Reliability and Validity of an Instrument that Measures the Main Challenge Facing the Management and Administration of Water Resources and Services

Often, local water issues have been addressed from the perspective of the social actors in relation to their authorities, but the objective of this paper has been to estimate the perception of risk of both rulers who are comfortable and governed in a scenario of shortages, shortages, unhealthy and expensive water service. A non-experimental investigation was carried out with a selection of 248 residents of a locality in northeastern Mexico. The reliability and validity of the WRPS-16 were established, which included two dimensions related to the aversion or delegation of responsibility to the State for the free supply of water and the risk-prone dimension to account for the negotiation and agreement with local managers. However, the type of study, sampling and analysis limited the results to the context of the research, suggesting the inclusion of the hypermetropia factor that explains the lack of concern and the inaction of future generations in the face of risk events and their effects on community health.


Introduction
The objective of this work was to establish the reliability and validity of an instrument that measure the perception of risk before municipal water resources and services (García, Sandoval, & Espinoza, 2018).
Studies of risk perception in general have shown that risk events such as landslides, floods, droughts, fires, earthquakes or subsidence are the result of absent or deficient civil protection, as well as a propensity to make decisions and actions oriented towards risks (see Table 1).
In the case of water resources and services, risk perception has been associated with risk events with shortages, shortages, unhealthiness and scarcity, highlighting their impact on community health, mainly in vulnerable sectors such as infants whose deaths are around one million per year for the consumption of hydro-transmitted diseases (García, 2018).
However, the studies referred to do not distinguish areas of local development that determine the sustainability of the supply and collection system.This is the case of urban peripheries where water problems are associated with risk events, leading to a scenario of current risks that may be observed in the future in urban centralities and rural areas (García, Carreón, & Hernández, 2017).
Prospective studies have shown an increasingly lower availability of supply per person in cities that correlates with austere lifestyles and cutting policies, as well as the substantial increase in rates and the proliferation of diseases and not only hydro-transmitted but through vectors such as malaria (García, Rivera, Limón, Bustos, & Juárez, 2017).
However, the main challenge facing the management and administration of water resources and services is not only the prevention of diseases and the strengthening of a public and community health care system, but also the differentiation between urban and regional centrality, and the semi-rural periphery (Bustos, Juárez, Sandoval, Quintero, & García, 2017).
Studies of risk perception have centered their interest in the establishment of a co-government system in which civil society is involved in the decision making of preventive health institutions (García, Rivera, & Limón 2017).
In this sense it is that the trustworthiness and the validity of instruments that allow diagnosing the confidence of the citizenship with its authorities in the matter of supply, quality and rates, not of subsidies and condoning is essential to anticipate scenarios of conflicts and agreements (García, Bustos, Juárez, Ribera, & Limón, 2017).
However, the instruments that have been used to measure risk perceptions have disconnected the risk events with the consequences on community health and its impact on the decisions and preventive life styles of the inhabitants (Carreón, Juárez, & García, 2017).
The inclusion of environmental, perceptual, dispositional and administrative determinants on decision-making and preventive risk actions is fundamental to achieve the sustainability of a co-management between political and social actors, as well as between public and private sectors (García, Juárez, & Sandoval, 2017).
It is a governance system in which civil participation goes beyond an opinion poll or a consultation about its voting intentions in favor of inclusive proposals They found in an exploratory study that the use of the shower was the main activity of domestic water consumption.In contrast, the use of the refrigerant was the domestic device with less frequency of use.

Corral & Obregón
They carried out a systematic review of the variables included in the models of pro-environmental behavior.They measured the distance between the residence and the recycling depot, the environmental competencies, the styles and the ecological reasons as the determinants of pro-environmental behavior.

Corral & Zaragoza
They demonstrated through a system of structural equations, four dimensions of recycling behavior, which was determined by the reasons for reuse.In this model, the size of the house and economic status influenced the behavior.However, beliefs through motives influenced reuse behavior.The authors established significant differences between men and women with respect to their knowledge and beliefs about product reuse and recycling.
Hernández et al.They made known a difference between proportions of non-parametric data, six categories: image and institutional identity, physical and built environment, solid waste, hazardous waste, electric power management and environmental training.Years later, the image of the campus, solid waste and environmental training remained the main problems.

