Upstream Filtration Preparation of Poor Sections of Deposits before Development

Forming a new concentrated sense of useful components in conditions of nature, geological processes allows us to create techogenous deposits of required quality and forms in situ. The article presents a variant of the preparation of the deposit by a filtration geological process in situ. Structural and material transformation of the massif of hypergenesis nature methods allows bringing qualitative indicators to the required condition values. This will ensure the effective development of the deposit with traditional technological solutions. Experimental results of aqueous filtration are described. The schemes of technological solutions for natural and technogenic deposits are considered.


Introduction
The the infrastructure development of the territory and climatic conditions. This fully characterizes the access to the full range of mineral resources, both within each species, and in general for the mineral resource base. This approach is also applicable to technogenic objects. Among the illustrative examples, one can use a vivid example of the application of technologies for heap leaching of gold in mineral-raw gold mining. The technology has been reduced to the requirements for gold content in deposit. In a short time, a large number of poor deposits were involved in the development. As a result, a large-scale increase in production based on this technology provided a strategic advantage to states (USA, Australia).
Technological features allow such fields to pass into the category of available deposits to the applicable technological conditions and will be worked out profitable. There is no doubt that the technological development on the one hand and the laws of market relations on the other, will allow to correct the conditions and involve poorer and more difficult raw materials, influencing the price position. One of the tools of technological influence is the direction of field preparation in terms of the composition and structure of the components in the massif (in situ) [2]. This is a fairly new view on the potential of mineral raw materials.
The process of direct material and structural transformation of the massif in order to bring the indicators to the conditioning values will allow the effective development of reserves in accordance with existing technological approaches by changing the parameters of the quantity and quality of the useful component in situ. The prospect of this approach ensures the expansion of the mineral and raw material base due to the substandard sections of existing deposits, ore occurrences (subsoil plots that did not become deposits as required by the standards) and man-made objects. The basis for this direction of the preparation of the massifs is the well-known geological regularities in the formation of deposits [3], and studies of the mineral transformation of technogenic massifs in hypergenesis [secondary mineral formation].
Among the totality of natural types of deposits, a significant role is played by infiltration deposits, the formation of which is caused by the filtration redeposition of useful components. Instruments in the formation of zones of secondary concentration are the patterns of movement of mineralized fluids in the massif and sedimentation of useful components of a chemical and physical barrier. The application of patterns of direct redeposition will determine the construction of the basis for a directed physical-chemical transformation in the zone of secondary mineral formation. The intensity of mineral transformations and the concentration of useful components in technogenic objects, in many cases, are many times higher than the primary concentration [3]. It's connected, most likely, upward of the liquid and is associated, mainly, with the magnitude of atmospheric humidity. The latter is the motivating factor of the direction of movement. Water evaporates from the surface and in the aeration zone and "frees up" the space for newly introduced portions of the solution. The difference in humidity in the atmosphere and in the aeration zone serves as a "pump" (pressure gradient) that lifts the solution to the surface. The motion of solutions in the aeration zone is well represented in the field of soil science [4]. In the conditions of hypergenesis, the main substance converting, in fact, factor is the oxidation process. Delivery of oxygen to the massif can be carried out both through aeration from the atmosphere, and groundwater [3].
In the hypergenesis zone, almost all the elements can be represented by different phase states [5]. Their presence in exchange phase, carbonate and organic phase states are water-soluble and can migrate to filtration waters. In addition, water filtration will cause the delivery of oxygen to the massif, which will support the oxidation (hypergene) process in the massif. The applicability of water as a reagent for the real directional transformation of a hypergene massif with direct filtration ascending motion of solutions can be evaluated by the results of experimental studies. The mechanism of ascending capillary ascent is new and is not used in technology [5] [6]. Also, the possibility of using an aqueous base for performing the filtration mass transfer has not been sufficiently studied. The process of formation of concentration zones directed to the surface can also be used to prepare high concentrations of useful components the near-surface areas of the massif [7]. A number of experimental studies will allow us to give a preliminary assessment of possible directed real transformations.

