A Comparison of Gamma Irradiation Response Models of Bovine Blood , Liver and Kidney Tissues at Radiofrequency

This study is aimed at identifying gamma irradiated response of bovine blood, liver and kidney tissues at radiofrequency. For this purpose, impedence meter (Booton 7200) working in conjunction with signal generators (Loadster, SG416013 and Harris G857993) and improvised parallel plate dielectric cells constructed in line with the method of Laogun et al., (2005) were used to obtain the dielectric spread parameter gamma radiation α, of blood, liver and kidney tissues exposed to gamma irradiation dose range of 1.0 85.0 Gy. The dielectric spread parameter α gives the extent of damage induced in an irradiated tissue. Results of this work revealed that at 0 50 MHz frequency range, Kidney tissues displayed higher sensitive, followed Liver tissues and lasted the bovine blood between 0 60 Gy but reversed for blood and liver at 85 Gy. At 0 100 kHz frequency range liver tissue is more venerable to radiation injuries between gamma irradiation dose range of 0 20 Gy while between 43 85 Gy the Kidney’s sensitivity is the highest followed by blood and liver tissues. This implies that the liver tissues are less liable to radiation injuries at radiofrequency. A comparison of the linear, exponential and polynomial models using Akaike Information Criteria (AIC) revealed that linear models were the most suitable models for describing the effect of gamma radiation on the dielectric dispersion properties of bovine tissues at low and high radiofrequencies. This implies that the response of the investigated tissues increases linearly with gamma irradiation dose.


Introduction
The effect of gamma radiation on human tissues has been extensively studied and findings revealed that its beneficial effects are employed in the diagnosis and treatment of various ailments like cancers.Its non-beneficial effects include the induction of cancers, genetic disorder (mutation), and other numerous stochastic and non-stochastic effects [1].These effects arise from the excitation, ionization and breakage of some chemical bonds in the molecules of the exposed tissue [2].This leads to the production of complex ions (radicals) which reacts to produce toxins.These toxins are circulated throughout the body via lymphatic circulation and bloodstream causing radiation sicknesses [3].
The level of damage induced in an organ (tissue) depends on the quantity of radiation absorbed by the tissues, its composition and morphology.This implies that some tissues are more prone to radiation than others.The interaction of complex ions produced as a result of ionization event in the molecules of the irradiated tissues leads to the generation of toxins.These toxins are circulated throughout the body via lymphatic circulation and bloodstream [3].Syndromes of Acute Radiation Sickness (ARS) are expressed depending on the type of induced toxin.
Previous studies [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] have focused attention on the dielectric characterization of tissues whereas virtually little or no information exists on development of models that explains the difference in radio sensitivity between non-lymphoid tissues (liver and kidney) and moving mammalian lymphoid tissues (blood) based on dielectric relaxation spread [9].Hence, the need to direct efforts towards development of and comparison of response models of lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues via mathematical models.

Materials and Methods
The liver and kidney tissue samples were excise from an adult white Fulani cow which was duly certified healthy by veterinary doctor attached to Gwagwalada Central Abattoir in Gwagwalada Area Council, Abuja, Nigeria.The excised tissue samples were thoroughly washed with double distilled water and preserved in laboratory oven maintained at a temperature of 37.0˚C ± 0.5˚C for six hours to remove water from their surfaces.The blood samples were collected from the certified cow by vein puncture using a 10 ml hypodermic needle attached to a disposable plastic syringe.The blood samples were immediately introduced into heparinized tubes to prevent coagulation.Percentage water content of blood, kidney and liver samples were 86.0%, 72.2% and 71.6% respectively.Eight portions of each of the three tissue samples were irradiated at the following irradiation doses; 1.0 Gy, 4.0 Gy, 11.0 Gy, 20.0 Gy, 43.0 Gy, 60.0 Gy and 85.0 Gy respectively using the Gamma Irradiator (GS 1000) located at the Gamma Irradiation Facility (GIF) Unit of the National Nuclear Technology Centre, Abuja at a dose rate of 0.36 kGy/hr after which the various sample were introduced into their respective dielectric cells.The dielectric sample cells used in this research were constructed and calibrated in line with the method of Laogun [6] and Agba et al. [7].The dielectric constant, k and residual capacitance of the dielectric cells constructed for blood dielectric measurements was 0.0021 nF and 0.00118 nF while the dielectric cell for kidney and liver tissue measurements was 0.016 nF and 0.00912 nF respectively.Booton 7200 impedance meter in conjunction with signal generators (Loadstar, SG416013 and Harris G857993) were used to measure capacitance and dissipation factor of the samples.The dielectric spread parameters (α) of each sample were evaluated from the cole-cole plots.

