Sportive Communication Board : A Low Cost Strategy to Improve Communication of BC 3-Paralympics Boccia Athletes

Boccia is a fun and stimulating physical active sport suitable for people with Cerebral Palsy (CP). The Boccia class three (BC3) players include those with four-limbs-motor-dysfunction with or without CP. These players can request a sport assistant that may help them physically during the game but not in their game strategy. In this work we investigated the use of a supplementary communication sportive board constructed specifically to improve the interaction of Paralympic BC3 players with their sport assistants. This case study enrolled a two-year-experience-CP-BC3 athlete with classification of gross motor function at level 5, severe four limbs dysfunction, low strength and coordination, and no verbal/oral language use but small body movements. This study was performed in a sport club during one month of training, twice a week for two-hour sessions. The sportive communication board (SCB) was designed based on Boccia rules and symbols using white and colored papers, scissors and glue. In the first two training sessions, the Paralympic athlete did not use the sportive board, whereas in the other two sessions the board was tested and the performance was compared. A set of questionnaires was applied to the legal tutor and the sport assistants before and after the SCB tests together with the analysis of the recording of a training session. According to our questionnaires data analysis, a significant contribution to the assistant understanding of the athlete game strategy was noticed by the legal tutor and the sport assistants when using the SCB. Improvement on time playing (reduction of 22%) and difficulty imposed to the opponent (increase of 33%) were the most important data detected during the tests. According to our video-records, the use of the SCB generated positive effects on the athlete overall performance, improving their communication. In fact, after this study, How to cite this paper: de Araújo Alves, A. P., Castro, H. C., Miceli, L. A., & Barbosa, J. V. (2018). Sportive Communication Board: A Low Cost Strategy to Improve Communication of BC3-Paralympics Boccia Athletes. Creative Education, 9, 1743-1762. https://doi.org/10.4236/ce.2018.911127 Received: March 26, 2018 Accepted: August 28, 2018 Published: August 31, 2018 Copyright © 2018 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


