Application of Series Formula Method in Optimization Arrangement of Webs

The expressions of the internal forces of the webs under the vertical loads of the simply supported beam type trusses with vertical and horizontal webs and without vertical webs are studied through the mathematical formula method. The variations of internal forces under different angles and spacings of the webs are simulated. The law of the optimal arrangement of the webs of the parallel-string simple-beam truss is obtained: under the condition that the rigidity of the rod is allowed, the form of no vertical web-type truss and reducing the span distance and inclination of the side span are advisable, which can save materials and reduce the weight as well. This method can be applied to the calculation of internal forces for arbitrary loads and truss forms.


Introduction
The domestic and foreign methods for calculating the internal force of a simple truss plane in statically determinate planes are mainly numerical solutions and graphical methods at present.To calculate the internal force using the numerical solution method, it is necessary to "truncate" the trusses and list the balance equations.Generally, the truncated rods can be obtained when they do not exceed 3 [1].This method is widely used for calculating the internal forces of a simple truss, but it is very cumbersome to use for complex and multi-node trusses.In the design, the graphic method is usually used, but the designer must have certain experience and a more accurate drawing level in the drawing of interaction diagrams of internal forces.Liu Yuehua solved the internal forces of trusses by obtaining two unknown forces at a node combined with AUTO CAD drawing tools based on the graphic method [2].M. S. Kechum proposed an exponential internal force method, in which the vertical force components of the rod represent its internal force in the form of a trigonometric function, and the internal forces of the truss members are quickly calculated [3].For the fasting staggered truss structure, Zhou Xuhong et al. introduced the truss rotational stiffness and transfer coefficient to give the formula for internal forces of the members, which was in good agreement with the results of ANSYS analysis [4].
The mathematical formula method is a simple and applicable method combining the index internal force method with the traditional cross section method, the truss regarded as an ideal one, which is composed of the calculation sections between the left end and the right end arranged in series, The equation derived from the section method containing only one unknown based on the principle of the virtual work method, is used to calculate the internal force of a simple abdominal truss [5].

Truss and Rod Parts Classification
Truss refers to a lattice-based lattice structure consisting of straight rods connected to each other at their ends.The simplest form of a simple abdominal truss is a triangle formed by three rods hinged to each other at the ends of the rods.Under the action of a load, the inherent shape of the truss is not changed except for a slight elastic deformation.Each time two poles are accessed, various types of stable trusses can be obtained.The truss joined by this method is called a simple abdominal truss.Among them, the corresponding nodes of the upper and lower chords, in addition to the oblique web members, also have a vertical web-joint truss called a vertical web truss; a diagonal web only truss is called a vertical web truss.In a truss, there is a vertical web between some of the joints, and the other truss without a vertical web is called a hybrid web truss.
The member in a truss between the two upper chords is called the upper chord, denoted as O, the member between lower chord nodes is referred to as U.
The rod connecting the upper and lower strings is called the web rod, Tilt rods that are inclined to the right are called ascending diagonal webs, which are represented by up D , otherwise by down D .The middle diagonal rods of two ad- joining ascending cantilever rods are called ascending vertical web rods denoted by up V the corresponding descending vertical web rods are down V ; when the upper rod rods are bent at the upper end of a single vertical web rod, the single vertical rod is called "个" rod represented by

Method Description
The definition of the names of the rods and the symbols of the formulas are shown in Figure 1.The upper (lower) chord of the truss is called the upper chord, and the upper (lower) one between x calculation sections is called the upper (lower) chord.The slanted web that slopes to the right in this section is called ascending slant rod, and that slanting in the left is called descending slant rod.The middle vertical and horizontal webs of the adjacent upward-rising sloping rods are known as ascending vertical webs, and the middle vertical webs of two adjacent downward webs are called descending vertical webs.The interval between adjacent webs is called the calculation interval denoted by x.The numbering rule of interval is: Trusses with vertical rod is arranged in natural number sequence (0), 1, 2, 3, etc., while for trusses without a vertical rod, it is in order of arithmetic series (0), 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3 etc.when the first rod is an ascending oblique web, of arithmetic series (0), 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 ect., when the first rod declines.In that case, when arranged sequentially from left to right in order of arithmetic progression, the internal force equation deducted by the section method can be simplified according to the sum formula of arithmetic series, as we all know ( ) The ultimate expression of internal forces is simple and has wider applicability, which is capable to calculate any rod or node displacement of the truss.

