Effects of Three Nitrification Inhibitors on the Nitrogen Conversion in Purple Soil and Its Effect on the Nitrogen Uptake of Citrus Seedlings

Experiments were carried out to study the effects of nitrification inhibitors (NI) on the transformation of soil nitrogen (N) in purple soil and the effects on the N accumulation in different organs of citrus seedlings. In incubation and pot experiments, the rate of nitrification inhibitors 2-chloro-6-trichloromethyl pyridine (Nitrapyrin), 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) and dicyandiamide (DCD) was 2.4%, 1.0% and 5.0% of N rate, respectively. The trend of different nitrification inhibitors on ammonium nitrogen ( 4 NH -N + ), nitrate nitrogen ( 3 NO -N − ) content and pH was compared in incubation experiment; and the effect of different NI on the dry matter quality, N uptake of citrus seedling was studied in pot experiment. The results showed that NI could significantly inhibit soil nitrification in the early culture period (p < 0.05). The inhibitory degree of NI on nitrification showed the strong tendency at the beginning and then decreased. During the whole experiment, nitrification inhibition rates were 4.4% 48.5% (En), 6.7% 9.8% (DMPP) and 5.1% 97.2% (DCD), respectively. Compared with the control, the application of NI increased the plant height and dry matter accumulation of potted citrus seedlings by 7.6% 8.6% and 1.0% 3.8%, respectively. And application of NI also increased the absorption of N by citrus roots and leaves by 9.0% 17.9% and 0.6% 7.2%, respectively. Overall, all the three nitrification inhibitors could significantly delay the soil nitrification process in purple soil, with the order of inhibition ability of DCD > DMPP > En (calculated as nitrogen application rate). Application of NI increased the height and dry matter accuHow to cite this paper: Li, W.L., Zhang, Z.Z., Li, D.P., Guo, C.Y., Li, Y.J., Yang, M., Shi, X.J. and Zhang, Y.Q. (2018) Effects of Three Nitrification Inhibitors on the Nitrogen Conversion in Purple Soil and Its Effect on the Nitrogen Uptake of Citrus Seedlings. Agricultural Sciences, 9, 655-669. https://doi.org/10.4236/as.2018.96045 Received: May 9, 2018 Accepted: June 17, 2018 Published: June 20, 2018 Copyright © 2018 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Open Access DOI: 10.4236/as.2018.96045 Jun. 20, 2018 655 Agricultural Sciences