Introduction
According to World Health Organization (WHO), Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a non-progressive chronic brain injury that can occur during prenatal, perinatal, or 1st to 5th year of life, characterized by motor impairment (Castellano & Freire, 2014).
The child with CP presents one or several impairments, ranging from motor injury to cognitive, sensory, language and seizure disorders (Lianza, 2007).Zonta and colleagues (Zonta, Ramalho Júnior, & Santos, 2011) described cognitive implications in CP and also epilepsy with sensitivity, perception, communication, behavior, muscle and joint problems associated with motor disturbances.
According to the literature, CP can be related to several factors (Rotta, 2002), and the most common cause is the insufficient oxygen level in the brain (e.g.hypoxia).CP is characterized by lesions in the cortex and cerebral subcortex, basal nuclei and cerebellum (Lianza, 2007).
Spasticity is one of the most frequent sequelae in central nervous system lesions of CP, exhibiting a combination of factors such as resistance to passive movement and hyper-activation of tendon reflexes (Zonta, Ramalho Júnior, & Santos, 2011).Spasticity can lead to hyperactive reflexes (hyperreflexia) and changes in muscle activity caused by upper body and head position shifts.Clinical and topographic classifications are related to motor impairment and body localization, describing the limited individual mobility and severity impairments (Shepherd, 1995;Silva, Silva, Pontes, Oliveira, & Deliberato, 2013).
The Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM) is a with five levels system de-Creative Education veloped for classification of cerebral paralyzed patients, with emphasis on the evaluation of shifts, mobility and sitting (Zonta, Ramalho Júnior, & Santos, 2011;Silva, Silva, Pontes, Oliveira, & Deliberato, 2013).GMFM determines which level best represents the child current limitations and abilities, with emphasis on performance at home, school and community environments (Rosenbaum, Livingston, Palisano, Galuppi, & Russell, 2007).
Several health areas (e.g.neurology, physiotherapy, occupational therapy, and physical education) are requested for treating CP people (Shepherd, 1995).They suffer from alterations in several functional systems resulting from neurological deficits needing rehabilitation training daily to improve and/or maintain their movements (Tsai, Yu, Huang, & Cheng, 2014).
Rehabilitation programs become repetitive and may reduce participant's motivation.On that perspective Boccia is a fun and stimulating sport that allows CP people to participate, thus improving their life quality by interacting with people, and making new friends in the game (Huang, Pan, Ou, Yu, & Tsai, 2014).In fact, Boccia is an adapted sport that can be a tool in the rehabilitation process by facilitating CP treatment besides offering social interactions (Tsai, Yu, Huang, & Cheng, 2014).Due to the game characteristics, CP with a high impairment degree (e.g.motor and speech) can be included in Boccia, which acts as an incentive for integration of disabled people into an adapted physical activity, including those who use wheelchairs and with severe sequelae (Alvis & Mejía, 2013).
The rules of the adapted Boccia game require all participants to be in wheelchairs (Huang, Pan, Ou, Yu, & Tsai, 2014) they play in a delimited boundary line area that includes a throwing box (BIS-FED, 2016).The game main objective is score points by positioning red or blue balls as close as possible to the target white ball, also called Jack (Tsai, Yu, Huang, & Cheng, 2014).The use of adaptations such as a helmet with pointer, ramps, and sport assistants is allowed to help those athletes with significantly compromised motor skills (Morriss & Wittmannová, 2011).
Boccia presents four player classes (BC1 to BC4) in which athletes are classified by their functional and physical disabilities (Fong, Yam, Chu, Cheung, & Chan, 2012).The Boccia class three (BC3) includes players with motor dysfunction on four limbs, with or without CP, that may require someone to help on handling the chair and show difficulties on holding and throwing balls.Thus, it is allowed the participation of a sport assistant to help during the game, but this professional have to stand with his/her back to the sports court, to not influence the player strategy (BIS-FED, 2016).
According to some authors, Alternative Communication (AC) and Extended Communication (EC) are tools for helping on communicating with students with special needs (Manzini & Deliberato, 2006).The aim of these tools is to promote fully communication and participation of this public, especially at the school environment, through techniques and strategies adapted by a set of symbols and resources (Pelosi, 2008).According to Brazilian Institute of Social Creative Education Technology (ITS) (ITS, 2014), AC offers several resources options aiming to facilitate learning and communication of individuals with sensorial and/or cognitive dysfunctions.
Communication boards with graphic symbols or objects are considered low-tech simple schematic systems, whereas computers or personal electronic communicators are known as high-tech systems (Pelosi, 2008).The cost of the last one may compromise the wide use of them with students with special needs, especially in countries with economic restrictions.On that perspective, low cost devices such as "thematic boards", with figures and symbols, affixing the board on their desk may be used with students with involuntary movements (Manzini & Deliberato, 2006).
Based in this context, our purpose is to construct and analyze a sportive board with thematic and graphic symbols related to Boccia game to be affixed on the wheelchair of a CP-BC3 athlete.In this case study, we evaluated the effects on the communication between the athlete and her sport assistants as well as its influence on the final games result.

Selection Process, Ethical Procedures and Approach
This case study included the participation of a female BC3 athlete with 23 years old, and non-progressive chronic encephalopathy, spastic quadriplegic with dystonic athetosis.This BC3 is a wheelchair user with third-party help for movement that communicates through facial gestures, body expressions, and a school communication board.She trained at SESI for approximately 5 years (2 hours, 3 times a week) with participation in several São Paulo state tournaments.
The inclusion criteria were: 1) BC3 functional classification for modality division, 2) experience of at least 2 years on practicing Boccia, and 3) participation in weekly training, at least 2 hours twice a week.
The sports assistants (20 to 60 years and high school-master degree levels) had training experience of one or more than three years with Paralympic Boccia athletes acting on state, national and international tournaments.Some of them already acted as judge in Boccia game.The legal tutor was 50 years old and has an incomplete high school education.The legal tutor acted as a sports assistant previously but just in training sets.
A descriptive-analytical study with a qualitative approach was carried out by using semi-structured questionnaires with questions related to the athlete and 3) education; 4) participation in Boccia game; and 5) the athlete performance before and after the use of the sportive board.
The questionnaires directed to the sports assistants who worked with the athlete were regarding their experience as game assistant and the performance of the athlete during Boccia training with and without the sportive board.
The analysis of the questionnaire followed the technique used by Bardin and colleagues (Bardin, 2006), with three steps: 1) pre-analysis, 2) exploration of the material, and 3) treatment of results, inference and interpretation (Mozzato & Grzybovski, 2011).Thus, from the transcription of the interviews some topics were selected based on the interviewed subject testimony.