Analysis and Results for Dielectric Spread Parameter α, at Low and High Radiofrequency Ranges for Bovine Kidney
For low Radiofrequency 1) Linear model: 2) Exponential model: 3) Polynomial model: For high Radiofrequency

Analysis of Bovine Liver Tissue
For low Radiofrequency where the D and α represent the γ-irradiation dose and dielectric spread parameter respectively.The AIC for low radiofrequency models was found to be 60.33, 69.44 and 69.37 for linear, exponential and polynomial models respectively while that of the high radiofrequency models was 60.71, 69.15 and 68.95 for linear, exponential and polynomial models respectively.Equations ( 7) and ( 8) (linear models); and Equation (10) (linear model) are preferred to other models for low and high frequency ranges.

Analysis for Bovine Blood Samples
For low Radiofrequency The plot of dielectric spread parameter against gamma (γ) irradiation dose shown in Figure 1 revealed that Bovine kidney was more prone to damage (sensitive) at low radiofrequencies followed by the liver tissues and lastly the blood tissue at 0 -60 Gy; at 85 Gy, the kidney's sensitivity is higher and closely followed by that of blood (see Table 1) while at higher frequency (Figure 2), the sensitivity of liver tissues is higher than that of blood and the kidney tissues   especially between the gamma irradiation dose of 0 -20 Gy (see Table 2).The dose range between 45 -85 Gy the sensitivity of kidney was observed to be more than that of the liver tissue and lastly the blood.This result at low frequencies is in good agreement to some extent with the findings of [8] which showed sequential order of the response of gamma irradiated chick embryo as follows; Heart, Kidney, Brain, Lungs, Blood and Liver tissues.The difference in the dielectric response of the bovine kidney, blood and liver tissues at the different frequency ranges may be attributed to the differences in their cellular and tissue morphology resulting in different characteristic polarization of the cell membrane and the relaxation of tissue protein [7] [10] [11].The difference in water content and ionic conductivity of the three tissues may also account for the difference in dielectric response [12] [13].
The interchange in sensitivity of liver samples and kidney tissue at higher frequencies (Figure 2) may be due to changes in polarization of counter ions near charged surfaces in tissue and possibly, the polarization of the large membrane bound structures and electrolytes [5].
The information derived from this work has application in radiation oncology and dosimetry; mathematical models developed in this work can be used to generate more dielectric data for clinical applications.

Conclusions
We proposed mathematical response models of gamma irradiated bovine tissues at lower and higher radiofrequencies within gamma irradiation dose regime of 1 -85 Gy.Using Akaike's Information Criterion, we show that at lower frequencies, linear mathematical models are the most preferred models for describing the response of bovine blood and liver tissues to gamma radiation; both linear and polynomial models are suitable for kidney tissues at lower radiofrequencies while linear models perform better for all the tissues at higher radiofrequencies.The plot of spread parameters versus gamma irradiation doses shows that at lower radiofrequencies (0 -100 kHz) kidney is more sensitive to gamma radiation at dose regime considered, followed by liver tissue except at 85 Gy.While at higher radiofrequencies (0 -50 MHz), liver between 0 -20 Gy, while between 43 and 85 Gy the kidney displayed higher sensitivity followed by liver tissues and lastly the blood.
where D and α represents γ-irradiation dose and spread parameter α, respectively.The Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) which is a tool for comparing the performance of two or more model is found to be 56.46,131.93 and 56.40 for the linear, exponential and polynomial model respectively at low radiofrequency while that of the high radiofrequency was 47.73, 56.93 and 56.03 for linear, exponential and polynomial models respectively.This suggest that Equations 1 and 3 (linear model and polynomial model respectively) are best for low frequency range while and Equation 4 (linear model) is the most appropriate for high radiofrequency response modeling of kidney tissues.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Variation of dielectric spread parameter with Gamma irradiation dose at 0.5 -100.0 kHz.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Variation of dielectric spread parameter with Gamma irradiation dose at 0.5 -50.0 MHz.
The AIC was found to be 40.82,48.15 and 48.00 respectively for the linear, exponential and polynomial models at low radiofrequency, while the AIC for linear, exponential and polynomial models was 40.80, 48.15 and 48.00 re- where D and α represents the γ-irradiation dose and dielectric spread parameter Open Journal of Biophysics respectively.

Table 1 .
Dielectric spread parameters α, of gamma irradiation and non-irradiated bovine kidney, liver and blood at 0.5 kHz -100.0 kHz.

Table 2 .
Dielectric spread parameter α, of gamma irradiated and non-irradiated bovine kidney, liver and blood at 0.5 MHz -50.0 MHz.