Evaluation of Green Growth Capacity in National New Areas

As a special policy area under China’s new normal economic background, the National New District plays a key role in the realization of economic and social development and green growth. This paper constructs an evaluation index system for green growth capacity from five aspects: government support capabilities, corporate green capabilities, NGO supervision and guidance, public participation capabilities, and park output benefits. Various methods are used to measure green growth capacities of these four National New Districts in-cluding the Jinpu, Pudong, Binhai, and Nansha. The results show that government support capability has the greatest impact on the green growth capacity of the state-level new district and Pudong has the largest green growth capacity, followed by Binhai, Nansha and Jinpu.


Introduction
At present, China economic development is in the "structural" deceleration which is called "new normal". This is a state of development that pays more attention to the "quality" rather than "quantity" of economic growth. The main characteristics are that "from high speed growth to medium and high speed growth, from factor driven, investment driven to innovation driven". Most scholars believe that the new momentum of economic growth under the new normal should take the development of industry as the first step. The construction of the national new area which emphasize on the green development of industry and the innovation of technology green is the key to the optimization and upgrading of the economic structure and the transformation of the mode of How to cite this paper: Zhao, D. F., Shang, H., Wang, Y. L., & Wu, C. Y. (2018). Evaluation of Green Growth Capacity in National New Areas. Chinese Studies, 7, 197-209. https://doi.org/10.4236/chnstd.2018.73017 economic growth under the new normal state. At the same time, the central economic work conference held at the end of 2017 made it clear that the prevention and control of pollution is one of the three major battles in the next three years. It shows the determination of Chinese government to chase the green growth path. As a special policy area, the state-level new area is related not only to the economic and social development of a certain region, but also to the overall strategic layout of the economic and social development and the reconstruction of the regional spatial pattern. It is a forceful practice of the call for "upgrading the industrial innovation with the supply side reform" and "pollution prevention and control".
After more than 20 years of exploration and development, China has set up 19 new national new areas and made certain achievements. However, there are still many problems, such as unclear management authority, lack of industrial chain in the new area, lack of innovation interaction with scientific research institutions, and low level of regional recycling and low carbon management (Zhao et al., 2018;Li, 2015). At the same time, in recent years, green growth as a new growth mode which emphasizes the pursuit of economic growth and development, and to prevent the deterioration of the environment, loss of biodiversity and natural resources sustainable utilization has been widely recognized by the international community. Therefore, academia and industry generally believe that in the context of China's actively promoting the transformation of economic growth mode and realizing the green growth of economy, the cultivation of green growth capacity will become the key engine to solve the development dilemma of state-level new district.
At present, with the importance of the national economic development in the national economic development, some scholars have done a certain research on the national new area. But it mainly focuses on location selection (Peng et al., 2015), function orientation evaluation (Ye et al., 2015), management system and power allocation (Li, 2015), new area water resources management  and so on, rarely involving green growth and its capability. For green growth research, at present, more remain in the connotation of green growth, path of formation, influence and other aspects. Few scholars start from the perspective of ability to launch a thematic study of green growth capacity. It can be seen that the national new area research and green growth capacity has not yet formed effective integration. The research on the green growth ability of the national new area is relatively scarce. Few scholars have carried out quantitative evaluation research on the green growth ability of the national new area. Therefore, this research uses the "green development index", "low carbon green index", "green economic development index", "green" and other related research results, considering the unique of national district, and based on the stakeholder theory. Constructing the evaluation index system of green growth ability of national district from the government, NGO, enterprise and the public level. On this basis, this paper uses the combination weighting method including G1 method, G2 method, entropy method and deviation maximization method to make an empirical analysis of the green growth capacity of 19 national new areas.
This study is organized as follows. Section 2 establishes the evaluation index system for green growth capacity of National New Areas. Section 3 proposes the evaluation model for green growth capacity, and an empirical analysis is conducted in Section 4. Finally, Section 5 presents the concluding remarks, limitations of the study, and directions for future research.