Video Recording and Statistical Analysis
After the project approval by the CAEE and authorization of the director's of Serviço Social da Indústria (SESI) Suzano, the volunteers/participants were selected according to the inclusion criteria.Then we contacted the athletes and explained the purpose and the research procedures.After accepting on participating on the study they signed the Consent Form for authorizing the data and image uses.
The video recording used a Sony HD Handycam digital camera, with cube measuring 1.5 × 1.5 × 1.5 for calibration of the image, along with the program Kinovea (https://www.kinovea.org)(Kinovea Software Version 0.8.15 for Windows, 2016) that provides numerical elements for interpretation of sports videos.
The tests were recorded on a sport court with the official size always in the same position and following the video procedures rules.The correct use of the camcorder allowed the full analysis of the player movements and game strategies.
The shooting was performed during a training session composed of 4 quarters (or ends), the first two without using the sportive board and the last two testing it.
Each player could throw the ball 6 times, alternately, on each quarter.Game time was set on six minutes per ball, according to BC3 classification.
The statistical analysis of the filming was performed by calculating the percentage differences of the mean percentage or the total value, obtained through Descriptive Statistics of quantitative data, using the program Bioestat 5.3 (Ayres, Ayres Júnior, Ayres, & Santos, 2007).In order to compare the data, we analyzed four variables: mean distance from the target ball, playing time, adversary balls out of bounds, and points taken.

BC3-Sportive Board Confection, Training and Usage
The sportive communication board (SCB) was designed after the analysis of the brief interviews with coaches, sport assistants, and family members who sug-Creative Education gested the use of figures, symbols and colors related to Boccia to assure easy identification by all game participants, despite their reading level.
The images used for constructing the SCB symbols are related to Boccia as suggested by the interviewees.They were located in the internet by using Google search for free images.Images were enlarged and printed on cardboard paper with a white background, generating a thick, easy, accessible and low cost material.
The strategy for using SCB was planned based on BC3 Boccia game logistics and rules.Information for sport assistants and the legal tutor about handling the SCB was carried out during the two-hour training session.
Then, the athlete was presented to SCB for identifying and choosing the fig- ures and symbols for composing their personal sportive board.During the assembly, arrangement and location of the symbols were carefully verified to allow easy handling by the athlete.A simulation was first conducted with the athlete by throwing balls in the playing area with the use of SCB to observe the strategies and game intention attendance by the material.
Then the sport assistants, and legal tutor were also introduced to the final personal SCB.Thus, simulated sets using the SCB were conducted with the athlete and their assistant, according to Boccia rules, following the athlete signaling on the SCB symbols.
In the final test the athlete and sport assistants used the SCB in partnership during the whole training set allowing the evaluation of the athlete-assistant relationship and the interpretation of the commands, as well as the performance along the whole game.

Results and Discussion
Boccia is a sport that allows different adaptations (e.g.helmets with pointer, ramps, and assistants) and the participation of seriously compromised athletes (Morriss & Wittmannová, 2011).According to Jeronimo and colleagues (Jerônimo, 2006) in the BC3 classification, the high motor difficulty of these athletes requires assistive technologies such as ramps, which allows athletes that are not able to hold and throw balls, to play anyway.
The Boccia also provides to individuals with a high degree of commitment, both in speech and in mobility, to interact in this competitive sport with another players, thus encouraging social integration (Alvis & Mejía, 2013).According to According to some authors, the practice of sports is not usual to disable people, especially for cerebral paralyzed patients due to the families' overprotection or restrictions.The benefits of socialization, identification, and/or development of their sport abilities are enhanced when they perform adapted physical activities (Alves & Cruz, 2014).Cardoso and colleagues (Cardoso, 2011) reinforced that the benefits of playful or competitive sports are clear as they act as positive tools in the process of rehabilitation.These activities optimize not only physical but also psychological and social conditions of these people.Thus, the According to Krug and colleagues (Krug, 2002) recreation, competition and integration with other students, besides the opportunity to learn new movements, plays and games activities are important for CP people.These activities may offer full social interaction and encouragement for lowering their independence.
In Boccia, the selection of a sport assistant for attending CP-BC3 player must consider a good relationship between them and the ability of understanding the athlete expressions, movements and gestures (Campeão & Oliveira, 2006).The assistant should have good interaction with him/her, living with him/her after training, as well as participating in his/her daily activities.However, the substitution of sports assistant is a real possibility in official training and competitions which may generate problems in the interpretation of the athletes gestures and expressions by new sportive professionals.

