Relationship between the Traditional Buddhist Culture and the Fluctuations of Corporate Performance

After the financial crisis and stock price crash, more stakeholders are concerned about the performance of the company. With the rise of religious economics in recent years, the paper selected data from 2006-2016 for listed companies on the A-share main board. The study found that: 1) The stronger the traditional Buddhist culture of listed companies is, the smaller the fluctuation of corporate performance is; 2) Compared with state-owned enterprises, the negative impact of traditional Buddhist culture on fluctuations in corporate performance is stronger among non-state-owned enterprises; 3) When the company is in a mature period, the Buddhist tradition has a stronger inhibitory effect on corporate performance fluctuations.


Introduction
Enterprise performance volatility is an important indicator to measure the stability of a company's earnings.The existing research mainly discusses the factors affecting the fluctuation of enterprise performance from the level of corporate governance and other factors, but ignores the factors that affect the fluctuation of corporate performance from the non-institutional perspective.Generally speaking, in order to maximize the profit of the target company, the business managers of the enterprise will make some irrational decisions, such as formulating some strategies that violate the willingness of the enterprise to develop, or blindly pursuing the realization of short-term benefits while ignoring the actual long-term development, resulting in the fluctuations of corporate performance.mance levels and performance volatility.Performance levels measure the company's short-term performance, while performance volatility considers the company's long-term operating conditions, including the stability of company earnings [1] [2].Kogan, Moscoviei et al. studied the influencing factors of corporate performance volatility from the perspective of decision theory.They claimed that team communication generated costs, and the larger the team, the more cost.The final team's decision was replaced by a compromise and compromise.Therefore, the larger the company, the more conservative the final decision may be, and the smaller the performance volatility.Adams et al. found that the power of other managers within the company was affected by the concentration of corporate power.If the company's power is too concentrated, then the company's performance and the market value of the company will fluctuate more.Cheng, Niu et al. have shown that board size has a negative correlation with corporate performance volatility [3].
Koemiadi et al. have shown that companies with better governance structures have lower non-systemic risks, and their performance volatility will be smaller.Yang et al. empirically examined the relationship between management decision-making authority and corporate performance volatility from the perspective of senior management team decision-making.The results of the study have found that a company with more authority in its position will have greater volatility in the performance of the company.Zang found that the higher the female directors, the more stable their performance fluctuations, because of female directors tending to avoid risks compared to male directors [4].

The Impact of Religious Traditions on Individuals and Businesses
Miller and Hoffmann found that the stronger the level of religious belief, the weaker people's ability to withstand risk.Osoba et al. found that risk averseers went to church more often than risk takers.Pan, Zhong found that family members with religious beliefs were more cautious in borrowing.Jiang et al.
argued that founders with religious backgrounds were more inclined to avoid risks when making decisions.Hilary and Hui discovered that religion influences organizations' attitudes toward risk.Chen, Du et al. showed that the more religious traditions in the location of listed companies, the less accounting violations [5] [6].Du et al. discovered that religious traditions promoted corporate social responsibility, and this promotion was more pronounced in areas where the external legal environment was weak [7].In addition, Bi et al.
found that traditional culture is positively related to the level of corporate environmental information disclosure, while there is a complementary effect between traditional culture and environmental systems.Gmbling propensity would be stronger in regions with higher concentrations of Catholics relative to Protestants [8].