Evaluation Index System for Green Growth Capacity of National New Areas
Selecting scientific and reasonable evaluation index is the key to construct the evaluation index system of green growth capacity of the national new area. Therefore, this article follows the following principles in the process of index selection, 1) Scientific principle. The index system must be built on the basis of science and based on the actual situation of our country, which can objectively reflect the concrete situation of the green growth of the national level new area.
2) Logic principle. Evaluation indicators need concise, clear and logical language, so as to facilitate the evaluation of experts in evaluating reception and application, maintaining consistency and avoiding ambiguity. 3) Maneuverability principle. The index system needs data obtained from the current national new area administrative committee, and the economic meaning of the selected indicators should be clear, and the representative main indicators and comprehensive indicators should be selected as far as possible. 4) Advancement principle. The selected indexes can reflect the latest development of green growth ability in time, and there is no lag. Freeman (1984) believes that the success of an organization or enterprise depends on how to manage the relationship between key stakeholders [6]. Therefore, the leaders of the organization or enterprise should focus on the needs and well-being of the stakeholders (Ditlev-Simonsen & Wenstøp, 2013), that is, stakeholder theory. At present, stakeholder theory has been widely applied in different fields, such as green supply chain management, eco industrial park sustainable development and corporate social responsibility evaluation. Similarly, the construction of green growth capacity of state-level new area as a complex system engineering will also be influenced by many factors such as government, enterprises, NGO, and the public. Therefore, based on the above principles, this article is based on the stakeholder theory and from the four stakeholders, such as the government, the enterprise, the NGO and the public. The evaluation index system of green growth ability in the national district includes 4 aspects of government support capability, enterprise ability, NGO green supervision, public participation ability, and 17 secondary indicators, and 44 tertiary indicators (See Table 1).

Evaluation Model for Green Growth Capacity of National New Areas
The evaluation model is as follows.  The data collection and processing of this study are shown in Figure 1. Firstly, based on the raw data from collection, the data should be standardized to eliminate the effect of index dimension and quantity of data. Secondly, this paper uses G1, G2, entropy method and discrepancy maximization method to calculate index weights. Thirdly, based on the objective function and the principle of maximum entropy, the combined weights will be calculated. Finally, the value of green growth capability for each research object will be calculated.
The data using in this study was obtained through questionnaire. There are two methods for the survey. The first method is with the aid of the personal relationship to investigate, such as telephone interviews, field surveys, and fill out questionnaires on the spot. And this method is applied in the Jinpu New District and Binhai New District.
The second method is to obtain the contact information with the help of the local government authorities, and send electronic questionnaires via email. This method is mainly used in the Pudong New District and Nansha New District.

Normalization of Raw Data
Setting ij x to represent the normalized value, and ij v represents the value of i object and the j target, and n represents the number of evaluation objects. As the index of this paper is positive, it is normalized according to the forward scoring formula (Li et al., 2004):

Single Evaluation Method of Empowerment
d) The weight of the weight k w can be obtained by the weight of the k − 1, …, 2, 3 index, as shown in formula (3). Among them, 1 i w − represents the weight of the i − 1 index, and i R represents the subjective assignment given by the expert.
2) Calculation of weight by G2 method (Wang et al., 2005) The G2 method is also a subjective evaluation method, but unlike the G1 me- 3) Determination of weight by entropy method (Guo, 2002) Entropy method reflects the importance of the index by calculating the dif-

Calculation of Combination Weight Coefficient
This paper calculates the combination weight coefficient c a based on the fol- b) The principle of Jaynes maximum entropy is introduced to reflect the degree of consistency among various empowerment results. Based on the principle of minimum difference of weighting results, the objective function is constructed as formula (14)

