Estimation of Direct Solar Radiation of Chad

The aim of this paper is to estimate the direct solar radiation on a horizontal plane in five regions of Chad using the Liu and Jordan’s model in view of the installation of a thermo-solar power plant. For this purpose, the HelioClim-3 Data Base of Solar Irradiance V5’s is used. All the results presented in this paper were obtained using Microsoft Excel software 2015. These results show that compared to the other regions considered for this study, the direct solar radiation on a horizontal plane in Moundou is less.


Introduction
The development of a good number of human activities in a region is closely linked to the knowledge of its solar climate.For example, in the field of Agronomy, an accurate understanding the phenomenon of evapotranspiration is appropriate in the evaluation of plants' water requirements.In the field of Meteorology, it is very indispensable for climatic forecasts.Another example is the sizing of any solar energy conversion system designed to operate in a given region and of which it is essential to predict the solar radiation.
The solar radiation is generally composed of two fractions: one being the direct solar radiation corresponding to the radiation passing through the atmosphere without any deviation, and the other called diffuse solar radiation corresponding to the radiation coming from all the other directions.
In the industrial applications of solar energy, the knowledge of direct solar radiation is solely relevant.Unfortunately, the scarcity of radiometric stations in certain countries of the world, such as Chad, makes it difficult to adequately M. Hassane Babikir et al.
study the energy and meteorological components of the solar energy.This solar radiation also depends on geographical factors (longitude, latitude, altitude) and meteorological conditions (atmospheric disturbance, rhythm of the seasons in the year, etc.) [1].This is the reason why it is very necessary to apply a calculation model to estimate this radiation.
The calculation of the solar radiation has been a major concern to many researchers, as summarized in [2] [3].Numerous formulas have been proposed by different researchers to estimate direct solar radiation from global radiation [4].
However, in the case of Chad, a country in Sub-Saharan Africa (Figure 1), in addition to being characterized by a poorly known solar climate due to the absence of meteorological stations, has not yet to our knowledge been subjected to any study of this kind.In order to be able to model direct solar radiation using the Liu-Jordan method, the meteorological data used here, are derived from the HelioClim-3 data base developed by MINES Paris Tech-ARMINES (which can be consulted online at http://www.soda-is.com/).The data base provides a global horizontal irradiation estimation based on satellite data which takes into account, for a given location, the relative Earth-Sun geometry variations.Images of geostationary meteorological satellites are processed to produce estimates of solar radiation at the surface [5].The measurements taken by the satellite will probably offer the advantage of being more accurate and representative of the conditions prevailing between the ground stations than others, predicted by interpolation [6].Some authors use satellite data and data from the network of ground stations to build a map of the solar irradiation of a locality [7].The sites of Chad, for which we have had the data, are: Abeche, Aozou, Faya Largeau, Moundou and N'Djamena.That's why it is on these sites that our study will be applied.Table 1 gives the geographical coordinates of each site.

Angular Calculations and Schedules in Solar Geometry
Direct solar radiation on a surface is computed from the geometric position of the sun vector with according to the surface.It begins with the calculation of the position of the sun in space and the calculation of azimuth angles and elevation of the sun.These angles make possible the calculation of the angles of incidence on the studied surface [8].

The Solar Inclination
The declination δ (Figure 2) is the angle formed by the direction of the Sun with the celestial equatorial plane.It varies during the year between −23.45˚ and + 23.45˚.This inclination has effect on the presence of various seasons and also the cause of the longer or shorter hours of sunshine during the seasons.The solar declination of any given day of the year is given by the following expression [9] [10] [11] [12]: ( ) Figure 2. Variation in declination due to earth's orbit [14].

The Position of the Sun
For a given place, the position of the sun is spotted at each moment of the day and the year by two different references, this thanks to two planes, a horizontal plane of the place and the equatorial plane of the earth.

Equatorial Coordinates
The hour angle ω is the angle between the meridian plane passing through the centre of the sun and the vertical plane of the site of observation.Thus for a site of longitude L, at the time TL, the hour angle is calculated using the following equation [13]: N is the time zone number containing the longitude L. In Chad, N = +1 ET is the equation of time and it is given by the following equation: ( ) 365

Horizontal Coordinates
The sun is located in relation to the horizontal plane of the place of altitude, by two angles, the height and azimuth of the sun.

1) The height of the sun
The height of the sun is the angle that the direction of the sun makes with its projection on the horizontal plane of the place.The height evolves at each moment of the day according to the following expression [9]: The values of the height z α varies between -90˚ and +90˚, and takes the val- ue zero at sunrise and sunset, positive on day and negative at night.

2) Azimuth of the sun
Azimuth of the sun is defined by the angle of the projection of the direction of solar radiation with the southern direction of the place (Figure 3): 3) The angle of incidence of direct radiation on an inclined plane The angle of incidence θ is the angle formed between the direction of the sun and the normal to the inclined surface of the sensor.The angle of incidence θ has a primary effect and a direct effect on the amount of sunshine received on the collecting surface.This angle can be determined by the knowledge of the direction cosines of the incident radiation and the normal of the inclined plane in horizontal coordinates of the location.This angle depends on the parameters of the sun position and the angle of inclination of the sensor as shown by the following equation: With ϕ is the latitude of the site and β is the angle of inclination (Figure 4).