Acosta & Montero
They demonstrated significant associations between responsible environmental behavior, locus of control, knowledge of environmental action, environmental skills and cognitive coping styles related to denial and acceptance of environmental deterioration.As the values of one variable increased, the values of the other variable increased.Acosta and Montero proved that responsible environmental behavior is associated (r = 0.45; p < 0.05) with the skills and knowledge index of environmental action.
Oceja & Jiménez They evaluated a group of standards, analyzed their degree of compliance and established their classification.They showed that the typology is relevant based on three criteria: personal agreement, formal sanction and social disapproval.They determined differences between norms (legitimate laws and prescriptions are fulfilled more than illegitimate laws and convictions) using the criterion of informed and perceived compliance.And they revealed significant differences between attitudes towards each type of norm.

Guevara & Rodríguez
They proved the tendency of residents of the City of Puebla to respond positively and homogeneously to garbage separation and collection services.

Negrón, Arias & Delbrey
They showed significant differences between men and women regarding the change of their knowledge, after information relative to their knowledge about their health and the environment.

Corral
Revealed through a structural model, the incidence of domestic utensils in water consumption.In this model, the reasons, scarcity and skills, had a negative effect on water consumption.

Frías, López & Díaz
They demonstrated the indirect effect of the macrosystem on antisocial behavior through the microsystem.In the structural model, the exosystem had three indicators and the microsystem with five manifest variables.

Bustos, Flores & Andrade
They argued the direct, positive and significant relationship between two behavioral variables pro-environmental: wash of bathrooms with personal hygiene (r = 0.17; p < 0.01), toilet of teeth with personal bath (r = 0.18; p < 0.01).

Corral & Pinheiro
They established six dimensions of sustainable behavior: austerity, anticipation, altruism, effectiveness, deliberation and saving.They demonstrated positive and significant associations between the dimensions.Later, in a structural model, they proved the reflectivity of the sustainable behavior around the six dimensions referred to.

Corral, Fraijo & Tapia
They revealed four dimensions of water consumption related to the use of basins, showers, irrigation and cleaning.Later they established, through a structural model, the incidence of ecological and utilitarian beliefs in water consumption.Both beliefs correlated negatively.

Urbina
He showed that pollution and scarcity of water are perceived by experts and non-experts as risks.

Aguilar & Valencia
Established through a structural model, the indirect effect of attitude, past behavior, control and personal norm on pro-environmental behavior through intention.In this structure, past behavior was the main determinant of ecological behavior.They tested, through a structural model, the effect of the social norm on anti-environmental behavior.In this system of equations, deterrence and the personal norm had a lower incidence or zero in the behavior unfavorable to the environment.

Harranz, Proy and Eguiguren
Through a trail model, they established the intention as the main determinant of recycling behavior.In the system of equations, beliefs indirectly influenced recycling and intention was the transmitting variable.

Orostegui & Matos
The high stratum (62 kg/inhabitant/day) generated less waste than the medium (74 kg/inhabitant/day) and low (77 kg/inhabitant/day) strata and with respect to the district average (71 kg/inhabitant/day).Organic matter, paper and cardboard were the prevailing municipal waste.In this sense, the high stratum produced recycling waste.
Shows that social norms determine individual principles crystallized into specific actions, but both are embodied in moral standards define an identity based on the context.

Gilford
Pessimism rather than fatalism is different spatial levels: local, national and global.Consequently, farsightedness is not just a perceptual bias of social, collective and personal standards indicated by their degree of usefulness and hedonism, but also is a bias scenario that the recipient is unknown and homogenized thus to have control or certainty context of water availability.
Modeled both variables with social intolerance and age to show that there was an implicit relationship between environmental conservation and affinity towards nature.In this sense, farsightedness would be linked to social intolerance since the biofilia would immediate and specific conservation actions in the immediate environment, but once guaranteed the existence of species, the individual could develop a hedonism and utilitarianism to its preserved environment.
2010 Fernández, Porter & Neyra They found differences between teachers and students regarding their learning environment.While the students considered that their environment had social relevance, the teachers assumed the natural environment as the most important development factor for their community.

Gissi & Soto
For the authors the appropriation of the space is gestated with the tequio, which is the personal work carried out by a member of the collective before entering community work.

Continued Mariby
In their study, 62% agreed on a definition of cooperatives, 32% have a favorable attitude towards collective work, but 35% disagreed to transform their company into a cooperative.

McCright
According to the author, the political ideology and the perception of understanding negatively determined knowledge about climate change and concern about its consequences in gender (β = −0.372and β = 0.336 respectively).
Molini & Salgado They discovered that around the discussion of the differences between compact and dispersed cities, population density is a relevant factor, since the low concentration in compact cities makes them more sustainable than dispersed cities, but their high density increases costs to the governmental entity responsible for regulating them.

Montilla, Pernía & Rodríguez
For researchers, corporativism assumes a human and social system indicated by processes of self-construction, self-production, self-organization and autopoiesis.Flowers & Vine They realized the significant differences between density, activity, studies, income and use of water with respect to occasional, systematic and absent water savings.