Calculating the Combinatorial Weight
Calculating the weights of each index by G1 method, G2 method, entropy method and maximum deviation method, ( ) 1, 2,3, 4 c w c = , and using formula (16) to calculate the combination weight. The raw data of related indicators were obtained through field visits and research.
The reasons for taking Jinpu New District, Pudong New District, Binhai New District and Nansha New District as the research objects are as follows.
Firstly, these areas are located in coastal cities. The coastal cities are representative, which occupies important positions in the development strategy of national new districts.
Secondly, these four areas have been built before 2015, and their development scale and level were more mature. So the research results are basically stable.
Finally, as the authors maintain close contact with the managers of these four new districts, it can ensure data availability, timely and reliability.
This paper takes the evaluation of green growth capacity as the main line, and focuses on these four new areas' development levels of green growth capacity. Therefore, the internal mechanism of green growth capacity is not the key of this study. In the future research, we will conduct in-depth research on the internal mechanism of green growth capacity.
After obtaining the original data of the relevant indicators, this paper carries out a standardized process for each index to find the formula (1) ( ) 1, 2,3, 4; 1, 2, , 44 The specific calculation process and results are as follows.

The G1 Method Calculates Weights
1) According to expert opinion, the relative importance of government support capability (GS), corporate green capacity (EG), NGO supervision and guidance (NS), public participation capacity (PP), and the output efficiency of the park (PO) is ranked. PO > GS > PP > NS.
2) Compare the importance of neighboring children's abilities and assign them.
3) Bring the equivalent value into the formula (2) (3) to obtain the government support ability (GS), the corporate green capacity (EG), the NGO supervision and guidance (NS), the public participation capacity (PP), and the park output efficiency (PO) The weight of G1 method. Similarly, through the ratio of the importance of the adjacent indicators of indicator layer, the weight of indicator G1 method can also be obtained, as shown in Table 2.

The G2 Method Calculates Weights
1) Determine the most insignificant sub-capacity factor U5 by an expert.
3) Bring Di into Equation (4) to get the G2 weights of the five. Similarly, the ratio of the importance of the adjacent indicators at the indicator level can also be obtained by using the G2 method weights at the indicator level, as shown in

Calculate Composition Weights
The weights of each single evaluation method in Table 2 are brought into Equation This combination weight coefficient is brought into Equation (16), and the combined weight of each index can be obtained, as shown in Table 3.

Comprehensive Evaluation Analysis
From the point of view of total scores, the standardized data of each indicator and the combination weight coefficient are brought into formula (17), and the total score of the evaluation object can be obtained as shown in

Conclusion
In this paper, through the effective review of related literature, combined with the development status of China's national-level new districts, we construct the evaluation index system for green growth capacity of the national new district from the five aspects of government support capacity, corporate green capacity, NGO supervision and guidance, public participation capacity, and park output efficiency to empirically measure the green growth capacity of Jinpu New District, Pudong New Area, Binhai New Area and Nansha New District. Compared with similar papers, the innovations in this paper are as follows: 1) Based on the perspective of the value chain, an evaluation index of the green growth capacity of the national-level new district was constructed; 2) In the evaluation method, this paper adopts not a single evaluation method, but adopts The G1 method, G2 method, entropy method, and the optimal combination weighting method of the maximum deviation method are combined to effectively avoid the subjective and objective evaluation of their own deficiencies. The final study found that government support capacity has the greatest impact on the green growth capacity of state-level new districts, followed by corporate green capacity, park output benefits, NGO supervision and guidance, and public participation. From each region, Pudong New Area has the largest green growth capacity, followed by Binhai New District, Nansha New District and Jinpu New District. Among them, the development of the Pudong New Area is the most balanced and the scores of each sub-subject are at a relatively high level. The indicators with larger weights are all superior to the other new districts. The sub-divisions of Jinpu New District are relatively low; especially the government support ability scores that have the greatest impact on the new district's green growth capacity are far lower than those of other new districts, indicating that the government of Jinpu New District should increase its support.
Although this article has achieved some research results, there are still some deficiencies. First of all, this paper does not pay attention to the mechanism of the green growth capacity of the national-level new district. In the future research, this theme can be further studied from the perspective of formation mechanism. Secondly, in the research method, this paper does not consider the relevance among the various indicators, especially the sub-capabilities. Therefore, in the future research, the ANP model that considers the relationship between indicators can be included in the optimal combination evaluation model.