Laterite , Sandstone and Shale as Adsorbents for the Removal of Arsenic from Water N ’ Da Akoua

This study aims at exploring arsenite (As (III)) removal from water using naturally available rocks (laterite, sandstone and shale) in Côte d’Ivoire. The study focused on the adsorbent dose, operating pH, contact time, initial arsenite concentration, and modelisation on the removal of arsenite by performing batch adsorption experiment with well water. The optimal dosage related to an initial As (III) concentration of 5 mg/L was about 50, 75 and 145 g/L for laterite, sandstone and shale respectively. Laterite has a better adsorption capacity in comparison to sandstone and shale. On the other hand, kinetic study reveals that the equilibrium times are 5 h for laterite, 3 h for sandstone and 8 h for shale. Results showed that laterite, sandstone and shale could remove the arsenic in groundwater at initial arsenic concentrations below 5 mg/L, satisfying the World Health Organization (WHO) standard for drinking water. Moreover, kinetics study showed that the overall adsorption rate of arsenite was described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model.


Introduction
Groundwater is the primary source of drinking water for many densely-populated countries in the world [1].These dangerous arsenic concentrations in natural waters are now a worldwide problem and often referred to as a 20 th -21 st century calamity.Indeed, according to WHO [2], arsenic contamination has aroused attention due to groundwater levels in many parts of the world at much higher concentrations than the maximum contaminant level of 10 μg/L for arsenic in drinking water.Many problems of health from arsenic contained in drinking water have been observed in Bangladesh [3], in Vietnam [4] in Cambodia [5] and Burkina Faso [6].In Akouédo (Côte d'Ivoire), high Arsenic concentrations in drinking water from well have been recorded in our previous work [7].In fact, in this area, well water is the main source of drinking water supply.
So, the presence of the arsenic in these underground waters will cause problems.Thus, several conventional processes for treatment of arsenic like coagulation-flocculation [8], co-precipitation [9], ion-exchange [10] and nanofiltration process [11] have been reported.However, these processes involve production of high arsenic contaminated sludge [12], high maintenance cost and require relatively expensive mineral materials [13].Therefore, an effective arsenic removal technology is thus highly desirable to provide safe drinking water to the affected people.Adsorption is gaining importance in recent days due to its technical simplicity and easier applicability in developing countries.This research work aims at removing arsenic from aqueous solutions by the geo-materials like laterite, sandstone and shale.The specific objectives are 1) to determine optimal dose, the kinetic parameter of arsenic (III) adsorption, and 2) to study the effect of pH, time, and initial concentration on the arsenic (III) adsorption.

Adsorbate and Adsorbents
As (III) stock solution (1000 mg/L) was prepared by dissolving reagent grade As (III) oxid of 99.5% purified into deonized water.The volume of the solution was made up to 1L in a standard flask.The working solutions containing arsenic were prepared by dissolving appropriate amount of arsenic from stock solutions in well water.The pH of well water varied from 6.3 to 6.6.The experiments were performed at ambient temperatures up to 25˚C.
Laterite contained goethite, quartz, hematite, gibbsite and kaolinite, while sandstone main components were goethite, quartz and hematite.In this shale, appear mainly, small crystals of quartz, albite, microcline, chlorite, kaolinite and dolomite.The data of elemental composition of laterite highlights that silica represents 20% of the material, while the percentage of potential adsorbents mineral oxides Al 2 O 3 , Fe 2 O, MgO and MnO was about a 63.13%.Concerning sandstone, it contained more silica (57.76%) than potentially adsorbent mineral (36.58%) [14].In shale, the most abundant element here is silica (SiO 2 55.43%) followed by alumina (Al 2 O 3 15.46%) and iron oxide Fe 2 O 3 (9.21%).Other oxides (MnO, MgO, CaO, Na 2 O; K 2 O; TiO 2 ) in very small proportions, between 0.29% and 3.13%, are also contained in it.The rate of constituent elements potentially adsorbent minerals is 27.98%.This support contains oxide of calcium with a rate of 2.34% [15].The CEC of laterite, sandstone and shale are respectively 34.1; 4.7 American Journal of Analytical Chemistry and 33.13 mEq/100g.