Questionnaires Analysis
The questionnaires data analysis revealed that the interviewees knew the athlete, the boccia game and the communication performed in the BC3 classification.
The analysis confirmed the clinical diagnosis of CP-BC3-player (sequelae of dystonic athetic spastic quadriplegia, with buccal-phonatory alterations), and the expression by using facial movements, upper limb and body language gestures.It was not possible to confirm schooling degree, but the athlete attended to school in rehabilitation centers, and is currently attending a specialized school.The analysis also revealed that the athlete recognizes her own name but has difficulty on identifying alphabet letters and numbers from 1 to 10.She recognizes colors such as blue, red, green and white and geometric shapes such as circles and rectangles, as well as symbols such as direction arrows.
The questionnaire analysis also showed that both tutor and athlete have knowledge about alternative communication (AC) as they use a school board, already adapted and assembled for using with the family, at school, or socially.
The legal tutor indicated positively the use of school board to the familiar and social communications.This type of AC is used in special education, with several possibilities of resources and methods for assembling adapted boards and offering to individuals with sequelae a more precisely communication (Manzini & Deliberato, 2006).
According to the legal tutor, the CP-BC3-athlete has played paralympic boccia for more than 1 year, participating in regional and state competitions during this period.The athlete always requested a sport assistant and her communication is performed through gestures in trainings and matches.It was pointed out the difficulties in this gestural communication in trainings and the need of the tutor to talk with the assistant, explaining the athlete commands.According to Boccia International Sports Federation (BIS-Fed) (BIS-FED, 2016), the game rules allow Creative Education the athlete to be aided by a sport assistant, that should be with his back towards to the playing area all the time and eyes away from the match.The mediation of the tutor communication between the assistant and the athlete is not allowed by the official games rules, but only in training.In addition, the exchange of assistants during the athlete sporting life is likely to occur and the legal tutor is not always present to aid in the communication.
The sports assistants substitutions require the new assistant adaptation to the athlete gestural commands, demanding time and delaying the game process and athletes performance.Our SCB may be used by athletes with different assistants, facilitating the initial communication during training and games due to the standardized communication method that uses symbols and figures related to Boccia game environment and rules (Figure 1).According to our analysis, 75% of the sportive assistants also including the legal tutor pointed the improvement in the communication process, through the understanding of the athlete commands by the assistant and the final positive result of ramp selection and positioning.
The sportive assistants pointed the use of facial and body gestures, including upper limbs, and upper body by the athletes.However, the majority (75%) agreed and pointed out the difficulty of understanding and interpreted these movements and gestures to assist the athlete in the games without SCB.Only 25% reported having no difficulties on interacting with them.According to the sportive assistants, this high difficulty level in expressing the strategy ideas compromises the athlete's performance, revealing the high effort level requested by both professionals on communicating among them.
According to Palisiano and colleagues (Rosenbaum, Livingston, Palisano, Galuppi, & Russell, 2007) Interestingly, the sports assistants understood the purpose of SCB, identified the symbols created and were unanimous in the recognition of the SCB effectiveness on improving the communication between them and the athlete (ITS, 2014).
Carnevale and colleagues (Carnevale, Moraes, Berberian, & Krüger, 2013) reported that graphic-visual stimuli with the purpose of interaction and communication generate possibilities of new social relations and better interaction for cerebral paralyzed patients with absence and/or difficulties on the oral speech.
According to the sports assistants, without using SBC, the full use of the six minutes (time allowed by the rule to the athlete elaborate the strategy and initiate the play) can be directly related to difficulties on understanding the athlete Creative Education gestural movements.It was unanimous, after the SBC use, that less than the six minutes is required when using this alternative material to their communication.

