In Search of Regulators of LeSPL-CNR by South-Western Blotting and Yeast One-Hybrid Library Screening System

LeSPL-CNR is a crucial transcription factor for fruit ripening of Solanum lycopersicum. The cnr (colorless non-ripening) epimutation resulted from hypermethylation in a 286 bp region of LeSPL-CNR promoter inhibits normal fruit ripening. In present study, potential regulators of LeSPL-CNR, which could bind to the specific 286 bp region, were screened via south-western blotting and yeast one-hybrid (Y1H) library screening system. Results indicated that a total of 13 and 19 candidate proteins were acquired respectively, and both ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase and 40S ribosomal protein were identified by two methods. These would provide some information for revealing roles of DNA methylation and the regulatory mechanism for LeSPL-CNR.

Recent studies have suggested that epigenetic changes play pivotal roles in plant development and fruit ripening progress [22] [23].Liu et al. [24] showed a direct cause and effect relationship between active DNA demethylation (mainly mediated by tomato DEMETER-like DNA demethylases) and fruit ripening.Zhong et al. [25] found that the epigenome of tomato was dynamic, and the global methylation level gradually declined during wild type fruit development and ripening but remained high in cnr (colourless non-ripening) and rin (ripening inhibitor) mutants.As a dominant pleiotropic mutation, the cnr epimutation results from a naturally occurring hypermethylation in a 286 bp region of LeSPL-CNR promoter.The cnr mutant greatly inhibits ethylene production and softening, and possesses a non-ripening phenotype with a yellow skin and a colorless mealy pericarp (Figure 1(a) and Figure 1(b)) [13] [26].The distinct phenotype is not reversed by exposure to exogenous ethylene.In cnr mutant, the biosynthesis of ripening-related pericarp carotenoid is abolished due to the reduced ability to synthesize the carotenoid precursor geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) [27].Meanwhile, the solubilisation of homogalacturonan-rich pectic polysaccharides and the proportion of carbohydrate are less than those in wild type.Those lead to reduced cell-to-cell adhesion which reflects changes in the structure of cnr cell walls [28].LeSPL-CNR is mapped in the euchromatin region on the long arm of tomato chromosome 2 and encodes a transcription factor of the Squamosa Promoter Binding-like Protein.Evidences indicated that a sophisticated regulatory mechanism existed at the upstream of LeSPL-CNR.Besides the binding site of LeMADS-RIN in the promoter of LeSPL-CNR [18], the 3'-UTR also possessed a potential miRNA156/7 target.SlymiR157 could regulate the expression of LeSPL-CNR in a likely dose-dependent manner through miRNA-induced mRNA degradation and translation repression [29].Meanwhile, infection of tomato plants with cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) carrying the LeSPL-CNR promoter could induce epigenetic changes and result in inhibition of fruit ripening and mottled phenotype [30].
In this context, we surmised that the 286 bp region of LeSPL-CNR promoter contained some valuable sites.The hypermethylation of this region could prevent the binding of some potential regulators, and these regulators might play a critical role in complicated transcriptional cascade or epigenetic controls for fruit ripening.Thus, a screening via south-western blotting and yeast one-hybrid library screening system was carried on to find these potential regulators in present study.Results would provide some information to reveal roles of DNA methylation in plant genomes and elucidate the regulating mechanism for LeSPL-CNR.

Plant Materials and Cis-Acting Regulatory Element Analysis
Solanum lycopersicum cv.Ailsa Craig (AC) and the cnr mutant were grown in glasshouses at 25˚C and 80% humidity with a photoperiod of 16 h day/8 h night.
Tomato flowers were tagged at anthesis and fruit development and ripening stages were recorded as days post anthesis (DPA).In silico analysis of the 286 bp region of LeSPL-CNR promoter were performed in PlantCARE which was a database of plant cis-acting regulatory elements, enhancers and repressors.A motif search algorithm called Motif Sampler and a probabilistic approach based on Gibbs Sampling were used [31].The PlantCARE relational database was available at http://bioinformatics.psb.ugent.be/webtools/plantcare/html/.Regulatory elements are represented by positional matrices, consensus sequences and individual sites on particular promoter sequences.