Introduction
China is the world with the largest citrus cultivation area and the largest production of citrus, accounting for 31% and 25% of the world respectively [1], which plays an important role in regulating the production and trade of citrus in the world.Chongqing is one of the major areas of citrus cultivation in China, and citrus has become one of the main ways of local farmers' income.Citrus is a typical perennial evergreen fruit tree.Its growth and development need to consume large amounts of a variety of nutrition elements.Fertilization is the important factors influencing the growth, yield and quality of citrus [2].Nitrogen is the essential nutrient elements in the process of citrus growth.are the main source of nitrogen that can be utilized by citrus [3].In the process of production, 3 NO -N − in the soil is easily lost with water, causing the low utilization rate of fertilizer, such problems as environmental pollution [4].The main producing areas of citrus in China are mainly located in the southern hilly area.Citrus orchards mostly have steep slopes, poor soil, and complex terrain, soil erosion and other problems often occur [5].The addition of nitrification inhibitors to fertilizers reduces the rate of conversion of ammonium and amide nitrogen to nitrate nitrogen and reduces the migration of nitrate nitrogen into the water environment, and has been considered as one of the important measures to increase nitrogen use efficiency [6].Predecessors' Research Progress: Many countries have applied nitrification inhibitors to actual production, and nitrification inhibitors have played a very good role in reducing emissions, and increasing nitrogen use efficiency [7].There are many kinds of nitrification inhibitors, mainly cyanamides, nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds, sulfur-containing compounds, hydrocarbons and their derivatives, among which the commonly used in agricultural production includes dicyandiamide (DCD), 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP), 2-chloro-6-trichloromethyl pyridine (Nitrapyrin) and acetylene (C 2 H 2 ) [6].Nitrification inhibitors DMPP, DCD can inhibit soil ammonia oxidation, significantly increase the concentration of ammonium in soil, reduce the concentration of nitrate nitrogen, and slow down the acidification rate of the soil [8].Indoor simulation experiments showed that nitrification inhibitors (DMPP, En and DCD) can inhibit the conversion of ammonium nitrogen to nitrate nitrogen [9].At the same time, field trials also showed that nitrification inhibitors can DOI: 10.4236/as.2018.96045W. L. Li et al. improve the quality of fragrant pears and ash jujube fruits [10] [11].DMPP compound fertilizer can significantly improve the yield and quality of watermelon and cucumber [12].Nitrification inhibitors can also slow down the acidification rate of the soil by weakening the nitrification of the soil, thereby weakening the acidification caused by H + during the nitrification process and making the pH increase [13] [14].The nitrification inhibitor DMPP can significantly increase nitrogen accumulation and dry matter quality in leaves, stems, and roots of plants [15].In recent years, nitrification inhibitors have been widely used in many crops such as field crops.Studies have shown that nitrification inhibitors can not only increase the yield of crops, but also reduce the leaf green and nitrate content of leafy vegetables, and increase the starch content of sugar beets and potatoes [16].However, at present domestic nitrification inhibitors are mainly studied in food, economy, and vegetable crops.Relative to foreign countries, there are few studies on nitrification inhibitors in fruit trees in China [11].Research entry point: In China, the main citrus production areas are mainly located in the southern hilly areas.Citrus orchards mostly have steep slopes, poor soil, complex terrain, and soil erosion problems often occur [5].Most citrus cultivation areas in Chongqing are purple soil.The soil layer is thin, the nutrients are poor, and they are easily lost with water.The ability of the soil to retain water and fertility is poor.Therefore, the transformation process of nitrogen in purple soil is regulated, which promotes its effective utilization, and reduces nitrogen loss [17] [18] [19].It is of great significance for the efficient management and environmental protection of nitrogen fertilizer.Problems to be solved: This paper aims to understand the effects of nitrification inhibitors on nitrogen forms and transformation of purple soil and to understand the effects of nitrification inhibitors on nutrient accumulation in different organs of citrus seedlings through indoor simulation experiments and pot experiments.

Laboratory Culture Experiment
Soil samples were collected from the purple soil test base of southwest university in Beibei district, Chongqing.The soil sample is dried, and the impurities are removed and then polished to a 2 mm sieves.The basic physical and chemical properties of the tested soil as: pH 7.49, organic matter 9.90 g•kg −1 , total nitrogen content 0.67 g•kg −1 , total phosphorus content 0.74 g•kg −

Pot Experiment
The soil and nitrification inhibitors were the same as the indoor culture tests.
The experiment was conducted in the pot planting net room of National Purple Soil Fertility and Fertilizer Efficiency Monitoring Station of Southwest University.The air dry soil in ceramic pot was 10 kg.In one kilogram of soil, the amount of nitrogen fertilizer was 0.2 g, and the amount of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer was 0.1 g.According to the recommended amount of nitrification inhibitor, the amount of DMPP is 1% of the amount of nitrogen fertilizer, the amount of DCD is 5% of the amount of nitrogen fertilizer, and the amount of En is 2.4% of the amount of nitrogen fertilizer.The specific dosage is shown in Table 1.All fertilizers are used as base fertilizers at one time.Soil, fertilizer Table 1.The rate of nitrification inhibitors and fertilizers with different treatments.
Treatment Loading quantity of soil and nitrification inhibitor were mixed in a pot.After 2 -3 days of culture, citrus seedlings were transplanted.During transplanting, the growth of citrus seedlings was consistent and the seedlings were watered regularly.The planting time of citrus pot is from March to October.

Plant and Soil Measurement
The mass concentration of ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen in soil was determined by flow analyzer, and the pH of soil was measured by pH meter, the citrus seedlings were divided into three parts: root, stem and leaf after harvest, the surface soil was washed away, dried, and the dry matter was measured by weighing.After the plant samples were pulverized, the contents of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were determined by distillation, vanadium molybdenum yellow colorimetry, flame photometry, and the contents of ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, total nitrogen and alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen were also determined.Other soil physicochemical properties refer to routine analysis methods [20].

Data Analysis
Excel and SigmaPlot data processing software are used to make charts and graphs, and SPSS 16.0 statistical analysis software is used to analyze the data.
Each data is the average value of repetition Nitrification inhibition rate 100 A is the difference of nitrate content before and after incubation without nitrification inhibitor treatment (mg•kg −1 ), B is the difference of nitrate nitrogen content before and after treatment (mg•kg −1 ).