Traditional Buddhist Culture and Corporate Risk Appetite
Previous literature on religious traditions shows that people with traditional Buddhist cultural beliefs have a greater risk aversion tendency.Generally speaking, the risk decision of the enterprise is made by the company's management, and the traditional culture of Buddhism can influence the strategic choices and risk decisions made by the executives in the uncertain environment by influencing the executives' psychological and cognitive preferences, and ultimately affect the organizational behavior of the company.Therefore, the stronger the corporate traditional culture atmosphere of the enterprise, the weaker the risk-taking ability of the enterprise, and the higher the aversion of the enterprise to the risk, so that the senior executives often adopt some gentle strategies in making decisions, thus reducing the fluctuation of corporate performance.Mc-Guire, Sean T, Omer, Thomas C et al. found that firms headquartered in areas with strong religious social norms generally experience lower incidences of financial reporting irregularities [9].At the same time, according to the theory of resource dependence, enterprises in the process of sustainable development will minimize the dependence on external resources, thereby reducing the risk caused by the uncertainty of the external environment.Therefore, when the concept of traditional Buddhist culture conflicts with the decision of the enterprise, it will increase the cost of the enterprise.Stephen J. Nickell considered that competition is associated with a significantly higher rate of total factor productivity growth [10].Therefore, from the perspective of social capital, when making decisions, companies will try to avoid behaviors that are inconsistent with the local style.On the contrary, they will pursue synergies and follow the local culture to minimize costs.From this perspective, it is necessary for corporate culture to be consistent with the local environment of the company.Therefore, if the traditional Buddhist culture of the company is more concentrated, the traditional Buddhist culture can restrain the opportunistic behavior of managers to a certain extent, thus restraining the fluctuation of corporate performance.Based on the above analysis, this paper proposes the following assumptions: H1: The richer the traditional Buddhist atmosphere of the listed company, the smaller the fluctuation of corporate performance.

Nature of Property Rights, Traditional Buddhist Culture and Fluctuations in Corporate Performance
Du found that there is a complementary substitution between religious tradition and formal system.When the company faces a strong external supervision mechanism, the suppression of corporate governance by religious traditions tends to weaken [11].

Enterprise Life Cycle Path Hypothesis
Wright argues that when a company is in the growth stage, it will undertake high-risk projects with expected returns and expected cash flow uncertainty.
According to the enterprise life cycle theory, when the enterprise is in different life cycle stages, the internal and external environment and development strategy of the enterprise are different.With the gradual development of the enterprise, when the enterprise is in the mature stage, the free cash flow of the enterprise reaches the highest.At this time, the enterprise will increase investment, and at the same time, it will also increase the risk faced by the enterprise, and ultimately lead to excessive performance volatility.However, the Buddhist tradition will act as a stabilizer in the company's investment decisions, and to some extent inhibit the management's excessive investment and aggressive behavior, which is more likely to reduce performance volatility.Based on this, this paper proposes a third hypothesis: H3: When the enterprise is in a mature stage, the traditional culture of Buddhism has a stronger inhibitory effect on the fluctuation of corporate performance.companies [14].The residual of model ( 3) takes the absolute value as a proxy variable to measure the company's lateral dispersion.

Traditional Buddhist Culture
According to the research ideas of Hilary and Hui, this paper uses the number of key Buddhist temples within a certain range of listed companies to measure the influence of traditional Buddhist culture on listed companies.I adopt the number of key Buddhist temples within 100 km, 200 km, and 300 km of the company as a proxy variable for measuring traditional Buddhist culture.1.