Batch Adsorption Experiments: Optimal Dose Measurement
Batch experiments were performed by adding the sorbent in bottles (500 mL) and aqueous As (III) solution at desired initial pH.For all experiments, initial pH of As (III) solution was controlled with a pH-meter by adding nitric acid (HNO 3 ) and/or sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution as required.To determine the optimal dose of sorbent, a wide range of adsorbent masses (0.6; 0.8; 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6.2; 7; 8 g) were shaken in 40 ml of an arsenic solution (5 mg/L).The samples were agitated with rotary shaker (Retsch, Berlin) at 200 rpm for 24 h.After filtration through a 0.45 μm cellulosic acetate film, the As (III) concentration of the filtered solutions was analyzed with Optical Emission Spectrometer OPTIMA 2100 Dual View (ICP-OES 2100 DV).The As (III) adsorbed percentage was calculated using this relation ( 1): The amount of As (III) adsorption at any time t, q t (mg/g), was calculated according to Equation ( 2): ( ) where: C 0 (mg/L) = Initial arsenic concentrations C f (mg/L) = Equilibrium arsenic concentrations V (L) = Volume of the As (III) solutions m (g) = Adsorbent mass q t (mg/g) = Adsorption capacity.

Effect of pH on As (III) Adsorption
The effect of solution pH was carried out by adding the optimal dose of sorbent in 40 mL of As (III) solution at 5 mg/L as initial concentration at different pH values (4.0 -10.0).These pH values were obtained by adding into each solution the required amounts of dilute nitric acid (HNO 3 ) or sodium hydroxide (NaOH).The mixture was agitated with a rotary shaker (Retsch, Berlin) for 12 hours at 25˚C.The As (III) adsorbed percentage was calculated according to Equation (1).

Adsorption Kinetics and Effect of Initial Concentration
The adsorption kinetic study was performed for As (III) in aqueous solution at pH 7 and room temperature (25˚C).Several glass vials were used to hold 40 mL As (III) aqueous solution of known initial concentration (1, 5 and 10 mg/L) and optimal dose of different adsorbents (Laterite, Sandstone and Shale), and shaken at 200 rpm for 24 hours.Samples were taken at a definite time interval and fil-American Journal of Analytical Chemistry tered through a 0.45 μm cellulosic acetate film.Filtrates were analyzed to determine residual As (III) concentration.

Mathematical Modeling of Adsorption Kinetics
In the present investigation, the adsorption data were analyzed using three kinetic models: the pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order kinetic and the intraparticle diffusion models.
The first-order Lagergren's equation is used to determine the rate of the reaction.The equation is: ( ) where K 1 = constant rate of adsorption, q e = amount of solute adsorbed (mg/g) at equilibrium, q t = amount of solute adsorbed (mg/g) at any time t and t = time (min).When log(q e − q t ) is plotted against t, and K 1 could be obtained from the slope of the straight line.
The pseudo-second-order reaction is greatly influenced by the amount of pollutant adsorbed on the material's surface and the amount of equilibrium adsorbed pollutant.The pseudo-second-order kinetics may be expressed in a linear form as where the equilibrium adsorption capacity (q e ), and the second order constants k 2 (g/mg h) can be determined experimentally from the slope and intercept of plot t/q versus t.
The kinetic experimental results were also be fitted to the Weber's intraparticle diffusion model [16].The rate constants of intra-particle transport (K d ) can be calculated from the Weber Morris equation.The equation is: where, q(t)= amount of As (III) adsorbed in mg/g, t = time in minute.

Adsorbent Dose
A batch test was performed to determine the best sorbent concentration.Figure 1 shows the effect of adsorbent dose on As (III) removal percentage.One could observe that As (III) removal efficiency increased adsorbent dose increase.The optimum percentage was 88%, 83% and 76% for an optimal concentration of 50 g/L laterite, 75 g/L sandstone, and 145 g/L shale, and it increased up to more than 90% for adsorbent dose of 200 g/L.Gupta et al. [17] showed that the higher the adsorbing surface is provided over the amount of solute adsorbed is important.However, a further increase of the adsorbent slightly affects the adsorption of As (III) due to agglutination of the adsorbent particles.

Adsorption Kinetics Measurement
The effect of contact time on the amount of arsenic adsorption by laterite, sandstone and shale was studied using optimal mass of the adsorbents, at pH 7.0 with initial concentration of As (III) at 5 mg/L (Figure 2).The As (III) adsorption capacity increased from 0.053 mg/g to 0.076 mg/g laterite and decreased thereafter.A similar effect, was observed for sandstone and shale, where the As (III) adsorbed capacity increased from 0.035 mg/g to 0.050 mg/g for the sandstone and 0.012 mg/g to 0.020 mg/g for the shale.The As (III) adsorption on the laterite, sandstone and shale occurred quickly in the initial phase of the experiment.This could be due to the availability of a large number of adsorption sites on the surface of the material.Maximum As (III) adsorption was observed after a stirring times of 5, 3 and 8 h for laterite, sandstone and shale respectively.

