of the patients had a low level of education (defined in this study as having a primary or high school certificate) and thus a low risk for breast cancer development. Similar results were also found among Bahraini women with breast cancer [54] where 78.0% had low levels of education.
Level of income has also been associated with risk of breast cancer development [55] (Samaras, 2010). In this study a low income level referred to a low or working class. About 47% of the study subjects had a low level of income placing them into a low risk category for breast cancer development. This finding is in disparity with only 9.0% found in Californian patients who had reported their status as "poor" (working class) or "lower middle" class [50]. The incidence of breast cancer in this environment is increasing. This is partly a result of the changing demographic profile, acquisition of "western" lifestyle, and the changing socioeconomic profile of the country. There is need therefore for shift in the overall structure of our dietary pattern, physical activities and overall health.
There is need for development of measures for early detection of the disease through mass enlightenment and free breast cancer screening at all levels (targeting women organizations and schools) and encouraging regular self-breast examination. The silent nature of breast cancer at onset makes it difficult to be detected early, demanding improved, sensitive and affordable screening procedures. Advocacy and evidence based policies aimed at prevention through education, nutrition; environmental and general health should be encouraged and prioritized.
The prime limitation encountered was that of follow up for the repeat sampling after various forms of treatment especially in patients with benign breast tumour were over 50% were lost before 6 months. Some patients resorted to unorthodox and spiritual healing and some traveled overseas.

Conclusion
Results suggest that serum immunoglobulin (IgG, IgM and IgA) levels are of limited value in surveillance of breast cancer in our environment. Based on our findings, it could also be concluded that low level of education and low income are among the risk factors. Advocacy and evidence based policies aimed at prevention through education, nutrition; environmental and general health should be encouraged and prioritized.