Effects of Nitrification Inhibitors on Nitrogen Forms and
Transformation in Soil (Incubation Experiment)

Effects of Different Nitrification Inhibitors on Soil Nitrogen Conversion
With the increase of culture time, the content of 4 NH -N + in soil increased first and then decreased (Figure 1).On the second day of culture, the

Effects of Different Nitrification Inhibitors on Soil pH Transformation
The soil pH increased first and then decreased with the increase of culture time (Figure 2), which is consistent with the change trend of

Effect of Different Nitrification Inhibitors on Soil Apparent Nitrification Rate
The intensity of 4 NH -N + nitrification in soil is generally expressed by the apparent nitration rate.Overall, with the extension of culture time, the apparent nitrification rates of different treatments in purple soil showed a gradually increasing trend (Table 3).In the first 4 days of cultivation, the apparent nitrification rate of soil treated with CK was between 27.3% and 54.6%, and then rapidly increased to 91.8%, reaching 99.1% at the end of cultivation.The addition of nitrification inhibitors significantly inhibited the nitrification of ammonium nitrogen.En, DMPP and DCD treatments were all lower than CK treatment during the first 80 days of culture.The apparent nitrification rates of DMPP and DCD were all at low levels during the first 50 days of culture, ranging from 9.8% to 79.7% and 11.7% to 73.5%, respectively, which were significantly lower than En treatment (p < 0.05).There was no significant difference between DMPP and DCD.

Effects of Different Nitrification Inhibitors on the Rate of Soil
Nitrification Inhibitors Nitrification inhibition rate can be used to characterize the inhibition of nitrification inhibitors.The inhibition degree of nitrification by En, DMPP and DCD showed the tendency of strong first and then weak (Table 4), and the nitrification inhibition rate of nitrogen with En application treatment was between 33.1% and 48.5% within 18 days incubation.At the 50th day, the inhibition rate rapidly decreased to 6.0%, and the inhibition rate of nitrification of nitrogen by En was 4.40% at the end of culture.During the 18 days incubation, the inhibition  spectively.After that, the nitrification inhibition rate of DMPP was reduced rapidly and DCD treatment was reduced slowly.In the first 65 days of culture, the inhibition rate of nitration by DCD and DMPP treatment was significantly higher than that of En treatment (p < 0.05).After that, the difference in nitrification inhibition rate of each treatment was smaller.In the treatment of three nitrification inhibitors, the treatment rate of nitrification inhibitors by DCD was the highest, followed by DMPP treatment.The results were consistent with the previous text.

Effects of Nitrification Inhibitors on Plant Height and Dry Matter Accumulation of Citrus Seedlings
The effects of nitrification inhibitors on plant height and dry matter accumulation were shown in Figure 3.The application of nitrification inhibition DCD treatment significantly increased the citrus plant height, which increased by 11.7% compared with the control treatment.Other nitrification inhibitors had a certain effect on the growth of citrus plant height, and the increase was between 7.6% and 8.6%, but the difference was not significant (p < 0.05).The treatment of nitrification inhibitors also promoted the dry matter accumulation of citrus, but the difference did not reach the significant level (p < 0.05).

Effects of Nitrification Inhibitors on Nutrient Uptake of Citrus
Seedlings Compared with the control, the application of nitrification inhibition had a certain effect on the content of nitrogen in citrus roots and leaves, and there was no significant difference in the nitrogen content of the old stem and the new stem of citrus (Figure 4).Nitrification inhibitor DCD significantly increased the uptake of nitrogen by citrus roots.The amount of nitrogen uptake was increased by 17.9% compared with the control.The amount of nitrogen uptake in other treated roots was 9.0% -13.6% higher than that of the control treatment, and the difference was not significant.The nitrification inhibitor DMPP significantly  increased the uptake of nitrogen by citrus leaves, the amount of nitrogen uptake was increased by 7.6% compared to the control.Other nitrification inhibitors increased the nitrogen content of citrus leaves, but the difference was not significant.
Compared with urea only, application of nitrification inhibitors could increase the amount of nitrogen accumulation in citrus plants (Figure 5), but there was no significant difference among treatments (p < 0.05).Among them, DMPP treatment had the highest accumulation of nitrogen in citrus plants, nitrogen accumulation increased by 11.14% compared with the control, followed by En treatment, it increased by 6.18%.
The effects of nitrification inhibitors on the accumulation of phosphorus and potassium in various parts of potted citrus are shown in Table 5.Compared with the control, the application of nitrification inhibition did not significantly increase the amount of phosphorus uptake and potassium uptake in citrus leaves, old stems, new stems, and roots.The DCD treatment had the highest phosphorus uptake and potassium uptake in all parts of the citrus.

