Cosmic String Theory: Gravity and Tension

Planets are interconnected via magnetic field lines, which allow flux transfer events. In this paper, a thought experiment is performed whereby the Sun and planets are visualized as a violin with magnetic field lines analogous to strings of the violin. Frequency calculations for vibrating strings between the Earth and Sun compare favorably with measured satellite data for flux transfer events. Ideal Schumann Resonance was calculated using speed of light, diameter of the Earth and Earth’s gravity for tension. The force of attraction and repulsion of magnets is analogous to tension and compression resulting from tremendously low frequency (TLF) electromechanical waves. Gravity waves are thus theorized as mechanical waves brought about by the tension of electron strings, which also act dually as electromagnetic waves. Future harmonic analysis of flux transfer wave forms for each planet would add credence to the string theory as the theory of everything.

small, they seem to be small points. The various particles discovered in the 20 th century are the same type of string. Just like the strings on a violin, these strings are under tension, which means they vibrate at different frequencies, depending on their size or mass. These periods of oscillations or frequency determine what sort of "particle" each string appears to be. Vibrate a string one way and you get an electron. Vibrate it another way, and you get a proton. All the numerous particles discovered are really the same kinds of strings, just vibrating in different ways. One important result of string theory is that gravity is a natural consequence of the theory, which is why scientists think that string theory may hold the answer to possibly uniting gravity with the other forces that affect matter. On the fundamental mass scale, the tension of a string is related to the characteristic mass scale of gravity, namely the Plank mass, where c is the speed of light in a vacuum, G is the gravitational constant, and ħ = 1 is the reduced Planck constant [2].
The average size of a string is near the length scale of quantum gravity, called the Planck length, which is about 10 -33 centimeters, or about a millionth of a billionth of a billionth of a billionth of a centimeter, which means that strings are way too small to see by current particle physics technology and so particle theorists must devise more ingenuous methods to test the theory than just looking for such incredibly small strings in particle experiments. In string theory, the elementary particles we observe in particle accelerators could be thought of as the "musical notes" or frequency nodes of elementary strings. As in violin playing, the string must be stretched under tension in order to become excited.
However, the strings in string theory are floating in spacetime, they are not tied down to a violin. Nonetheless, they have tension.
Scientists have long known that the Sun and Earth are connected. Earth's magnetosphere is filled with electron particles from the Sun that are transported via the solar wind and penetrate the planet's magnetic field. They follow magnetic field lines that can be traced from terra firma all the way back to the Sun's atmosphere. String Theory has been purported as universal theory or theory of everything. If this notion is to become a self-evident truth, then strings must affect all things from those as large as planets to as small as quarks.
In this paper, I examine the application of string theory to planets. Previous work has shown that planets resemble dipole magnets with interacting electromagnetic fields [3]. In this paper, I will be using the Sun and planets as dipole magnets as an example of string theory. Each planet and the Sun are imagined as fixed ends of a violin. The electromagnetic fields are represented as an ensemble of violin strings, which connect the planets by way of magnetic flux. Tension between the planets is thus established by the taught strings, the force of which is caused by the offsetting magnetic field strength of the Sun and planet. Tension is G. Poole Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology equal to the difference of magnetic repulsion and magnetic attraction of the heavenly bodies. The configuration of the magnets is such that repulsion is greater than attraction, which corresponds to tension being greater than compression. Tension in strings is a mechanical force calculated in Newtons which is identical to units of force of gravity.

Acoustic String Theory
The strings of a stringed instrument vary in length, linear density and tension. This gives us a wide range of frequencies and melodious sounds. The larger the linear density, the slower the strings vibrate. The same goes for length; the longer the length of the strings the slower the vibration. This is what causes low frequency in instruments, and I also believe that it is responsible for the tremend- Since the wave velocity is given by , the frequency expression can be put in the form: where, T = string tension;

Frequency of Flux Transfer Events to Earth
Using the speed of light, gravity between the Sun and Earth, and distance, Ve- the waves would act as very low frequency electromagnetic radio waves transferring electrical energy from the Sun to the Earth. However, to support this postulated dual relationship, we will need periods that are more exacting to be convincing. I therefore proposed that electrical harmonics and, by analogy, their mechanical reflective waves may be involved, since in most wave systems this is the case.

Harmonics of Earth Flux Transfer Events
An ideal vibrating string will vibrate with its fundamental frequency and all harmonics of that frequency [6]. The harmonics are integers of the fundamental.
Below is a calculation for the first five harmonics of the Earth and Sun.