Calculation of Normal Direct Radiation on a Horizontal Plan
The reconstitution of the monthly averages per day of normal direct irradiations on a plane is expressed as a function of the global and diffuse irradiations available on this horizontal plane [15].Several models have been proposed by scientists relating to several sites in the world.Thus, taking into account geographical, astronomical and meteorological parameters related to the site.M. Hussain [16], developed a model at several Indian sites.Some authors consider models based on the duration of insolation and relative humidity [17], while others take into account absolute humidity, relative humidity and ambient temperature [18].
There are those [19] who have developed two empirical relationships linking the different meteorological parameters that affect the attenuation of solar radiation, namely: duration of sunshine, relative humidity, maximum temperature, altitude and geographical location.Liu and Jordan [20] consider the monthly averages per day of absolute humidity and duration of sunshine.For the site of Kano, A.
Sayigh [21] considered the measurement of insolation duration, maximum and minimum temperatures, mean temperature and specific humidity in northern Nigeria.
For the diffuse component, several contributions have been proposed by several researchers for different sites in the world.Indeed B. Boldbeg [22] develops a formula taking into account the hour angle of the sunrise s ω .In their paper Reddy et al. [23] used time-based measurements on four US stations, global and diffuse irradiations to develop a model depending on the season.
The global solar radiation on a horizontal surface Gh I is the sum of horizon- tal direct solar radiation and horizontal diffuse irradiation.Thus, in order to calculate the direct irradiation component on a horizontal plane, the diffuse irradiation is subtracted from the total irradiation: The global solar radiation received by an inclined surface consists of beam, diffuse, and reflected radiation.The reflected solar radiation here is the radiation reflected from the surrounding ground.Different models for estimating the global solar radiation on inclined surfaces had been proposed and evaluated.
Most of the models presented in the literature proved to give good results.The majority of these models use similar terms for the beam and reflected radiation but differ in the method of calculating the diffuse solar radiation component.
The general equation of the global hourly solar radiation energy incident on an inclined surface is given by [24]: Among the methods available for prediction of radiation fluxes on tilted surfaces is the method of (Liu and Jordan 1963).This is a simple isotropic model that had been tested by many investigators and found to give good results.In this method the beam radiation on the tilted surface is given by [25]: ( ) Dh R : is the hourly geometric factor defined by [26]: where z θ is the solar zenith angle.

Results
This part presents the results of values of the direct monthly irradiation per hour available on the horizontal plane for different regions of Chad (Figure 5 and Figure 6).Figure 7 and Figure 8 show the results obtained on an inclined plane assuming that the surface is oriented to the south with an inclination of 15˚.

Interpretation
We      to other regions, because the direct solar radiation is much more sensitive when light clouds are passing, even though less visible to the naked eye [28].This causes the fall of direct solar radiation in this area.We give the results of months during which the irradiation is deficient, whose maximum numerical value of the monthly average of direct normal solar irradiation from April to October is 3 to 4 KWh/m 2 , and the minimum is 2.3 to 3 KWh/m 2 .

Conclusion
In this work, we have modeled the direct normal solar radiation on a horizontal and inclined plane on 5 sites in Chad.The results derived from such a modeling process reveal that the distribution of the solar radiation is nearly the same on the whole territory of the country.Concordantly, the solar radiation in the north DOI: 10.4236/epe.2018.105015M. Hassane Babikir et al.
is higher than the south.The climate diversity of the country is the principal element responsible for the differences explaining the unequal solar radiation distribution between several regions of the country.These results have shown that the whole country have received a more than 2500 KW/m 2 direct solar radiation.This shows us that, such an irradiation is a favorable resource for solar concentration plants, with the estimated minimal value of the yearly average of direct solar radiation being 1800 KWh/m 2 /Year [29].

I
: is the beam radiation on the titled surface Gh I : is the total radiation on the horizontal surface dh I : is the diffused radiation DOI: 10.4236/epe.2018.105015217 Energy and Power Engineering M. Hassane Babikir et al.
have presented the potential of average monthly values per day of the direct normal solar irradiance on a horizontal and inclined plane in Chad by an obvious DOI: 10.4236/epe.2018.105015218 Energy and Power Engineering

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. Monthly Mean values by a day of direct solar irradiance on the horizontal surface.

Figure 6 and
Figure 6 and Figure 8 also illustrate the results obtained for the monthly mean

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.Monthly Mean values by a day of direct solar irradiance on the inclined surface.

Figure 7 .
Figure 7. Monthly Mean values of direct solar irradiance on the horizontal surface.

Figure 8 .
Figure 8. Monthly Mean values of direct solar irradiance on the inclined surface.