Management of Urological Lesions Secondary to Obstetrical Gyneco Surgery in the Urology Department of the Gabriel Toure University Hospital Centre

Summarizes: The objective of this work was to study the clinical, diagnostic, therapeutic and evolutionary aspects of urological lesions secondary to gynaeco-obstetrical surgery in the urology department of the Gabriel Touré University Hospital. Material and method: It was a transversal and retrospective study carried out in the urology department of the Gabriel Touré University Hospital Centre in Bamako over 8 years. It focused on the files of 25 patients operated on for a urological lesion secondary to gynaeco-obstetrical surgery. Sociodemographic, epidemiological, diagnostic, therapeutic and evolutionary parameters were analysed. Results: Urologic lesions secondary to gynaeco-obstetrical surgery were found in 0.72% of urologically operated patients. The mean age of the patients was 39 ± 10.4 years (extremes: 18 and 60 years). The average time to diagnosis was 121, 88 ± 15 days (extremes: 0 and 365 days). Clinical signs were: oligo anuria (16%), urine leakage (52%), lumbar pain (24%). The diagnosis was made by the methylene blue test in 56% of patients, by the uro-scanner (20%) and by intravenous urography (16%). In 8% of patients, the diagnosis was made during surgery. The surgical interventions involved were: hysterectomy (48%), cesarean section (40%), genital prolapse cure (8%), ovarian cystectomy (4%). Lesions were dominated by vaginal vesico fistulas (48%) followed by ureterovaginal fistulas (20%), ureteral ligatures (16%). Treatment consisted of ureterovesical reimplantation according to Lich Gregory with ureteral intubation (36%), fistulography (48%). Healing was achieved in 92% of patients. Conclusion: Hysterectomy for cervical malignancy and cesarean section are the How to cite this paper: Berthé, A., Coulibaly, M.T., Diallo, A.T., Diarra, M.Z., Yattara, I., Outtara, Z., Ouattara, A.D. and Diop, T.M. (2018) Management of Urological Lesions Secondary to Obstetrical Gyneco Surgery in the Urology Department of the Gabriel Toure University Hospital Centre. Surgical Science, 9, 203-209. https://doi.org/10.4236/ss.2018.97024 Received: May 28, 2018 Accepted: July 9, 2018 Published: July 12, 2018 Copyright © 2018 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Open Access


Introduction
Ureter and bladder lesions are the most common complications of pelvic surgery in women, according to a study by P. A. Bouya et al. at the service of urology-andrology of the University Hospital Center of Brazzaville in Congo [1].
They often go unnoticed during the procedure and are potentially serious.Damage to the ureter and bladder can be explained by the close anatomical relationships between the urinary and genital systems in women.
Drowned in retro-and sub-peritoneal connective tissue, small in size, the ureter is not always easily spotted.Poor knowledge of anatomy, anatomical variations, acquired distortion of anatomical relationships, surgical bleeding, obesity, postoperative or tumor adhesions are all factors that can lead to inadvertent damage to the ureter.
In France gynaecological surgery is complicated in 0.5% to 10% by ureteral lesions [2].
More than 80% of lesions are in the pelvic ureter, while the iliac ureter is affected in 13% of cases and the lumbar ureter in 6% of cases.The convergence in the small pelvis between the ureter and the vessels of the pelvic organs, and the absence of easily individualized anatomical planes between the fascia of the pelvis, explain why pelvic surgery is the most likely provider of iatrogenic lesions of the ureter, especially in women [2] [3].
Gynecological surgery seems to be the most exposed to the risk of ureteral lesion (50%); however, these lesions can be encountered during digestive surgeries, particularly during abdominal amputations (5% -15%) or during vascular surgery [4].
In urology, ureteral injuries are rare, apart from endoscopic techniques.The lesional mechanisms are either direct by section or ductal obstruction, or indirect by devascularization and secondary ureteral necrosis [5].
Often late diagnosis involves renal prognosis, justifying early diagnosis and intraoperative management.
The present study was initiated in order to determine the frequency of these urological lesions, their type as well as their etiologies in the urology department of the Gabriel Touré University Hospital.

Material and Method
It was a transversal and retrospective study carried out in the urology depart- It involved the records of 25 patients hospitalized for urological lesions secondary to obstetrical gynaecological surgery.
Included in the study were all patients who had a urological lesion that occurred during gynaeco-obstetrical surgery during the study period and was managed by the urology department.
The variables analyzed were: age, time to diagnosis, clinical and paraclinical aspects, type of surgery involved, site of injury, surgical repair.
The results were considered satisfactory in the absence of urine leakage, ureteral permeability to intravenous urography.
Data entry and analysis were performed on Microsoft Word software; Epi-Info version 3.5.4.
Qualitative variables were expressed in terms of proportion.The analysis of the quantitative variables consisted of the measurement of central tendency and dispersion, namely the mean, median and standard deviation.No statistical tests were performed due to the lack of comparison of two groups.
One of the limitations of our study was the small size of the study population.

Resultants
During the study period, 3426 patients were operated on in the urology department of the Gabriel Touré University Hospital, including 25 patients (0.72%) for a urological lesion secondary to gynaeco-obstetrical surgery.
The average age of our patients was 39 ± 10.4 years (extremes: 18 and 60 years).

