Designing a New Design of a Loading Cylinder for Pneumomechanical Spinning Machines

The article explores the issue of designing a new design of a loading cylinder with a casing filled with vulcanized rubber for pneumomechanical spinning machines. The theoretical calculation of the deformed state of a cylindrical shell filled with vulcanized rubber is given. Deflections and stresses in the rubber layer are determined, which we use approximately for the Ritz methods. The theory of the radial and axial moving rubber layer was analyzed. The specific energy of deformation of a cylindrical layer of a compound cylinder is determined. The statics of the case and the loading cylinder of spinning machines are thoroughly studied.


Study of the Characteristic of Stretching Unfilled Rubber
As a rule, rubber differs from other structural materials by its ability to be stretch.
Figure 1 shows the stretching curve of a specimen filled with rubber from natural rubber obtained in [1] [2] [3] [4] from which it can be seen that the sample can be stretched without breaking up to a tenfold initial length.In this case, the sample can be stretched almost to destruction without significant residual deformations.The experiments show that when the rubber is deformed its volume remains practically unchanged.This regularity is confirmed by the graphs shown in Figure 2, obtained by experiments in [1] [5] [6] [7].
It can be seen from the curves that before deformation, 400% ε =  for large deformations the volume of the sample decreases.In connection with this, the volume of rubber can be neglected for small values of its strain.Thus, for small deformations, according to Hooke's law for linearly elastic materials, the Poisson's ratio will be 0.5 ν = , and Young's module can be adopted (G-shear modulus of rubber material).In this case, the mechanical property of the rubber material is determined only through the Young's modulus E or shear modulus G.If we denote by z ε , r ε , θ ε -axial, zr γ , zθ γ and rθ γ -shear deformations in polar coordinates, then the specific strain energy, taking into account the condition of absence of volume deformation 0 r z θ ε ε ε + + = will be [8].
( ) The consistency of the volume of rubber must be taken into account not only when calculating, but also when designing rubber products.not taken into account, then the rigidity of the rubber will be very high, and become inefficient for carrying out the corresponding technological task.
Consider the problem of deformation of a metal cylindrical shell filled with a layer of rubber when it rotates at a constant angular velocity ω (Figure 3).Let l denote the length of the cylinder, R 0 and R the internal and external radii of the rubber layer, the thickness of the shell through h, the density of the rubber and the shell material, respectively, through c ρ and o ρ .We establish the ori- gin of coordinates in the middle of the cylinder and direct the 0z axis along the axis of the cylinder.In the absence of external forces in the transverse direction, the 0z axis is the axis of symmetry.We denote by r U and z U the radial and axial displacements in an arbitrary section of the layer, the angular displacement U θ will then be zero.To determine the strains and stresses in the rubber layer, we use approximately the Ritz method.

Radial and Axial Displacement of the Rubber Layer of the Composite Feed Cylinder
To this end, it is seen that the cross-section of the layer before and after deformation remains flat, and during the deformation process the axial displacement z U depends only on the coordinate, then the deformations of the cross sections of the layer are determined by the formulas The displacements of the shell along the radius and the axis of rotation, respectively, will be denoted by The radial displacement layer and deformation layer with allowance for (4) and ( 5) are expressed in terms function u by formulas The components of the stress tensor will be equal to By supplying deformation expressions from ( 7) in (1), it has determine the specific strain energy of the cylindrical layer Integrating over the cross section, we find the strain energy per unit length of the cylindrical layer ( ) It has proved that the process of shell deformation takes place due to the action of the force of its interaction with a cylindrical layer which magnitude is proportional to the difference between the radial displacements of a shell and a surface of the rubber layer and centrifugal force ( ) where k-coefficient of elastic connection between the shell and rubber layer, determined experimentally.The magnitude (per unit length of the cylinder) of these forces is expressed by the formula ( ) The total energy of the system will be ( ) Taking u variable function, using the variational principle, the Euler equation where 13) contains unknown displacement of the shell r u for the deter- mination of which, is used in the membrane theory of a cylindrical shell [5].In the case under consideration, the relationship between deformation and forces are determined by means of formula ( ) where 0 E and 0 ν -Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio for the shell material, force x N , N φ -are expressed by the equations From the Equation (15) it is clearly seen that at the edges of shell force.Equations ( 14), taking into account expressions z N and N φ are given to species ( ) ( ) The last dependences are reduced by the form where Equation (11) after excluding the displacement of the shell r u with the aid of (17) reduces to the form The general solution of Equation ( 18) proves the symmetry form ( ) where A-arbitrary constant.The axial displacement of the layer is determined by solving the Equation ( 5), which proves the symmetry form ( )