A Test Model for Analyzing the Relationship between Buddhist Traditional Culture and Corporate Performance Fluctuations
In order to test H1, that is，the richer the traditional Buddhist atmosphere of the listed company, the smaller the fluctuation of corporate performance.This paper builds the following model based on two different performance volatility [19] [20]: 1) When testing the traditional culture of Buddhism and the vertical performance fluctuations of the company.The data on the control variables is the average value during the sample period.I estimate the following equation: In model ( 1) and model ( 2), the explanatory variable Std_ROA (Std_Tobin's Q) measures the vertical volatility of the firm, mainly refers to the change of company performance during the research period, reflecting the continuity and stability of the company's performance.At the same time, the two models were tested with rel100 and rel300 as distance standards.If the coefficient a 1 is significantly negative, it indicates that the richer the traditional Buddhist atmosphere of the listed company, the smaller the fluctuation of corporate performance, the H1 is established.
2) When studying the relationship between traditional Buddhist culture and the horizontal performance volatility of the company, it is mainly divided into two stages: First, based on the company performance ROA (Tobin's Q) and the traditional influence of Buddhist culture (rel200) and related control variables, a simple linear regression is performed to obtain the residual u1 (u2).Then the absolute value u_R(u_Q) of the residual is regressed with the influence degree of Buddhist traditional culture (rel200) and the control variables.The specific analysis model is as follows: First, through the model ( 3), the ROA (Tobin's Q) and the explanatory variable and the control variable are subjected to multiple linear regression, and the residual u1 (u2) can be obtained, and then the absolute value of the residual u_R(u_Q) is used to measure the lateral direction of the company.Discreteness, indicating the horizontal volatility of company performance.
Then, using the model (4), the absolute value u_R(u_Q) of the residual is regressed with the Buddhist influence degree (rel200) and the control variable.If the coefficient of rel200 is significantly negative, the assumption 1 is established.

Property Nature of the Enterprise
Whether the influence of traditional Buddhist culture on corporate performance fluctuations is different between state-owned enterprises and non-state-owned enterprises.
In order to test H2, the article divides the sample into state-owned enterprises and non-state-owned enterprises by grouping, and the specific model is consistent with the model of hypothesis 1 [21].

Descriptive Statistics
From Table 2  as asset-liability ratio (lev), firm size (C_size), and growth (growth), the proxy variable of Buddhist traditional culture (rel200) is negatively correlated with the vertical and horizontal performance fluctuations of the enterprise, and the coefficient is significantly negative, consistent with the expectation.Then, we use rel100 and rel300 as the distance standard to measure the traditional culture of Buddhism.The regression results show that the rel100 coefficient is significantly negative when the firm performance fluctuation is measured by Std_ROA.
However, when the dependent variable is Std_TobinQ, the coefficient of rel100 is marginal significantly.From the descriptive statistics in Table 3, the average value of rel100 is only 5, so it does not reflect the extent to which the company is influenced by traditional Buddhist culture.When rel300 is used as an explanatory variable, the regression results are significant in both models, further confirming the establishment of H1.

The Nature of Property Rights, Traditional Buddhist Culture and Fluctuations in Corporate Performance
In order to verify Hypothesis 2, I first classify the sample into a state-owned sample group and a non-state-owned sample group according to the actual controller nature.Then, using the two models of vertical and horizontal dispersion to carry out regression analysis on the state-owned sample group and the non-state-owned sample group respectively, the regression results in Table 4 show that in the two models, the coefficient of the proxy variable rel200 of the traditional Buddhist culture is significantly negative.Moreover, the coefficient test results of state-owned samples and non-state-owned samples indicate that there is a significant difference between the two, indicating that the traditional culture of Buddhism has a stronger inhibitory effect on the performance fluctuations of non-state-owned sample enterprises.The regression results of other control variables are consistent with the previous basic analysis.From another point of view, the internal culture of state-owned enterprises will dilute a part of the traditional culture of Buddhism to inhibit the fluctuation of corporate performance to a certain extent, indicating that there is a complementary substitution between different cultures [28].5 indicate that when the enterprise is at the maturity stage of the life cycle, the inhibitory effect of traditional Buddhist culture (rel200) on corporate performance volatility is signifi-cantly negatively correlated in both models, that is, when the enterprise is in a mature stage, the traditional culture of Buddhism has a stronger inhibitory effect on the fluctuation of corporate performance.