Malmod
It systematized the reordering plans based on a logic of exclusion and inclusion.The first consisted in differentiating the spaces; privatization of goods and services.The second set connections between sectors, spaces and services to reduce spatial segregation.The logic of inclusion implies a network design in which each node interconnects with the other and allows the interrelation between the spatial elements, as well as the construction of an urban identity that favors tolerance to diversity.

Marqués et al.
They found in a sample of students from a public university a level of knowledge of general and specific environmental problems in reference to their attitudes and behaviors.

McCright & Dunlap
They showed that beliefs about the null effects of climate change determined confidence in white men with a conservative ideology (γ = 0.82, p = 0.000).For its part, the basic political ideology determined the negation of the effects of climate change (γ = 0.47, p = 0.000), the race determined the belief about the lack of consensus on the effects of climate change for white's conservatives (γ = 0.38, p = 0.000).However, sex negatively affected the beliefs of the null effects of climate change of the base respondents (γ = −0.67,p = 0.000), as well as the influence of identification with environmentalism on the same belief in the same group (γ = −0.81,p = 0.000).
Nacif & Espinosa They found a relationship between national identity and the urbanist pragmatism of central spatial rearrangement and architectural designs.The buildings represented symbols of national reconstruction that would extend to other Pampean and South American cities (Brazil, Peru, Colombia and Venezuela).

Nozica
He showed that tourism policy encourages the connection between bioceanic and peri-urban corridors.For this purpose, the desirable scenario will consist of a road network that articulates both areas.Such strategy will allow to increase the competitive advantages in terms of tourism, technological and commercial services in the region.

Puntriano
He proved that the bankruptcy of the mill generated a venture in the peasants and employees who decided to administer the company after the conflicts between the actors were resolved with the expropriation in the framework of neoliberalism.Open Journal of Political Science Continued Solis For the author, the sense of environmental responsibility determined directly, positively and significantly the saving of water for domestic and residential use.The emotional affinity with the environment influenced the residential management of municipal solid waste.

Spence, Portinga, Butler & Pidgeon
They reported that the prevention of perceived disasters influenced the reduction of energy consumption (β = 0.371), as well as the experience of flooding determined the perceived local vulnerability (β = 0.421).

Zapata & Castrechini
They found significant differences among residents of nearby areas regarding neuroticism, extraversion and recycling.Personality traits were not significantly associated with pro-environmental recycling behavior.

Carr, Patterson, Yung & Spencer
In their study, people with religious beliefs agreed that they are very connected to the effects of climate change, while skeptics expressed confidence in scientific and technological advances, rather than religious solidarity in the face of the problem of global warming.

Cravino
He found a degree of perception of risk in Buenos Aires residents at the time of migrating to the periphery.In this sense, the perception of the habitat is related to the services and investments that the State has oriented towards centrality.Another factor of perception of housing is spatial socialization, since a change of neighborhood implies the loss of social capital.The rent is a phenomenon closely connected with the expectations of appropriation of the space, since a good root guarantees the permanence in the neighborhood and the establishment of a higher quality of life.The proximity between the houses has led to the development of a spatial identity that increases reciprocity and even the transformation of the environment.

Moyo et al.
They indicated that the perceived cycle of rain was the phenomenon that most farmers remembered (72%), while winter was the least remembered event (1%).The four seasons were remembered as the phenomena of greatest change (23%), finally, climate change was identified as the main cause of the changes perceived (53%).

Poortinga, Spence, Demski & Pidgeon
They pointed out that personal norms determined the size of the carbon demand and the supply of alternative technologies (β = 0. 51 and β = 0. 41 respectively).In turn, beliefs about climate change affected personal norms (β = 0.59); On the other hand, the environmental identity determined the beliefs of climate change (β = 0.55).

Sahin, Hamide & Teksoz
They showed that the favorable behavior to the environment was explained by the attitudes toward it (β = 0.67).In their case, the dispositions towards the behaviors in favor of sustainability were determined by the tendency to follow the means of communication (β = 0.12), although they were also explained by age (β = −0.65).

Urquieta & Campillo
They established a relationship between economic resources and social stratification with respect to the representation of the city.The lower classes perceived centrality as an insecure area.The middle classes were concerned about the expansion of the city and its effects on the environment.As for expectations, they expressed an ideal of a city in which spaces would allow coexistence as an element of inclusion; recovery of space, tranquility and enjoyment.Regarding the right to the city, this was represented as a scenario of freedoms in which access to employment, education and universal health are indispensable.