Video Analysis
The video recording data analysis was performed by comparing four variables including: Mean distance from target ball (Figure 2 The data analysis pointed to the improvement of the variables and probably also to the communication between athlete and sports assistants by the SBC use. The improvement of the three variables (Distance of the target ball; Playing time; and Number of adversary balls far from Jack) reinforced this direct relationship, even in discrete values such as that observed for distance from target ball (2%) (Table 1).
The target ball is the white ball, also called "Jack", which the athletes must reach with their red or blue balls used during the game sets.The balls closest to Jack determine the number of points achieved and thus who win the match.The mean percentage of distance from the athlete's balls to Jack was analyzed without (−SBC) and with sportive board (+SBC) use.We also observed the waste of balls thrown out of the game area.
The ITS (ITS, 2014) indicates that students who have impairments related to  motor coordination, cognitive and visual changes can benefit from the use of adapted pedagogical resources, providing independence and autonomy in the finalization of activities such as promoting facilitation in understanding and performing tasks.The sportive board adaptation on the wheelchair desk promotes ergonomic benefits to the athlete and consequently decreases the average time of play, providing better precision and strategy consistence and consequently ease understanding by the assistants (Manzini & Deliberato, 2006).
Boccia can be played in categories BC1, BC2, BC3 and BC4 individually, or BC3 and BC4 in pairs.In individual, doubles and team games, the athletes will hold six, three, and two balls respectively, red or blue according to draw.Time limit to finish a move is then determined for each partial, expecting to be 6 minutes for BC3 (BIS-FED, 2016).The analysis of time used of the athlete, without and with SBC was performed during the four sets.
According to our data, the average playing time of each ball in the first two sets, without the sportive board (−SBC) was 18% higher compared to the last two, using the board (+SBC) (Table 1).Thus, these data suggested that SBC facilitated the understanding of intentions and play strategies of the player by the assistant.This corroborated the improvement in precision, since the athlete is constantly facing the playing area and watching the game, while the assistant stays backwards to the playing area as defined by the rules.
According to the rules, the game happens in a court with a specific area delimited by lines (Jerônimo, 2006).Court dimensions are 12.5 cm long and 6 meters wide with launch area divided into 6 boxes where the athletes stand with Creative Education their wheelchairs, each box is 2.5 meters long and one meter wide and numbered 1 to 6 (BIS-FED, 2016).Boxes will be used according to the type of game (individual, pairs or team).In the playing area of the court there is a "V" line distant by 3 meters from the throwing line and 1.5 from its center point and the Jack must be threw by an athlete from inside the box and being required to exceed the "V" line.Balls that do not transpass "V" line are disregarded and balls that leave the court area will be considered off the field, causing the athlete to lose his/her turn and pass to the competitor.Thus, as strategies the athlete may try to reach Jack, and/or try to throw the opponent's ball far from Jack or hamper the opponent's play by inducing him to miss the target and throw his balls out of court.In this work, we analyzed if the BC3 athlete's balls were closest to the target and the strategies used as like balls near the opponent's and adversary loss of balls, with and without use of SBC.
There was an inverse relationship between the athlete's mean distance of the target ball (far from Jack) and the adversary's balls out of bound (who have crossed court lines) variables.Apparently, the higher number of errors, due to more difficulty of communication between athlete and assistants (−SCB) led to more dispersion of athlete's balls at a significant distance from the target ball leaving the court unobstructed, making it easier for the opponent's balls to approach the target ball.The use of SBC reverses this situation, becoming noticeable the significant decrease of space for the opponent balls in playing area, which end up out of boundary lines and increasing the efficacy of the strategy in statistics (Table 1).
This positive analysis corroborates the hypothesis that SBC favors the assistant understanding with positive results in the elaborated plays by the athletes.SCB may allow a better positioning of the ramp closest to the real athlete commands since it attends CP athletes with absence and/or difficulties of oral speech, due to its graphic-visual stimuli (Carnevale, Moraes, Berberian, & Krüger, 2013).
Even with the SBC use, the Points taken did not varied, reveling the equilibrium between competitors (Table 1).It is important to note that CP-BC3 athlete performed the test playing with athletes more capable than her as we could not found any BC3 to play with her.Thus, she played with a BC2 player (classification according to BIS-Fed regulation (BIS-FED, 2016)).The BC2 athlete does not require sport assistants as they throw the ball.This situation reinforced the importance of the improvement of the other three variables and the benefits involving the better communication between the BC3 athlete and her sportive assistant.
The analysis of the video of the games set without SBC revealed that the difficulty of speech articulation and verbal expression caused immense restlessness in the athlete, triggering exacerbation of typical athetosic movements with distorted characteristics of upper body and limbs.There is still possible to notice an apprehensive face in the attempt to execute gestures with movements to be understood and executed by assistants in order to execute the game move intended Creative Education (not shown).
Despite the low motor coordination and the difficulty to maintain a symmetrical posture, when using SBC we observed the improvement of the athlete postural alignment and the upper limb gestures finalization.The location of SBC in the wheelchair promoted an inclination and support of upper body generating a better reach of the upper limbs in the direction to and the selection of the symbols.
The possibility of choosing the symbols during the game led to a clear tranquility and satisfaction face during the execution and finalization of the play.