Effects of Nitrification Inhibitors on Soil Nitrogen
The three nitrification inhibitors increased soil total nitrogen, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, and nitrate nitrogen in different degrees, and improved soil fertility.Compared with the control, the nitrification inhibitors En and DCD significantly increased soil total nitrogen and alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, and the total nitrogen and alkaline nitrogen increased by 3.9% -4.0% and 6.0% -7.3%, respectively.DMPP had no significant increase in soil total nitrogen and alkaline dissolved nitrogen content.The nitrification inhibitor En significantly increased the content of ammonium nitrogen and nitrate in the soil,   which was increased by 18.7% and 17.6% respectively compared with the control.Other nitrification inhibitors increased the content of ammonium nitrogen and nitrate in the soil, but the difference was not significant (p < 0.05).

Effects of Nitrification Inhibitors on Soil Nitrogen Conversion
In the cultivation process, the conversion of urea was suppressed due to the addition of nitrification inhibitors, which first appeared in the increase of soil  1).The three nitrification inhibitors in this experiment can significantly slow down the conversion of ammonium to nitrate nitrogen in the early stage of culture.Maintaining higher levels of ammonium nitrogen in the soil for a longer period of time can, on the one hand, promote the absorption of ammonium by the crop, and on the other hand, the soil colloid can also fix a part of the ammonium nitrogen, thereby reducing the leaching of nitrate nitrogen.The results are the same as previous studies [23] [24].During the cultivation period, soil pH and ammonium nitrogen were the same in all treatments, which was mainly related to the transformation of nitrogen in the soil.On the second day of culture, the pH of each treatment reached the highest value because urea was rapidly converted into ammonium nitrogen under suitable conditions after it was applied to the soil (Figure 2).In a short time, a large amount of ammonium nitrogen accumulated in the soil would inevitably result soil pH rise [25].Subsequent nitri- fication results in oxidation of the soil's ammonium nitrogen to nitrate nitrogen, and H+ released during this process lead to a drop in soil pH [26], but the CK treatment due to rapid nitrification has the largest drop in pH and has been at the lowest level.This result is similar to other literature reports [8] [25].In this paper, the single applied urea-treated ammonium nitrogen reached the highest peak on the 2 -4th day of culture, after which the soil ammonium nitrogen was converted to nitrate nitrogen by nitrification, and the ammonium nitrogen content decreased rapidly (Figure 1).In contrast, Nitrapyrin, DMPP, and DCD treatments maintained higher levels of ammonium nitrogen in the soil during early training, with a lower decrease.Nitrate nitrogen in the soil increased continuously during the whole cultivation process, contrary to the trend of ammonium nitrogen content, the nitrification inhibitor treatment of soil NO 3 − -N content was lower than CK treatment, and continued until the end of the test culture, indicating that the inhibitory effect of nitrification inhibitors on the oxidation of 4 NH + , this result is the same as previous research results [8] [27].The nitrification inhibition rates of three nitrification inhibitors were 4.4% -48.5% (En), 6.7% -95.8% (DMPP), and 5.1% -97.2% (DCD), respectively, indicating that the inhibitory capacity of nitrification inhibitors was in the order of DCD > DMPP > En (Table 3 and Table 4), this result is contrary to previous research [9], which is due to the concentration of nitrification inhibitors.At the same time, the experiments showed that the inhibitory effect of DCD and DMPP was significantly higher than that of En (p < 0.01).Due to the longer culture time between DCD and DMPP, the inhibitory effect of nitrification inhibitor gradually weakened in the later period and there was no significant difference.

