Fabrication of Manila Hemp Fiber Reinforced Cross Ply Biodegradable Composites and Their Tensile Properties

Natural plant fibers, including flax, kenaf, jute, bamboo, ramie and much more are renewable and sustainable resources and are considered good candidates for cost-effective alternatives to glass and carbon fibers. In this research, cross ply biodegradable composites were fabricated by press-forming method. The biodegradable composites consist of Manila hemp textile as a reinforcement and starch-based biodegradable plastics as a matrix was fabricated and investigated about mechanical properties. The tensile strength increased with the fiber content until fiber content of about 50% and leveled off thereafter. This dependence on the fiber content is due to the decrease in fiber strength of loading direction caused by fiber damages introduced during hot-pressing. In order to decrease the damage of fibers aligned in loading direction, Manila hemp textile was produced by using Manila hemp fibers for warp and biodegradable resin thread for weft. As a result, the tensile strength of cross ply composites increased from 153 MPa to 202 MPa.


Introduction
These past few years have witnessed the speedy development of scientific techniques and an addition in the standard of living of human.However, these developments have their disadvantages.Fossil fuels were running out and there is insufficient space for our garbage.In order to reduce the environmental load generated from the disposal of used plastic products, significant attention has been placed on biodegradable resin.This resin can be completely resolved into water and carbon dioxide by the action of the microorganism, when it is disposed of in the soil.Moreover, there are no emissions of toxic gases during incineration.The application of biodegradable resin has been restricted due to their relatively lower strength compared to conventional plastics such as POM (polyacetal) and nylon.
Resent years, because of their extensive use in many diverse fields, plastics, including FRP (fiber reinforced plastics) products have become indispensable to our life.However, the primary raw material used in plastic production is petroleum and there are strong social and economic pressures to conserve petroleum resources.Furthermore, because FRP wastes are non-flammable, they must be disposed of in landfills after use, and this contributes to high environmental loads.The use of natural plant fibers as a reinforcement in FRP to replace synthetic fibers such as glass and carbon fibers is presently receiving attention because of advantages such as renewable resources, low density and high specific strength.Furthermore, in recent years, development of biodegradable composites using natural plant fibers such as flax [1] [2], bamboo [3] [4], pineapple [5], silk [6], jute [7], kenaf [8] and ramie [9] [10] as a reinforcement and biodegradable resin as a matrix is conducted actively.And researches on molding condition, mechanical properties and interfacial bonding have been carried out.
In former paper [11], the research about development of high strength unidirectional Manila hemp fiber reinforced biodegradable composites was reported.The unidirectional biodegradable composites were made from Manila hemp fiber bundles and a starch-based emulsion-type biodegradable resin.The tensile and flexural strengths of the composites increased with increasing fiber content up to 70%.The composites possessed extremely high tensile strengths of 365 MPa.The aim of this study is to develop cross ply biodegradable composites to expand the range of applications of the biodegradable composites.Manila hemp textile was used as the reinforcement for cross ply biodegradable composites and investigated about their mechanical properties.

Materials
As a matrix, emulsion-type biodegradable polymer (Miyoshi Oil & Fat Co., LTD.,CP-300) was used.Plastic particles of approximately 5 μm in diameter are suspended in water-based solution with a mass content of about 40%.The properties of this biodegradable plastics are shown in Table 1.And biodegradable resin thread (Miyoshi Oil & Fat Co., LTD., CPR-LF) as a weft for Manila hemp textile were used.This resin thread has same properties as matrix resin.Manila hemp fibers were provided by Fujiseishi Co., LTD in Japan.The dimensions of Manila hemp fibers are shown in Table 2.In this research, fiber bundles which have a diameter of about 200 μm were used.In addition, the surface treatment of fibers was not carried out.

Preliminary Molded Manila Hemp Textile
Firstly, Manila hemp textiles of 100mm square were produced using Manila Open Journal of Composite Materials hemp fibers with textile machine.Next, emulsion-type biodegradable polymer was put on the surface of Manila hemp fibers.The preliminary molded sheets were produced by drying at 105˚C for 120 min in an oven.The photograph of Manila hemp textile produced is shown in Figure 1.

Laminating Method
As shown in Figure 2, cross ply composites were produced by laminating 0˚ply sheets and 90˚ply sheets alternately.0˚ply laminates and 90˚ply laminates composites were also produced in the same manner.

Molding Method
Specimens were produced by the hot-pressing with a metallic mold and a press machine.Firstly, laminated preliminary molded sheets were put into the metallic mold, and then they were heated to 130˚C with the flexible heater rolled around the metallic mold.Next it held at 130˚C for 5 min, and specimens were produced by pressing at 10 MPa for 10 min.

Mechanical Testing
Tensile test was carried out by using 5567 type Instron testing machine.The width, thickness and length of the tensile specimen are 10 mm, 0.8 -1.5 mm and 100 mm, respectively.Tensile test was performed at a strain rate of 0.03 per min and the gauge length of 30 mm. Figure 3 shows shape and dimensions of tensile specimen.

Microstructure of Cross Ply Biodegradable Composites
The top view and transverse section of fabricated cross ply biodegradable composites is shown in Figure 4 and Figure 5, respectively.From these figures, Manila hemp fibers distributed straight in bi-directions.From these figures, it can be observed that the distribution of fibers is parallel, and that there are no voids or fiber contacts that would cause a decrease in strength.To use an emulsion-type biodegradable resin, provides a suitable internal environment for achieving high fiber volume such as 60%.And the density of the cross ply biodegradable composites indicates 1.09 g/cm 3 .