Materials and Methods
The object of experimental research was the material of tails of flotation enrichment of sulfide copper-nickel ores. This material is a waste of the mining and metallurgical plant in the Norilsk industrial area. It was used to carry out experimental studies on the mass transfer of water-soluble phase. The sample is mainly represented by rock-forming minerals-aluminosilicates (muscovite, elite, serpentine, acagenite) and quartz. This was established by X-ray phase analysis.
Ore minerals are represented by pyrrhotite, chromite, subordinated by chalcopyrite, gypsum, rarely calcite, brucite, pentlandite. The content of sulfide minerals reaches 10%. In appearance, the tailings of enrichment are gray sand, the main fraction lies in the interval 0.1 -0 mm ( Table 1). The density of the rock particles is 2.42 t/m 3 , the bulk density is 1.47 t/m 3 . The granulometric composition of the material is presented in Table 1.
To study the nature of the motion of solutions and the precipitation of water-soluble salts, a calculation procedure was used for the rate of filtration of   by the method of geochemical analysis [5]. The productivity of the consists solutions as they were raised vertically through the capillaries of the massif was estimated by atomic-adsorption analysis. At different heights of the tanks, access to sampling of both solutions and solid material is established (Figure 1).

Results and Discussions
During  Instability, the oscillations have multiple changes associated with increased porosity of the sections. This causes a local increase in the velocity of the fluids. This leads to a more rapid local increase in permeability and, in turn, causes acceleration of the reaction front motion. The neighboring channels massif is excluded from the process. The reaction front decays when the activity of the solution or the mineral components of the massif is reduced. In addition, simultaneously during the movement of solutions along the formed channels, including the capillaries, the partially mineral phase precipitates from the liquid to the solid phase, and forms deposits, not excluding the complete overlap of the live section of the capillaries of the individual sections. The presence of the colmatation effect is indicated by the data of the episodic decrease in the velocity of the solutions in the massif and the change in mineralization of solutions at different horizons of the massif, and in different time. The average decrease in the rate of capillary flow of solutions, according to the experimental data, does not exceed 25% of the mean value, and, as a rule, appear immediately after the peak of the decrease (Figure 2).
The degree of transition into the solution of non-ferrous compounds of copper, cobalt and nickel is low. For Cu-up to 0.05%, Co-up to 0.6%, Ni-up to 0.11%. A low level of concentration is maintained throughout the experiment 16 -18 months. At the beginning and at the end of the experimental period, the character of the change in the concentrations of elements in the solution varies in levels. In the initial segment, the concentration decreases to the surface (Figure 2, Figure 3). In the final interval, the concentration of all elements in the solution rises to the surface. This is due to the step-by-step redeposition of the connections as the upward movement proceeds (Figure 4, Figure 5). At the beginning, the compounds precipitate out of the solution, to a greater extent, in the lower zone, but gradually the front of the deposition zone shifts to the surface.    For all the observed elements-cobalt, nickel, copper, a pronounced dependence  The geochemical phase analysis [5] [9] of the material at the beginning of the experiment and at its completion shows that during the experiment, most of the water-soluble forms of non-ferrous metals were removed by filtration of water through the array. However, one cannot speak of the full extraction of water-soluble forms from the massif. Geochemical analysis indicates the presence of all fractions in the material both at the beginning (Figure 8(a)) and at the end of the experimental period (Figure 8(b)). Recalculation on the share of water-soluble forms of non-ferrous metal shows that during the whole period of the experiment, from the massif, in absolute values, on average 5% -12% more was extracted than there were water-soluble forms of non-ferrous metals in the initial stage of the experiment. Most likely, this fact can be explained with the oxidative transformation of compounds of non-ferrous metals during the process of hypergenesis in the period of the experiment than by the magnitude of the error of geochemical phase analysis. The geological natural process of hypergenesis in the presence of filtration does not stop, and even more than that,   For a technogenic object, for example tailings of flotation enrichment, the preparation scheme can be represented as follows (Figure 9). Wells pass from the surface to the bottom of the waste massif. Wells are distributed evenly over the entire area. Through the wells, the leaching reagent is fed into the lower zone of the massif. The solution leaches useful components and rises along the capil-laries of the massif to the surface. A geochemical barrier can be formed on the surface to precipitate useful components, or a production solution can be collected with its supply for extraction in each cycle.

Conclusions
An experiment carried out with water as a leaching agent for moving water-soluble compounds of non-ferrous metals in the massif of flotation tailings shows that the geological processes of hypergenesis allow the leaching by water to conduct a directed preliminary concentration of non-ferrous metals near the surface. This way allows the subsequent intensive extraction of useful components. To accumulate useful components in close proximity to the surface of the array, both physical barriers (evaporation) and geochemical (sorption) barriers can be used.