Effects of Nitrification Inhibitors on Nutrients in Soil and Citrus Seedlings
The results of this study show that after 7 months of potted citrus planting, compared with the control, the three nitrification inhibitors can increase the plant height and dry matter accumulation of citrus seedlings, and promote the absorption and accumulation of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients by citrus roots and leaves, but no difference in effect between the three nitrification inhibitors (Figure 3, Figure 4 and Table 5).At present, there are few reports on the application of nitrification inhibitors to the nutrient and dry matter accumulation of citrus seedlings, but there have been reports on other crops such as vegetables, and this result is similar to other literature reports [28] [29].The reason why using nitrification inhibitors can increase the accumulation of nitrogen and phosphorus in seedlings may be that nitrification inhibitors can significantly inhibit denitrification and slow down the conversion of nitrogen from ammonium to nitrate in fertilizers.The presence of ammonium in the form of ammonium reduces nitrogen loss and increases nitrogen use efficiency [30].Compared with urea alone (CK), applying nitrification inhibitors can increase the content of soil total nitrogen, alkaline nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, and nitrate nitrogen content (Figure 6).This may be due to the conversion of most of ammonium W. L. Li et al. nitrogen to nitrate-nitrogen in control resulting in the leaching of nitrogen from the soil, which increases the availability of nitrogen fertilizer [31].Excessive application of nitrification inhibitors will have a toxic effect on crops, and different crops have different sensitivity to nitrification inhibitors [6].on nitrogen application).The inhibitory effect of DCD was slightly higher than that of DMPP, but they were significantly higher than En.

Conclusions
2) The application of nitrification inhibitors increased the plant height and dry matter accumulation of potted citrus seedlings, and the increase ranges were 7.6% -8.6% and 1.0% -3.8%, respectively, and promoted the absorption and accumulation of nitrogen by citrus roots and leaves, which was respectively increased compared with the control treatment 9.0% -17.9% and 0.6% -7.2%.At of all treatments reached its peak and then began to decrease.The 4 NH -N + content of CK treatment decreased the most rapidly, which decreased from 118.7 mg•kg −1 on the 2 nd days to 5.9 mg•kg −1 on the 35th day, with a decrease of 95.0%.However, the content of 4 NH -N + treated by En decreased by 80.7%, DMPP and DCD treatment decreased by 62.3% and 54.5% respectively, and the decrease of nitrification inhibitor treatment was significantly lower than that of CK treatment (p < 0.01).

Figure 1 .+
Figure1.The soil pH of each treatment increased to the highest level on the 2nd day after culture, which was 8.0 (CK), 8.2 (En), 8.3 (DMPP) and 8.3(DCD) respectively, and then began to decrease in different amplitude.The pH of CK treatment decreased from 7.5 at the initial stage to 6.2 on the 35th day, the decrease was 1.3, and then the pH decreased slowly (19 -100 d), and the pH value was 6.1 at the end of culture.From the second day of culture, the pH value of soil treated with En, DMPP and DCD nitrification inhibitor was significantly higher than that of CK treatment (p < 0.01), but there was no significant difference between En and DMPP treatment.Therefore, the addition of nitrification inhibitors to the soil can significantly slow down the soil acidification rate.Statistical analysis showed (Table2) under nitrification inhibitor treatment, soil

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Soil pH in purple soil with different nitrification inhibitors.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3.Effect of nitrification inhibitors on plant height and dry matter accumulation of citrus.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Effect of nitrification inhibitors on nitrogen accumulation of citrus parts.

Figure 5 .
Figure 5.Effect of nitrification inhibitors on nitrogen accumulation of citrus plant.

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.Effect of nitrification inhibitors on soil nitrogen.

1 )
The nitrification inhibitors DCD (dicyandiamide), DMPP (3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate) and Nitrapyrin (2-chloro-6-trichloromethyl pyridine) can reduce the conversion of ammonium-nitrogen to nitrate-nitrogen in soil, and slow down the nitrification rate and acidification rate of the soil.Under the experimental conditions and market recommended concentrations, the inhibitory ability of the three nitrification inhibitors was in the order of DCD > DMPP > En (based the same time, nitrification inhibitors can significantly increase soil total nitrogen, alkaline nitrogen content, compared with the control treatment, indicating improved nitrogen utilization.This study was supported by the National Key Research and Development Project of China (No. 2016YFD0800304), the National Key Technology Research and Development Program (2015BAD06B04), the Fundamental Research Funds

Table 2 .
Correlation between parameters of soil treated with different nitrification inhibitors.

Table 3 .
Apparent nitrification rate of different treatments in purple soil (%).

Table 5 .
Effect of nitrification inhibitors on phosphate-potassium accumulation of citrus parts.