Additional Test
This section examines the sensitivity of the division of the enterprise life cycle.
First, we use the multivariate scoring method to divide the enterprise life cycle stage, and then consider the factors of the difference between the industries, that is, according to the total score of the four indicators, the total sample is sorted by industry from large to small.Each industry sample is divided into three parts according to the total score size.About 1/3 of the highest scores are for long-term enterprises.About 1/3 of the lowest scores are enterprises in the recession period, and the middle part is mature enterprises.The multi-index comprehensive scoring method can comprehensively characterize the different development stages of the   enterprise, and the loss of the sample is relatively small.
The regression results in Table 6 show that when the enterprise is in the mature stage of the life cycle, the inhibition effect of the traditional culture of Buddhism (rel200) on the fluctuation of enterprise performance is significantly negatively correlated in both models, and the hypothesis H3 is verified.The regression results in Table 7 are basically consistent with the regression results of the enterprise life cycle by using the cash flow method, indicating that the research conclusions based on the division method of the enterprise life cycle stage constructed by the Institute are robust.

Robustness Test
This paper conducted a series of robustness tests: 1) Dividing the sample into East, Central and Western regions according to the location of the company.
Previous literatures have shown that the geographical distribution of Buddhism is largely consistent with the regional distribution of the economy.Therefore, it is inferred that the traditional Buddhist culture in the eastern region is more intense.The empirical results show that in the two models, the company is located in the eastern region.Buddhist tradition has a significant negative impact on its corporate performance volatility.2) Defining rel200 as a dummy variable.The

Conclusion and Future Research Direction
This paper is based on the idea that Buddhist traditional culture can enhance individual ethical standards and internal self-discipline, and then explores the relationship between traditional Buddhist culture and corporate performance fluctuations.Different from previous research literatures on economic development, political structure and legal system, and corporate governance, this paper focuses on the impact of corporate culture-traditional Buddhist culture which is the implicit social norms on corporate performance volatility.The empirical results show that the traditional culture of Buddhism plays an important positive role in restraining the fluctuation of corporate performance.The main findings include: The stronger the traditional Buddhist culture of listed companies is, the smaller the fluctuation of corporate performance is; Compared with state-owned enterprises, the negative impact of traditional Buddhist culture on fluctuations in corporate performance is stronger among non-state-owned enterprises; When the company is in a mature period, the Buddhist tradition has a stronger inhibitory effect on corporate performance fluctuations.The limitations of this paper are mainly as follows: first, because of the Buddhist belief involving personal privacy issues, it is difficult to collect data at the individual level.Therefore, this paper does not consider whether there are differences in the impact of different religious belief categories on corporate performance fluctuations.Second, the traditional Buddhist culture is only part of the corporate culture.Therefore, there is still a lot of room for the study of corporate culture in the future.