Two-Dimensional Electrophoresis and South-Western Blotting
Total genomic DNA of AC fruits at breaker stage was extracted using a DNeasy Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen, Germany), following the manufacturer's instruction.
The 286 bp region was amplified from genome DNA with specific primers (P1F and P1R in Table 1) and used as a probe in sequent experiment.PCR reactions were conducted in a total volume of 20 μL containing 1 μL DNA template, 0.5 μL forward primer, 0.5 μL reverse primer, 1 μL dNTP, 0. The extraction and quantitation of total cellular proteins of AC fruits at breaker stage used methods described by [32].About 100 μg of proteins were loaded on a rehydrate immobilized pH gradient gel strip (7 cm, pH 3 -10) (Bio-Rad, USA) and two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) was carried out according to previous reports [33].Coomassie Brilliant Blue R-250 was used to stain the proteins in a duplicate gel to monitor the equaling of samples.The

Yeast One-Hybrid (Y1H) Screening
A Matchmaker Gold Yeast One-Hybrid Library Screening System (Clontech, USA) was used as described by the manufacturer.Briefly, the 286 bp fragment was amplified using a pair of primers (P2F and P2R in Table 1), sequenced, and cloned into the pAbAi vector in digestion sites of restriction enzymes Hin-dIII/SalI.After linearizing by BstBI, the pBait-AbAi plasmid was transformed to Y1HGold strain following the protocol of the Yeastmaker Yeast Transformation System 2 (Clontech, USA) to generate bait yeast strain.Then, the working concentration of Aureobasidin A (AbA) used to suppress basal expression of our bait construct in the absence of prey was determined on SD/-Ura media with different concentrations of AbA.
Total RNA was extracted from AC fruits at breaker stage using an RNeay Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen, Germany

Cis-Acting Regulatory Element Analysis in Specific 286 bp Region
In this study, potential cis-acting regulatory elements of the specific 286 bp re-

Screening Potential Regulators by South-Western Blotting
The DIG system is a simple, effective system for nonradioactive labeling and de- The spots were numbered and identified by MS/MS, corresponding to those in Table 2.
working concentration in the subsequent hybridization detection (Figure 2(b)).
Proteins extracted from tomato fruits at breaker stage were separated using 2-DE.More than 300 protein spots were detected in the gel after ignoring very faint spots and spots with undefined shapes by Image Master 2D Elite software.
After south-western blotting detection, a total of 20 spots on the PVDF membrane were considered as positive signals (Figure 2(c)), and the corresponding proteins were identified by mass spectrometry and were matched in NCBInr database.Among them, 13 proteins were matched to proteins of Solanum lycopersicum with known or predicted functions (Table 2) including elongation factor 1-alpha, basic 30 kDa endochitinase precursor, osmotin-like protein precursor, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase large subunit, etc.

Screening Potential Regulators by Yeast One-Hybrid Library Screening System
Yeast one-hybrid system is a powerful technique to rapidly identify heterologous proteins that can interact with a specific regulatory DNA sequence of interest (the bait sequence) and uses a single fusion protein in which the activation domain (AD) is linked directly to the binding domain.The binding domain in this case also may be constituted by a library.In this study, our target-reporter  A cDNA library from tomato fruit at breaker stage was created by SMART cDNA synthesis technology (c) and the cDNA pool with flanking end sequences were homologous to the prey vector, pGADT7-Rec (b).When the cDNA and linear prey vector were transformed into the reporter strain together, the yeast recombined the cDNA and the vector.Transformed cells were plated on SD/-Ura, SD/-Leu and SD/-Leu/AbA 100 media to determine if pAbAi report vector or pGADT7-Rec existed in the cells, and select positive colonies which had activated the AbA r reporter (d).S1: Y1HGold wild type strain, as a negative control; S2: Y1HGold [pAbAi/LeSPL-CNRpro286] strain; S3: Y1HGold [pGADT7-Rec/p53, pAbAi/p53] as a positive control; S4: Y1HGold [pGADT7-Rec/BP1, pA-bAi/LeSPL-CNRpro286].
distinguished from false positive colonies.Finally, a total of 19 prey inserts were identified by sequencing and the detailed information of these candidates was shown in Table 3.