Effect of Initial Concentration
Figures 3-5 present respectively the effect of initial arsenic concentration on laterite, sandstone and shale adsorption capacity.The As (III) adsorption capacity increased with increasing initial arsenic concentration (Table 1).This is probably due to the availability of large vacant adsorbent sites and a high concentration gradient [18].For concentrations below 5 mg/L, after treatment, residual arsenic was less than 0.01 mg/L which is the standard of WHO for drinking water.

pH Effect
Arsenic adsorption efficiency by laterite, sandstone and shale versus pH is reported in Figure 6.The arsenic adsorption capacity of the three adsorbents increased in the pH range of 4 -7.The pH that allows the maximal adsorption is 7 for the laterite and 6 for the two other absorbents.Beyond 6, the adsorption decreased from 71.27% to 45.88% for shale.However, the Arsenic rate retention American Journal of Analytical Chemistry     Table 1.Kinetic parameters As (III) adsorptions by laterite, sandstone and shale.

Materials Experimental parameters
Pseudo-first-order kinetic model Pseudo-second-order kinetic model ( ) ( ) where, M as iron or aluminium.The Point of Zero Charge (PZC) of laterite is 6.8 and the PZC of sandstone is 4.3 -5.6 [14].At pH greater than the PZC, adsorbent surface is negatively charged and arsenite adsorption decreases due to electrostatic repulsion.Similarly, maximum adsorption was observed for As (III) adsorption in the pH range 6 -7 on activated coals [20].

Mathematical Modeling of Adsorption Kinetics
Kinetic models including the pseudo-first-order model of Lagergren, the pseudo-second-order model of Richie and intra-particle diffusion models were tested for experimental results simulation.

Pseudo-First-Order Model
The fact that the plot would be found to be linear with a week correlation coefficient (Figures 7-9), would indicate that Lagergren's equation is not appropriate to describe the As (III) adsorption.However, it was observed that the Lagergren pseudo-first-order model did not fit well, since the calculated q e values do not agree with the experimental q e values (Table 1).This suggests that the adsorption of arsenic does not follow a real first-kinetic order.

Pseudo-Second-Order Model
The fraction of arsenic adsorbed using the pseudo-second-order model is presented in Figures 10-12.The calculated values of K 2 , experimental values of q e      and the corresponding linear regression correlation coefficients R are presented in Table 1.The data showed that the R value of pseudo-second order model is greater than 0.99.In addition, the q e (cal) obtained with the pseudo-second kinetic model, are in agreement with experimental adsorption capacity q e (exp).
The pseudo-second-order model describes better the effect of arsenic adsorption by the adsorbents, and suggests that chemisorption could be the dominant mechanism in the As (III) adsorption by laterite, sandstone and shale.

Intra-Particle Diffusion Models
The graphs are plotted between q(t) and t 0.5 and are shown as Figures 13-15.d K , the constant rates for intra-particle diffusion are determined from the slopes of the linear portion of the respective plots and are shown in Table 1.The linear portions of the curves do not pass through the origin, and this is an indication that the intra-particle diffusion is not the only rate controlling this step.American Journal of Analytical Chemistry

Figure 3 .
Figure 3.Effect of reaction time on As (III) adsorption at various initial concentrations by laterite.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Effect of reaction time on As (III) adsorption at various initial concentrations by sandstone.

Figure 5 .
Figure 5.Effect of reaction time on As (III) adsorption at various initial concentrations by shale.

Figure 7 .
Figure 7. Plots of kinetics adsorption of arsenic (III) according to a pseudo-first-order onto laterite.

Figure 8 .
Figure 8. Plots of kinetics adsorption of arsenic (III) according to a pseudo-first-order onto sandstone.

Figure 9 .
Figure 9. Plots of kinetics adsorption of arsenic (III) according to a pseudo-first-order onto shale.

Figure 10 .
Figure 10.Plots of kinetics adsorption of arsenic (III) according to pseudo-second-order onto laterite.

Figure 11 .
Figure 11.Plots of kinetics adsorption of arsenic (III) according to pseudo-second-order onto sandstone.

Figure 12 .
Figure 12.Plots of kinetics adsorption of arsenic (III) according to pseudo-second-order onto shale.

Figure 13 .
Figure 13.Plots of constant intra-particle diffusion rate for arsenic adsorption onto laterite.

Figure 14 .
Figure 14.Plots of constant intra-particle diffusion rate for arsenic adsorption onto sandstone.

Figure 15 .
Figure 15.Plots of constant intra-particle diffusion rate for arsenic adsorption onto shale.
[19]to 91.62% and from 95.32% to 86.66% on laterite and sandstone respectively.The adsorbents surfaces are highly protonated and As (III) mainly exists neutral form H 3 AsO 3 .The Arsenic adsorption of hydrous iron and/or aluminium oxide of adsorbents surface is mainly by ligand exchange.The ligand exchange is envisaged like Stumm[19].