Percentage
The average time to diagnosis of the lesion was 121, 88 ± 15 days (extremes: 0 and 365 days) (Figure 1).
The distribution of patients according to etiology and type of lesion are summarized in Table 3.
A case of partial section of the right ureter was diagnosed during a hysterectomy for cervical cancer.Treatment consisted of ureterography on a tutor probe during the same operation.A lesion of the bladder trigone was diagnosed during a bi-cicatricial uterine cesarean section treated by cystorraphy on bilateral ureteral intubation during the same operation.
The after-effects were favourable after 2 weeks of drainage.
The methylene blue test made it possible to make the diagnosis in 56% of patients by highlighting a communication between the bladder and the vagina (44%), between the cervico urethral zone and the Vagina (12%).
The treatment of ureteral lesions consisted of ureterovesical reimplantation according to Lich Grégoire on a tutor probe in 20% of cases, on a probe double J in 16% of cases whose ablation took place between the 10th and 30th day.
For bladder and cervical urethral lesions, vaginal fistulography was performed using the Chassar-Moir technique in 40% of cases and high fistulography in 16% of cases.
The average hospitalization time was 11 days with extremes of 5 days and 32 days.
In terms of evolution, the result was considered satisfactory in 92% of cases.
One patient developed neo meatus stenosis, another developed parietal suppuration with antibiotic therapy and local care.
One death occurred in a 55-year-old patient at J4 after bilateral ureterovesical reimplantation in a stroke table.

Discussion
The prevalence of urologic lesions during gynaeco-obstetrical surgery in our series was 0.72%.This prevalence was lower than that observed in Senegal by Kpatcha, T. M. et al. (0.9%) [6] but higher than that recorded in Guinea by Diallo, A. B. et al. (0.29%) [7].
The average age in our series (39 ± 10.4 years) was lower than that of Likic et al. who reported 48.68 years in a series of 536 women who had urological com- plications after hysterectomy [8].
Liu C et al. reported an average age of 50.8 years during a study on endoscopic realignment in the management of complete transsection of the ureter at the Department of Urology, the fourth hospital of the Medical University of China [9].
The narrowness and relatively high percentage of caesarean sections (40%) of the active obstetrical patients in our sample could explain this age difference.
Our results are consistent with those of Lee, J. S. et al. who, in a study of urological complications after gynaeco-obstetrical surgery, obtained 71.8% of bladder lesions followed by ureteral lesions (23.9%) [10].
Urological lesions in our series were mainly favoured by interventions on the uterus scarring and carcinological pathologies which lead to a reshaping of anatomical relationships.The same finding was made by Blandy, J. P. et al.; Mattingly, R. F. et al. [11] [12].
The average time to diagnosis of injury in our series was 121, 88 ± 15 days.This average delay is lower than that obtained by Diallo, A. B. et al. ( 5months) [7] but higher than that obtained by Bouya, P. A. (15 days) [1].DOI: 10.4236/ss.2018.97024208 Surgical Science The relatively long average time for the diagnosis of the lesion in our series could be explained by the lack of specificity of the clinical signs of the lesions, the insufficiency of the technical platform and poverty which delayed the consultation of the patients and the diagnosis by the medical team.This late diagnosis did not influence the outcome of reconstructive surgery in our series, unlike the results obtained by Karmouni et al. who reported that late diagnosis of urological complication was a pejorative factor in successful management [13].
The main interventions providing urological lesions in our series (hysterectomy: 48%, cesarean section: 40%) were superimposed on those identified in some sub-Saharan studies.In Senegal Kpatcha, T. M. T. et al. reported in a study of 29 cases of urological complications secondary to pelvic surgery that cesarean section and hysterectomy were the main procedures providing urological lesions [6].
Similar results have been obtained by Bouya et al. in Congo [1].
In France, however, hysterectomy and adnexectomy were the most frequently complicated procedures for urological lesions in the Tostain study [2].
Some authors are unanimous on the need to place a JJ catheter or a ureter catheter before surgery in the face of any risk of ureteral injury [14] [15].
In Morocco, Tazi, M. F. et al. recorded 20 cases of bladder sores out of a series of 1636 gynaeco-obstetrical interventions, i.e. an incidence of 1.4%.
The risk factor for this study was the scarring of the uterus [16].The same factor was found in our study.Therapeutically, ureteral lesions required open ureterovesical reimplantation without an anti-reflux system on a tutoring catheter or a JJ catheter.
Bladder and cervical urethral lesions required vaginal or high fistulography as appropriate.
This treatment achieved 92% good results.

Conclusion
Urological lesions secondary to gynaeco-obstetrical surgery could be explained by the close anatomical relationships that exist between the genital and urinary systems.Carcinological pathologies, scarring of the uterus often leading to anatomical changes which contribute to increase the risk of these lesions in our country or hysterectomy and cesarean section were the main causes.Open surgery is the only alternative for the management of these lesions in our context.Controlling anatomy is the main preventive measure.

A.
Berthé et al.DOI: 10.4236/ss.2018.97024205 Surgical Science ment of the Gabriel Touré University Hospital Centre in Bamako over 8 years (February 2010 to February 2018).

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Age distribution of patients age group in years.

Table 1 .
Distribution of patients according to the etiology of the lesion.

Table 2 .
Distribution of patients by type of injury.

Table 3 .
Distribution of patients according to etiology and type of lesion.