Derivation of Series Formula for Internal Force
The internal force x O of upper chord in the X th inter-section: using the cross section method [6], take the left side of section a-a as the spacer, the lower node as the mausoleum, then The lower chord internal force is obtained in the same way as Figure 2 shows: Ascending oblique web internal force up x D in the X th inter-section: take the left end of the section a-a as a spacer, 0 y = ∑ , then   The corresponding internal force of a falling oblique rod is cos .
of ascending vertical abdominal rod in the X th inter-section: take the left part of section a-a as a separator [7], The internal force of a falling vertical rod down is calculated through the same way.
The internal force of "个" vertical bar ox V and oblique rod ox V ′′ : take the se- parator above section a-a (see Figure 3), 0 y = ∑ , then , cos  The inner force of inverted "个" vertical rod ox V is and that of the inclined one ox V ′′ is

The Internal Force of Vertical Truss under the Action of Unit
Vertical Node Load (X Stands for the Rod Adjacent to the Left Side of the X-Section) ( )

The Internal Force of Truss without Vertical Web under Vertical Load Per Unit
Half-section truss between upper chords ( ) Half-section truss between lower chords ( )

The Arrangement of Rods
The arrangement of the webs should be such that the truss structure is simple and the force is reasonable.As far as possible, the long rods are subjected to tension and the short one are compressed.The inclined web angles are generally from 30˚ to 60˚.The external load should act on the node to avoid the local bending moment of the chord due to the inter-node load.This paper investigates the variation of internal forces of the simple-supported beam truss with vertical and radial webs and vertical and horizontal rods under three-dimensional vertical loads with the arrangement of the webs.Among them, there are vertical abdominal truss arrangements of the abdominal system is divided into the left half of the rise and the right half of the decline, the left half of the decline and the right half of the rising, falling and ascending alternate arrangement, ascending and descending Formed into "eight"-shaped layout; no vertical web beam simple beam truss according to the abdominal layout of the winding head joints for the half pitch, the lower end of the chord between the half pitch, the number of winding internodes greater than the lower chord joint The trusses with the number and the number of inter-chords less than the number of inter-chords are shown in Figure 4 and Figure 5.

Application of Series Formula Method in Arranging Truss Webs
Based on the calculation formula given above, the internal forces of the rods are changed with the inclination of the rods and the spacing between the webs, respectively, so that the angle between the webs and the vertical direction changes from 30˚ to 60˚, and the spacing ranges from 10 cm to 50 cm.Change; Each curve represents a specific position in the truss.The position of the rod varies from bottom left to right depending on the truss arrangement.It varies from bottom to top or top to bottom.Take a left-rise, right-fall truss as an example: The left end is the ascending type abdominal rod, the internode position 2 n x < , so with the position of the abdominal rod from the left end to the mid-span, the pressure up x D is gradually reduced.In the midspan, it is 0, that is, the end of the abdominal rod is greater than the middle abdominal rod; The shape of the rod parallel trusses does not conform to the shape of the bending moment diagram, so the force is poor, that is, the internal force of the chord is not even and the internal force of the web is slightly larger.The web changes with inclination from 30˚ to 60˚, and the internal pressure decreases.The lateral spandrel tends to converge when the tilt angle approaches 60˚, while the internal force of the intermediate span web changes most sensitively around 60˚; At a certain angle, with the increase in the number of webs, the internal pressure also increases because the corresponding webs of the joints gradually move toward the span along the distance between the nodes, close to the force transmission path, and the internal force and spacing of the webs become Linear change.The  The tension of the upright vertical web is located on the left span, and the internal force varies steadily with the pitch of the joints.The pull force of the web between the joints decreases with the increase of the pitch, because the internodes increase with the pitch between the nodes.While gradually moving across the middle, but from the truss system, its internal force amplitude showed a downward trend.The right cross-descent vertical bar is completely reversed symmetrical with the ascending change (see Figure 7).
For a parallel string truss without a vertical web, the ascending web is under pressure and falling, and the change is basically the same as that of a truss.The number of rods and the number of nodes in the vertical web-type truss system is also small.The two web members in the same node pull one pressure, and can well withstand the change load.

Conclusions
This paper discusses the variation of the internal force with the pitch angle and pitch of the truss system of the two kinds of truss systems with vertical and horizontal webs.In order to avoid the local bending moment of the inter-chord chords, the unit load is assumed to act on each of the upper and lower nodes.In order to simplify the calculation and facilitate the discussion, the simple-supported beam truss with parallel strings (left-wing rising right-side descending arrangement) as an example, the following results are given:

oV
, if the vertical and horizontal rods are diagonal rods, they are called o V ′′ .When the upper chord is pene- trated at the upper end of a single vertical bar, the single vertical bar is called a T-shaped vertical bar denoted by t V , it turns into T diagonal rods t V ′′ when the vertical rods are sloping.The inverted vertical and rods and inverted diagonal rods are denoted by u V and u V ′′ correspondingly; the inverted World Journal of Engineering and Technology T-shaped vertical abdominal rods and inverted T-shaped diagonal abdominal rods are presented by V and V ′′ .The definition of each specific bar is shown as follows (Figure 1).

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Definition of each bar in a truss.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Section selected by section method.
8) World Journal of Engineering and Technology
World Journal of Engineering and Technology

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Truss with half-section spacing at the lower end of the chord.

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. Truss with half-section spacing at the higher end of the chord.

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.Ascending oblique rod internal force varies with dip angle and quantity.

Figure 7 .
Figure 7. Ascending vertical rod internal force varies with dip angle and quantity.