Yahya, Hashemnia & Rouhi
They proved that the attitude correlated with the consumption of green products (R 2 = 0.457).The norm was related to attitudes (R 2 = 0.48), perceptions with attitudes (R 2 = 0.43) and consumption with attitudes (R 2 = 0.54).Open Journal of Political Science
They found that the virtues were shaped by the factors of humanism, justice and valuation (0.97, 0.98 and 0.94), while the sustainable behavior included the factors of altruism, proecologism, frugality and equity (0.63, 0.62, 0.79 and 0.74).
The virtues of humanity determined the sustainable behavior (β = 0.67).
They revealed that climate change is intuitively related to well-being and community identity.In this sense, their interviewees attribute spiritual links with their environment.Well-being is associated with the relationships that the interviewees establish with their environment and the attributions towards the surrounding elements.Health is represented by the identity and attribution that the environment generates.

Dasaklis & Pappis
The literature reviewed by the authors attributes a greater relevance to climate change in the productive and administrative processes.Mainly in the design of processes and operations that reduce the impact of climate change on the environment.It is an environmental responsibility generated from a green agenda but established from the minimization of operating costs..57] the prediction of happiness based on sustainable behavior (0.17) and this based on behavioral intention (0.76).In turn, the sustainable behavior was determined by proecological behavior (0.80), frugality (0.66), equity (0.45) and altruism (0.41).Finally, the intention was influenced by indignation (0.26) and affinity (0.34).

Vinneta & Maharaj
For the authors, self-transcendence was positively and significantly related to attitudes toward oneself (0.73).
2013 Wendling et al.They showed that income determined the preferences for action in the face of climate change (β = 0.977, p = 0.000).

Sandoval, Bustos & García
They reviewed the literature concerning the governance of water sustainability to propose a model in which the perception of risks will be associated with peripheral lifestyles such as the dosage that unlike optimization is intermittent and without some technology that allows it.in the water supply and collection system (Vázquez, Cruz, Carreón, Hernández, Bustos, & Sandoval, 2017).
It is necessary to link civil protection strategies with risk-based lifestyles based on water availability and local capacity for collecting, storing, collecting and treating wastewater (Bustos, Juárez, Carreón, Quintero, Sandoval, Espinoza, & García, 2017).
In each category, the perceptions of risk are different if urban centers are compared with recreation and water comfort with respect to urban peripheries with scarcity, lack of sanitation and scarcity (García, Carreón, Hernández, Bustos, & Aguilar, 2016).

Method
Are there significant differences between the theoretical dimensions of risk perceptions with respect to the relationships between the factors and indicators observed?
Null hypothesis: There will be significant differences between the theoretical dimensions with respect to the empirical dimensions around the perceptions of risks derived from the local supply and collection system.
Alternative hypothesis: There will be no significant differences between the theoretical dimensions of risk perceptions and the relationships between their factors and indicators to be observed.
A non-experimental, cross-sectional and exploratory study was carried out with a non-probabilistic selection of 248 residents of a municipality in northeastern Mexico, considering the scarcity, shortage, unhealthiness and local scarcity (see Table 2).
The Water Risk Perception Scale (WRPS-16) was built, which includes three dimensions related to aversion to risks and the propensity to risk before capture, storage, optimization and reuse promoted by the municipal government (see Table 3).

Aversion to risk
It refers to the collaboration between political and social actors in relation to the governance of water resources and services (García, Carreón, Bustos, & Juárez, 2016).
I will negotiate the establishment of rates after the local or federal elections 0 = "not likely" up to 5 = "quite likely" A high score reflects a governance of water resources and services indicated by perceptions of risk control

Propensity to risk
Refers to the delegation of responsibility to the State or civil society based on the universal right of access to water, the gratuity of the service, the prevention of water-borne diseases and the subsidy for development (García, Carreón, & Hernández, 2016) The State must provide an indispensable minimum of water to residences free of charge 0 = "not likely" up to 5 = "quite likely" a high score reflects a codependence rather than a congestion of water resources and services Source: Prepared with the study data.Open Journal of Political Science Participants were surveyed in their place of residence and/or work, with a written guarantee of confidentiality and anonymity, as well as a warning that the results of the study would not affect their status.
The information was processed in IBM-SPSS-AMOS version 25.0.The multivariate Crombach's alpha and the parameters of adequacy, sphericity, validity, fit and residual for the contrast of the null hypothesis were estimated.