Complex Wave Form Due to Harmonics
The fundamental waveform is the 1 st harmonic waveform. A second harmonic has a frequency twice that of the fundamental, the third harmonic has a fre-G. Poole quency thrice that of the fundamental, the fourth harmonic has a frequency four times that of the fundamental and so on. Figure 2 shows the harmonics in the left-hand side column. The right-hand side column shows the complex wave shape generated as a result of the addition of the fundamental waveform and the harmonic waveforms at different harmonic frequencies. The waveform shape of the additive waveform is made up of the amplitude of the harmonic frequencies, and also the phase relationship between the fundamental frequency and the individual harmonic frequencies. A complex wave is made up of a fundamental waveform plus harmonics, each with its own peak value and phase angle. Waveforms such as those shown in Figure 2 apply to violins, power systems and electromagnetic field lines connecting planets [7].

Flux Transfer Period of Planets
Flux transfer events are a characteristic set of perturbations in the magnetic field observed by satellites near the Earth's magnetopause. It has been observed that these events occur every 5 to 15 minutes [8].
To better understand the period of these events and work towards a useful, dual purpose, mechanical electrical engineering explanation, I have calculated the period of flux transfer events using acoustic string theory calculations (Table   1). Gravity has been substituted directly for string tension and the distance from the Sun to the respective planets is used as the length of the musical string. One can imagine the solar system as a symphony of planets each connected by vibrating strings to the sun and to each other. We are attempting for the first time to read the sheet music from this enormous orchestra perched in the heavens.
Perhaps Beethoven was inspired by the low frequency sounds that only his ear could discern. By using the most basic of acoustic string equations, we can determine linear and/or charge density of the plasma, as well as the frequency and period of the traveling electromagnetic wave.

Schumann Resonance
This Earth's electromagnetic resonance is named after physicist Winfried Otto Using string theory, we are able to calculate the frequency of the electromagnetic wave to produce the ideal value of 11.75 Hz [9].  The following ideal numbers is then calculated, which is the same value Schumann calculated using his equation.

COrE Satellite and Cosmic Strings
A cosmic microwave background satellite is being proposed that will map the microwave of the sky with high precision. The COrE (Cosmic Origin Explorer) mission will lead to breakthrough science in a wide range of areas, ranging from primordial cosmology to galactic and extragalactic science. COrE is designed to detect the primordial gravitational waves generated during the epoch of cosmic inflation. Microwave frequency is inversely proportional to distance. The distance between bodies was very near shortly after the "big bang" moment. At 162 -262 Giga hertz, the wavelength is in the millimeter ranges. This tells us that things were very small at the time of the "big bang". The concentration of micro wave frequency would be expected to be clustered in the higher microwave range, and then gradually inflate over the millennia. Measuring and mapping microwave frequency for events occurring right after the "big bang" makes engineering sense and COrE is a worthwhile feasible project [10].
However, we know that the universe expanded rapidly after the "big bang" and therefore distances between magnetic bodies and corresponding wavelengths are long. Since frequency is inversely proportional it follows that frequency will be small and time periods will be large. If the stated goal is to measure gravitational waves occurring in real time, and flux transfer events then microwave frequency won't be successful. Microwave is perfect for the "big bang" era when everything was close together, but for the universe that we live in today, where planets are millions of kilometers apart; microwave is not a good choice as a measurement tool.

Direct measurement of Tremendously Low Frequency (TLF) waveforms
would be the ideal method of investigating Flux Transfer between the sun and planets. In the authors opinion (TLF) measurements for detecting gravitational waves existing now, as opposed to the "big bang" era, would also be superior because of wavelengths involved and the unusual low frequency range. Tremendously low frequency (TLF) measurements have never been performed since long antenna lengths required in measuring equipment is prohibitive. Unfortunately, (TLF) is not a feasible engineering choice for a small satellite. Therefore, it is suggested that adding a second low radio frequency radio antenna to gather additional information from COrE, and then extrapolating re- "If string theory is the theory of everything, we should be able to find a natural inflationary scenario there. This will allow us to identify the inflation and its properties, while at the same time cosmological measurements will help us to determine the precise stringy description of our universe. With some luck, we may even find distinct stringy signatures in this framework in the cosmological data to confirm our faith in the theory. Since the inflationary scale turns out to be comparable to the string scale, such an investigation is clearly very worthwhile" [11].
String theorist Joseph Polchinski wrote that the expanding universe could have stretched a "fundamental" string until it was of intergalactic size. Such a stretched string would exhibit many of the properties of the old "cosmic" string variety, making the basic string calculations useful again. [12] Cosmic strings stretched to intergalactic scales would radiate gravitational waves, they should also cause harmonics in the cosmic microwave background, too subtle to have been detected yet but possibly within the realm of future observability of COrE.
Cosmic strings provide a window into string theory. If cosmic strings are measurable which is a real possibility for a wide range of cosmological string models this would provide the first experimental evidence of a string theory model underlying the structure of spacetime.
A string is a geometrical deviation from Euclidean geometry in spacetime characterized by an angular deficit: a circle around the outside of a string would comprise a total angle less than 360˚. From the general theory of relativity such a geometrical defect must be in tension and would be manifested by mass. Even G. Poole Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology though cosmic strings are thought to be extremely thin, they would have significant density, and so would represent a potential gravitational wave sources. The pinnacle of future experimentation would be to confirm that cosmic strings or planetary strings or strings in general are in fact electromagnetic waves exhibiting a standard Lorentzian force derived from combined centripetal and gravitational force vectors. There may be a heretofore practical engineering explanation for strings theory as electromagnetic waves not considered or perhaps overlooked. Such as a discovery might interpret an orderly magnetic cosmos to astrophysicist and would also translate into a meaningful earthly discovery of electromagnetic waves.
For example, in the real world, we know that primary cables to arc furnace transformers move around violently when the secondary of the transformer is short circuited to melt metal. However, the motion of the primary cables is only partially explained by the Lorentz force. String theory analysis from the cosmos may lead to new understanding and an improved Lorentz force equation.