Conclusion
The Paralympic Boccia is an inclusive sport that encourages the participation of athletes with serious motor impairments and/or wheelchair users in a very democratic way.Similar to other adapted modalities, it improves physical conditions and social relationships.
This work offered an alternative for communication between CP-BC3-players and sportive assistants by the use of a Boccia sportive board (SBC).According to our results, the athletes without oral speech who expresses through gestures, facial expressions, and other body language manifestations present significant difficulty on expressing their ideas and on being understood by other people.From the use of the SBC, the improvement of the understanding by the sport assistants of the athlete choices and commands resulted in directly benefits with more balls closer to the target, decrease in playing time and more balls of adversary outside of point area.
From this perspective, this new assistive technology tool may not only allow the communication between athletes and their sport assistants in Boccia, but also can be adapted to other sports.
her communication skills.Meanwhile it was performed the recording and quantitative statistical analysis of her training game.The procedures and protocols were approved by the Ethics Committee of the Brazil (CAAE) on Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF) platform by the number 59611316.9.0000.5243submitted in 22/08/2016.Two semi-structured questionnaires (pre and post-tests) (Appendix) were applied to the legal tutor (n = 1) as well to the sport assistants (n = 7) of the A. P. de Araújo Alves et al.DOI: 10.4236/ce.2018.9111271747 Creative Education CP-BC3 player before and after the test with the sportive board on the training sessions.The questionnaire applied to the tutor was regarding: 1) CP-BC3 player identification and confirmation of clinical diagnosis; 2) functional impairment; Huang and colleagues(Huang, Pan, Ou, Yu, & Tsai, 2014), children with CP can increase life quality by participating on Boccia and making new friends due to the interaction with another children.In this work we developed a low-cost assistive technology (SCB) to help on BC3 athletes and assistants communication also aiming to improve interaction of the participants of this sport.For constructing the SCB prototype, we used the standard measures of a school desk commonly used by the athletes in the wheelchair (Figure1(a)).Therefore, our SCB is easy to be installed on the player wheelchair desk at training time or to Creative Education be removed after the game.It included two arrows (position of the ramp-right or left), spherical shapes in red and blue color (balls) and rectangle geometric shapes in three different sizes (ramps sizes).The colors of the arrows and ramps were selected based on athlete suggestion of primary colors (red, green and blue) (Figure1(b)).After construction, we registered SCB project in Brazilian National Library (code number = 016280_1/6).

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.The sportive communication board (SCB) for CP-BC3-player of Boccia.(a)-(b) Adapted desk on wheelchair, commonly used for school or sportive purposes, respectively (c) and (d) The pieces of SCB and the final prototype, respectively and (e) and (f) SCB in use by CP-BC3-athlete (Personal collection).
, GMFCS 5 cerebral paralyzed individuals exhibit difficulties in maintaining head and upper body posture and also in control of voluntary movements of upper and lower limbs.The difficulty of expressing themselves worsens their motor imbalances, which compromises the gestures and the attempt to communicate.The use of SBC where the signaling is arranged in front of the player on the school table affixed to the wheelchair make possible to point directly to the figure desired and thus show the right orientation of the ramp direction and the right strategy to play for winning (Figure 1(e) and Figure 1(f)).
(a)); Playing time (Figure 2(b)); Adversary balls out of bounds (Figure 2(c)); and Points taken (Figure 2(d)).These variables were selected as they are important for winning Boccia game.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. The four variables analyzed during the video-record: (a) Mean distance from target ball; (b) Playing time; (c) Adversary balls out of target (Jack); and (d) Points taken.

Table 1 .
Comparison of the four variables (Distance from Target ball, Playing time, Adversary balls far from Jack, and Points taken) analyzed in the video recording of four sets without (−SBC) and with (+SBC ) the Sportive Board (n = 1 each).
*Balls out of bounds.