Results
Table 4 shows the internal consistency values of the general scale and the subscales which exceeded the minimum required of 0.700 (general alpha of 0.789, alpha of the aversion of 0.780 and alpha of the propensity of 0.785).
Once the constructs that explained 39% of the total variance were established, we proceeded to contrast the null hypothesis relative to the significant differences between the theoretical dimensions of risk perception with respect to the factors and indicators found.
The adjustment and residual parameters ⌠X 2 = 567.32(45 gl) p = 0.009; CFI = 0.990; GFI = 0.995; RMSEA = 0.009⌡suggest the non-rejection of the null hypothesis, although the total variance suggests the inclusion of another factor that

Discussion
The contribution of this work to the state of the question lies in the establishment of the reliability and validity of an instrument that measured the perception of risks, but the type of non-experimental study, the type of non-probabilistic sampling and the type of exploratory analysis they limited the results to the research scenario, suggesting the inclusion of the hyperopia factor to account for the lack of concern and inaction in the face of risk events and their effects on public health.García, Juárez, & Bustos (2018) showed that local water governance depends on the conciliation of uses and customs rather than on the implementation of water supply and comfort strategies that suppose consumption of more than 200 liters per person.
In the present work it has been highlighted that the uses and customs only generate aversion to the risks in the best of cases, but the clientelist relationship between the violated sectors with their authorities rather develop perceptions of risk associated with the propensity or Delegation of responsibility to the government, prelude to the lack of concern and inaction before the events of risk and their effects on public health.Juárez, Bustos, Quintero, García, & Espinoza (2018) showed that in the area of cooperation co-management can be indicative of co-government, although the increase in propensity to risk suggests that in the best of cases, solidarity will be observed inside of native peoples.
In the present study, the cooperation would be related to an aversion to the risks when the actors are willing to carry out the solidary efforts to carry out the tequio or guatza, main uses and local customs of dosage of water consumption.Sandoval, Bustos, & García (2018) proposed a model for the study of local governance, although they started from the assumption that self-management and technology would be sufficient for the establishment of co-management.
In the present work, co-management replaces civil self-management and state self-management since the propensity to risk implies the exclusion of actors from being civil for politicians or vice versa.
It is necessary to include hypermetropia for the study of governance and local water sustainability if differences prevail between urban centrality and periphery.

Conclusion
The objective of this paper has been to establish the reliability and validity of an instrument that measured two dimensions of the perception and risks related to the aversion or delegation of the problem to the political or social actor, as well as the dimension of the propensity involved in negotiation.and agreement between the parties, but the type of study, sampling and analysis limited the results to the research scenario, suggesting the inclusion of the hyperopia factor to explain the effect of the risk events on the mental health of the locality that would be characterized by a lack of concern and inaction before the problems of shortages, unhealthiness and lack of water service.

2013
Cold & Corral They established by means of a structural model [χ 2 = 197.15(71 gl), p < 0.001; BBNFI = 0.90; BBNNFI = 0.91; CFI = 0.93; RMSEA = 0.007; R 2 = 0.67] the individual characteristics of the offenders, which are determinants of antisocial behavior (0.62).The latter were determined by family violence (0.42) and the social environment (0.41).The individual characteristics were: anxiety (0.84), opposite behavior (0.68), ADHD (0.85), depression (0.67), inattention (0.84), low empathy (0.47) and low self-control (0.53).Antisocial behavior included antisocialization (0.76), aggression (0means of a structural model [χ 2 = 382.3(243 gl), p < 0.0001; NNFI = 0.93; RMSEA = 0.003; R 2 = 0 model in which the local management of resources was established based on the uses and customs of rural areas, although command structures were modified, the community assembly continued with tequio and guatza, main activities dedicated to the dosage of water consumption.2018Juárez et al.They established as an indicator of co-management reuse, since both public and civilian actors developed storage and dosage techniques in consumption that allow them to reuse their resources, although each time they are contaminated.Source: Own elaboration.

Table 1 .
State of knowledge.
Open Journal of Political ScienceThey established positive associations between negative past and present hedonist, positive past and present fatalist.The hedonistic present with the positive past and the fatalistic present.
2008 Corral et al.In the context of the psychology of water resources and services, found that the utilitarian beliefs determine water consumption indicated by washing dishes, grooming, watering plants, washes dishes and cleaning sidewalk.2009 Corral, Tapia, Fraijo & González They revealed ten dimensions of sustainable behavior: perception of environmental norms, appreciation for the natural, pro-environmental indignation, affinity for diversity, deliberation, fairness, altruism, pro-ecologism, austerity and self-presentation.2009 Frías, Rodríguez & Corral

Table 2 .
Descriptive of the sample.

Table 4 .
Descriptive of the instrument.Prepared with the study data Open Journal of Political Science the literature identifies as hyperopia to demonstrate a tenure towards carelessness and inaction in the face of risk events and water problems both global and local.