Tensile Properties of Cross Ply Biodegradable Composites
Figure 6 shows the relationship between tensile strength of cross ply composites and fiber content.Figure 6 shows relationship between tensile strength and fiber content.Symbols of △ , ○, ▽ and □ indicate tensile strength of 0˚ply laminates, cross ply laminates, 90˚ply laminates and biodegradable resin.From this figure, tensile strength reached 153 MPa at 50% of fibers, but remain constant thereafter.The model of cross ply laminates is shown in Figure 7.The stress of parallel to loading direction and stress of parallel to vertical direction are expressed as σp and σv, respectively.When applied stress is greater than σp, cross ply laminates will fracture.This fracture stress is given by Equation (1) [12].Symbols of a and b indicate the thickness of 0˚ply and 90˚ply.
( ) Since the cross ply was laminated as a = b in this research, fracture stress is given by Equation ( 2).

(
)     The dotted line in Figure 6 represents the theoretical strength value calculated from Equation ( 2).It can be seen that tensile strength properties of cross ply laminates significantly depend on the strength of 0˚ply laminates.As can be seen from fracture behavior of tensile specimen (Figure 8), the fibers parallel to loading direction were subject to getting damage by the fibers that intersected perpendicularly with the fibers parallel to loading direction.It was found that such fiber damage controls the fracture behavior of whole composites.
The experimental values of cross ply laminates are slightly higher than calculated values from Equation (2) in Figure 6, because of neglecting the strength of 90˚ply laminates.Taking into account the strength of 90˚ply laminates, the strength of cross ply laminates is given by Equation (3).

(
) The solid line in Figure 6 is the theoretical strength calculated from Equation (3), and the strength obtained from Equation (3) shows a good agreement with experimental result.

Development of High Strength Cross Ply Biodegradable Composites
Figure 9 shows top view of Manila hemp textile made using Manila hemp fibers for warp and biodegradable resin thread for weft.And cross ply biodegradable composites were fabricated at same method as section 2.4.Top view of cross ply biodegradable composites was shown in Figure 10.From this figure, Manila hemp fibers were distributed parallel, furthermore biodegradable resin thread were mixed with biodegradable resin of matrix by heat during hot pressing.
Figure 11 shows relationship between tensile strength and fiber content.
Symbols of △, ○, ▽ and □ indicate tensile strength of 0˚ply laminates, cross ply laminates, 90˚ply laminates and biodegradable resin.From this figure, both tensile strength of 0˚ply laminates and cross ply laminates increase lineally with the fiber content until fiber content of 70%.And at fiber content of 70%, the cross-ply composites possessed extremely high tensile strength of 202 MPa, the tensile strength of cross ply composites using biodegradable resin thread for weft indicate high value than that of cross ply composites using Manila hemp fiber for weft.

a b Loading direction
Figure 12 shows fracture behavior of cross ply composites after tensile test.In the case of specimen using Manila hemp fibers both warp and weft intersected perpendicularly with the fibers parallel to loading direction as shown Figure 7.
However, in the case of specimen using biodegradable resin thread for weft cannot find influence of weft.Because the influence of the weft did not appear, tensile strength is guessed to be increase lineally with fiber content and indicate high strength than conventional composites.

Conclusions
This research was performed to examine the tensile properties of cross ply biodegradable composites that were made using an emulsion-type biodegradable resin as the matrix and Manila hemp textile as the reinforcement.The results obtained are as follows: 1) Using an emulation type biodegradable polymer and Manila hemp textile, cross ply biodegradable composites that their fibers are arranged straightly and fiber content is high were fabricated.
2) Tensile strength increased with the fiber content until 50% and remained constant thereafter.This fiber content dependence is due to the decrease in fiber strength caused by fiber damage introduced during hot-pressing.
3) Tensile strength of cross ply composites using biodegradable resin thread for weft increased lineally with the fiber content until fiber content of 70%.And at fiber content of 70%, the composites possessed extremely high tensile strength of 202 MPa.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Shape and dimensions of tensile specimen.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Top view of cross ply biodegradable composites.

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. Optical micrograph of transverse section of cross ply biodegradable composites with 60% of fibers.

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.Relationship between tensile strength and volume fraction of Manila hemp fiber of biodegradable composites.

Figure 7 .
Figure 7. Schematic illustration of model for cross ply composites.

Figure 8 .
Figure 8. Fracture behavior of cross ply biodegradable composites reinforced by Manila hemp fibers.

Figure 9 .
Figure 9. Aspect photograph of Manila hemp textile using biodegradable resin fiber for weft.

Figure 10 .
Figure 10.Top view of cross ply biodegradable composites using biodegradable resin thread for weft.

Figure 11 .
Figure 11.Relationship between tensile strength and volume fraction of Manila hemp fiber of biodegradable composites.

Figure 12 .
Figure 12.Fracture behavior of specimen after flexural test.Molding temperature of 160˚C.fiber content of 50%.

Table 1 .
Properties of biodegradable resin used as matrix.

Table 2 .
Dimensions of used manila hemp fibers.