Graphic Dependencies of Cylinder Rotation on Its Radial and Axial Displacement
To determine an arbitrary constant A it has given two cases of fulfillment of boundary forms in sections 2.
free from stress, i.e. 0 z σ = .According to for- mulas (8), it fallows The solution of Equation (18) which proves these forms ( ) The radial and axial displacements of the layer along the length of the cylinder according to formulas ( 6) and ( 19) are distributed according to the laws ( ) It follows from formula (2) that, due to the assumed incompressibility condition, the axial movement of the rubber does not depend on the radial coordinate.
Figure 4 shows the distribution curves of the radial displacement of the layer for two values of the cylinder rotation at different distances from the axis of the cylinder.It is seen that as the distance and displacement increase.A zone with a constant value of displacement is formed along the cylinder.right-n = 85 turn/of minutes.The displacement has a parabolic character of the change, that is, at the center of the axis the displacement has a minimum value and with an increase in the coordinate the displacement sharply increases in accordance with the power law.In this case, a large number of revolutions lead to a smaller displacement.Figure 6 and Figure 7 show similar curves for the distribution of the axial displacement of the rubber layer (Figure 6) for two values of the cylinder rotation.From the analysis of the curves it follows that the radial and axial displacements of the rubber layer for the case under consideration have the same order and practically insignificant, therefore their deformation can be neglected.
2) The ends of the cylindrical rubber layer (section 2 z l = ± ) stationary in the longitudinal direction, which corresponds to the contact of the end of the cylindrical layer with a stationary smooth disk (flange) The solution of Equation ( 19) with respect to ues of the cylinder rotation n at various distances from its center ( ) , 5-r R = .( ) The radial displacement of the layer is expressed by formula (4) Using the dependences (17), it is determined the radial and derivative with respect to the coordinate of the axial displacement of the shell ( ) Let is consider the first case of free ends of a layer from a force where the displacements of the cross sections of the layer are determined by formulas (20) and ( ) From the analysis of the obtained formulas it follows that the axial displacement of the shell turns in the center due to the observance of the symmetry condition and assumes maximum values (with opposite signs) at the edges of the shell.Two types of fulfillment of the boundary condition at the edges of the shell in the axial direction.
1) The shell edges in the axial direction are free, then it should be assumed Then in the formulas (20) and ( 21) it is necessary to assume 1 0 c = .
The shell interpolations are calculated from formulas ( ) Curves for changes in the radial displacement of the shell are shown in Figure 8.It is evident that, due to the high rigidity of its material, the movement of the shell at the contact boundary is much lower than the displacement of the rubber layer.
Analogous curves for the distribution of the axial displacement of the shell are shown in Figure 9.It is evident that the nature of the distribution of the axial displacements of rubber layer and shell differ significantly from each other.In this case, the movement of the shell by an order of magnitude (10 2 -10 3 times) less than moving the layer.
2) The edges of shell in the axial direction are fixed.Then setting in formula  Therefore, in this case the second case is practically not realized.
In the second case, when boundary conditions are satisfied at the ends of the rubber layer, the movement is determined by formulas ( ) ( ) It can be seen from formula (33) that the axial movement of the shell at the edges becomes zero only in the absence of an axial force  the axial displacement edges of shell do not vanish.It is possible that there is no movement of shell in the radial direction.Assuming in formula (28) 0 r u = , we find the value of the axial force 0 N in which the shell will not mix in the radial direction ( ) ( ) From this equality, it follows the quantity: 2) It is possible to improve process parameters feed in pneumomechanic spinning

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Characteristic of the stretching of unfilled rubber.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Changes in the volume of stretching rubber out natural rubber according to Holtaand Makferson.

Figure 5
Figure 5 shows the distribution of the axial displacement of the layer along the axis of the cylinder for two values of the cylinder's rotation: the graph on the left side with the rotation speed of the cylinder n = 8.5 turn/of minutes, and on the

Figure 4 .Figure 5 .
Figure 4. Distribution of radial displacement of the layer along the axis of the cylinder for two values of the cylinder rotation n at various distances from its center ( ) м r : 1-0.4 r R = , 2-0.5 r R = , 3-0.6 r R = ,

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.The distribution of the radial displacement of the layer along the axis of the cylinder for two val-

Figure 7 .
Figure 7. Distribution of the axial displacement of the layer along the axis of the cylinder for two values of the cylinder rotation n.

Figure 8 .
Figure 8.The distribution of the radial displacement of the shell along the axis of the cylinder for two values of the cylinder rotation n.

Figure 9 .
Figure 9. Distribution of axial movement of the shell along the axis of the cylinder for two values of the cylinder rotation n.

0N.
This case can be realized by contacting the ends of the rubber layer with a fixed flange, and the M. O. Abdukarimovich et al.DOI: 10.4236/eng.2018.106025355 Engineering edges of the shell remain free.In this case, in the formulas (22), (23), (32) and(33) it is necessary to assume 0 0 N = .

Figure 10 and
Figure 10 and Figure 11 show the distribution of radial and axial displacements of the shell for two values of the angular velocity rotation of the cylinder in rpm.When

1 )
Theoretical distributions of the radial moving of layer have being studied for two values of turn cylinder in different distances from the axis to cylinder.

Figure 10 .
Figure 10.The distribution of the radial displacement of the shell along the axis of the cylinder for two values of the cylinder rotation n.

Figure 11 .
Figure 11.The distribution of the axial displacement of the shell along the axis of the cylinder for two values of the cylinder rotation n.