Conclusions
Researchers have reported that the Earth's magnetopause observations by the ISEE satellites indicate that the distribution of the intervals between flux transfer events has a mode value of 3 min. However, the number is highly inaccurate, having upper and lower decile values of 1.5 min and 18.5 min, respectively. The mean repetition rate of the Earth's flux transfer events is ∼8 min [13].
My calculations for the Earth compare favorably with the spectrum of readings observed. It is likely that satellite observations and analysis are not accounting for harmonic multiples of the fundamental frequency of flux transfer events. Non-sinusoidal complex waveforms are constructed by "adding" together a series of sine wave frequencies known as "Harmonics". Harmonics is the generalized term used to describe the distortion of a sinusoidal waveform by waveforms of different frequencies. Whatever its shape, a complex waveform can be split up mathematically into its individual components called the fundamental frequency and a number of "harmonic frequencies". It is not entirely surprising that observations of the mean value are at or near the 2 nd harmonic calculation or 8-minute mark, or that the 3 rd harmonic is close to the 5.6 minute observed mark. The theoretical calculation aligns fairly closely with the observed one, when harmonics are included.
It is recommended that flux transfer waveforms are collected by satellites and harmonic analysis is performed on several planets to confirm that measured data matches theoretical calculations. Successful completion of this task would affirm that String Theory applies to everything from quarks to planets. I also note that the frequencies of the various planets' flux transfer systems are nowhere near Schuman Resonance. This affirms that the Earth's resonance operates at different fundamental and harmonic frequencies than that of the solar system.
The work suggests that what we typically refer to as the force of attraction and G. Poole Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology repulsion in magnetic bodies is a force of tension and compression derived from tremendously low frequency (TLF) waves that can be modeled using string theory. This is a profound finding as it implies that magnetism is a tremendously low frequency wave phenomenon, and not a plus or minus dipole-oriented problem. Gravity is thus similarly equated to tension and expressed in Newtons of force. The term gravity wave is given new perspective in terms of string tension and a traveling electromechanical wave. A string of electrons may in fact be an electron string connecting one planet to another, electrically and mechanically. The force of attraction connecting the individual electrons into a long string of electrons may be the resultant force of charged particles, which perhaps could be approximated using Coulombs law. The sum of all the electron charge forces should equate to the total tension force.
Gravity waves were originally discussed in 1893 by Oliver Heaviside referencing the relationship of the inverse-square law in gravitation and electricity [14].
Henri Poincaré in 1905 first proposed gravitational waves emanating from a planet and traveling at the speed of light. Poincaré suggests the following analogy: like an accelerating electrical charge producing an electromagnetic wave, accelerated masses in a relativistic field theory should produce gravitational waves [15]. Based on results of cosmic string theory, I am proposing that gravitation waves and electromagnetic waves are more than just an analogy; they may be the same electromechanical wave traveling between planets. Gravity waves are thought to be weak mechanical forces similar to the forces on a wire carrying current as defined by Lorentz force calculation.
In regards to the Lorentz force it is noteworthy that Oliver Heaviside invented the magnetic vector notation and applied it to Maxwell's field equations. The 1895 Hendrik Lorentz formula includes the contributions to the total force from both the electric and the magnetic fields. Lorentz moved away from the Maxwellian descriptions of ether and conduction. Instead, a distinction between matter and the luminiferous aether was made. Lorentz applied the Maxwell equations at a microscopic scale by applying Heaviside's version of the Maxwell equations for stationary ether and applying Lagrangian mechanics [16].
It would be a wonderful tribute to Oliver Heaviside, Henri Henri Poincaré and Henrik Lorentz if gravity waves and electromagnetic waves could be proven to be the same wave interconnecting planets like strings of a violin. It is believed that COrE experiments and data measurements could be tailored to prove string theory once and for all. Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology paper. His life story and scientific contribution have touched many in ways that are immeasurable. He gave confidence to those less gifted and showed us how to persevere. Like that other great Englishman, he taught us to never give up.