4. 2 . 1 .
Enterprise Performance FluctuationsThis paper measures corporate performance volatility from two perspectives: accounting performance and market performance.ROA is selected as an indicator to measure the company's accounting performance.Tobin's Q is selected as an indicator to measure the company's market performance.The Tobin Q value is a comprehensive indicator that can more realistically reflect the performance of the company.Referring to the research methods of Adams, Cheng et al., I adopt Glejter heteroscedasticity test to measure the performance volatility of the company in stages.Therefore, the company's performance fluctuations are divided into vertical volatility and horizontal volatility.Vertical volatility mainly refers to changes in company performance during the research period, reflecting the continuity and stability of company performance (ROA, Tobin's Q).Horizontal volatility indicates the extent to which a company's performance deviates from normal performance, reflecting performance fluctuations between different from a static perspective, ignoring the differences between enterprises at different stages of life cycle.In view of this, this paper introduces the enterprise life cycle theory, attempts to analyze the relationship between traditional Buddhist culture and corporate performance volatility, and attempts to provide a reference for the dynamic construction of non-institutional culture in the different life cycle stages of enterprises.According to the characteristics of listed companies in China, this paper divides the life cycle of enterprises into three stages: growth stage, maturity stage and recession stage.The division of the life cycle is based on the practices of Cao Yu et al. and Dickinson, and is divided by the cash flow combination method.The regression results in Table the company level, an enterprise is an organization that seeks to maximize profits.However, as a company's decision makers and executives, executives' personal characteristics will have an impact on the stability of company performance through certain behavioral decisions.Performance is one of the most concerned issues for corporate stakeholders.Stakeholders have different levels of acceptability for fluctuations in business performance due to different biases toward risk.Therefore, this paper studies the influence of traditional Buddhist culture (corporate on corporate performance volatility, stressing those enterprises should not neglect the role of corporate culture in the development process, and provide reference and reference for realizing the long-term interests of the company.Second, for the enterprise itself, it is necessary to recognize the impact of the external environment of the enterprise on the entire enterprise organization and corporate decision-makers.Therefore, the development of the enterprise must consider the joint effect of the internal and external environment and grasp the external advantages of the enterprise development.2)Theoretical contributionIn addition to the actual contribution, the research in this paper has certain theoretical significance.At present, the research on corporate performance volatility is still limited to the literature related to corporate governance, while the relative non-institutional considerations are relatively rare, especially from the perspective of Chinese traditional culture.First, company performance includes two dimensions of performance level and performance volatility, which can measure the management level of executives.However, some related researches mainly focus on the performance level of the company, and less people study the performance volatility of the company.It not only represents whether the company's profitability has certain stability, but also reflects the risks faced by enterprises in the process of business management.Therefore, this paper mainly explores the influence of the non-institutional culture of Buddhist tradition on the performance fluctuation of the company, enriching the research in this field.Second, most of the listed companies in China are state-owned listed companies, which may have some unique characteristics by nature.The internal corporate culture formed by them also has special attributes.Therefore, according to the unique attributes of Chinese listed companies and the unique internal culture of enterprises, it is studied whether there is a difference between traditional Buddhist culture and corporate performance waves under the different property rights. of the previous studies have taken the static view of the listed companies as a research sample, ignoring the differences between enterprises at different stages of life In view of this, this paper introduces the enterprise life cycle theory to investigate whether there is a difference in the influence of traditional Buddhist culture on enterprise performance fluctuations in different life cycle stages, and attempts to provide a reference for the non-institutional culture to dynamically construct enterprise performance fluctuations in different life cycle stages of enterprises.

4.1. Sample Selection and Data Source
servations, a total of 1327 listed companies.To mitigate the effects of outliers, I winsorize all continuous variables in Table1at the top or bottom one percentile of the deflated value in each year.

Main Results 6.2.1. The Influence of Traditional Buddhist Culture on Corporate Performance Fluctuations
[24]an see that the mean values of the variables rel100, rel200 and rel300 for measuring the Buddhist tradition are 5.45, 12.46 and 21.84 and the standard deviations are 4.64, 9.04 and 14.62 respectively.It is explained that the average number of key Buddhist temples within 100 km and 200 km and 300 km of the listed company is about 5, 12 and 22 respectively.Taking rel200 as an example, the number of key Buddhist temples around the company can be up to 40, and the minimum is 0, indicating that there is a large gap between the traditional Buddhist atmospheres around different companies.The mean values of the control variables lev, C_size, and growth are 0.53, 22.23, and 0.23 and the standard deviations are 0.21, 1.5, and 0.79, respectively, which are basically consistent with the existing literature[24][25][26] [27].First, we examine the impact of traditional Buddhist culture on corporate performance volatility.From enterprise level, after controlling for other factors such 6.2.

Table 3 .
The influence of Buddhism on corporate performance fluctuations.
Most of the previous studies have used listed companies as a research sample 4. Regression results for state-owned and non-state-owned samples.

Table 5 .
Different life cycle stages of the enterprise.

Table 6 .
Standards for the division of the enterprise life cycle.

Table 7 .
Comprehensive scoring method to divide business Using the multivariate scoring method to divide the enterprise life cycle, the final regression results show that when the enterprise is in the mature stage of the life cycle, the coefficients of the traditional Buddhist culture (rel200) are signifi-