Discussion
Gene expression regulatory networks are comprised of cisand trans-acting factors, and differences in gene expression are attributable to genetic variation.Epigenetic change can also be considered as an important factor in understanding phenotypic change.LeSPL-CNR of Solanum lycopersicum is an excellent research subject which possesses important biological functions and is controlled by both epigenetic and classical genetics approaches.In this study, a 286 bp contiguous region at 2.4 kb upstream from the LeSPL-CNR coding sequence was used as a bait to search potential regulatory factors by south-western blotting and yeast one-hybrid library screening system.A total of 32 candidate proteins were acquired, and they distributed in nucleus, membrane, mitochondrial, cytoplasm and chloroplast.Except three uncharacterized candidates (BP12, BP15 and BP19), other candidates have known or predicted functions in an extensive range including structural protein, enzyme, and cell signaling, etc.Among them,  [36].Calmodulin can undergo post-translation modifications, such as phosphorylation, acetylation, methylation and proteolytic cleavage, each of which has potential to modulate its actions [37].For absence of clues about connection between calmodulin and the 286 bp fragment, a possibility is that calmodulin might form a complex with other protein or proteins to fulfil the regulatory responsibilities.This mode can refer the report of Shima et al. [38] that tomato RIN forms a complex with FUL1 and FUL2, and this com- plex can bind to a typical target DNA motif for MADS-box proteins.
Petidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (BP5), as another candidate, is an enzyme that interconverts the cis and trans isomers of peptide bonds with the amino acid proline (http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P62937). Proline has an unusually conformationally restrained peptide bond duo to its cyclic structure with its side chain bonded to its secondary amine nitrogen.This structure can overcome the energetic preference for the trans peptide bond conformation and stabilize the cis form so that both isomers are populated under biologically relevant conditions.
The process of cis-trans isomerization can be the rate-limiting step in the process of protein folding, and petidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase therefore functions as protein folding chaperones [39].It probably makes petidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase participate in transcription regulation of LeSPL-CNR in an indirect way.
Up to now, there is insufficient evidence confirming the positive correlations Furthermore, it has a potential of obtaining more valuable information and excluding the false positive results via optimizing experiment conditions.

Conclusion
In this study, potential regulators of LeSPL-CNR, which could bind to the specific 286 bp region of LeSPL-CNR promoter, were screened via south-western blotting and yeast one-hybrid library screening system.A total of 13 and 19 candidate proteins were acquired respectively.Although current knowledge could not reasonably explain the molecular mechanism of interactions between acquired candidates and 286 bp fragment, results still provided some interesting information for further exploration in transcriptional cascade or epigenetic controls for fruit ripening.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Ripening phenotypes of wild-type AC (a) and cnr mutant fruits (b) with structural and methylation site analysis of a 286 bp region in LeSPL-CNR promoter (c).
proteins in one of polyacrylamide gels were transferred to PVDF membrane (0.45 μm, Millipore, USA) by a Trans-Blot Turbo (Bio-Rad, USA).After washing, renaturation, and incubation with DIG-labeled probe, immunological detection using anti-digoxigenin-AP conjugate (Roche, USA) and NBT/BCIP solution (Promega, USA) was performed according to product manual.The distribution of visible black spots representing the potential regulatory factors of LeSPL-CNR on the PVDF membrane was photographed.The total experiment was performed three times independently, and the spots detected at least twice at same position were considered as candidates.Then, the corresponding proteins at same positions on duplicated 2-DE gel were manually excised and sent to Sangon Biotech (Shanghai) Co., Ltd for identification by mass spectrometry.The in-gel protein digestion and analysis of matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) were performed using a service from Sangon Biotech (Shanghai) Co., Ltd.MS data acquired on an AB SCIEX TOF/TOF 5800 system (Applied Biosystems, USA) were used to search against NCBInr protein databases (http://www. were analyzed online in PlantCARE database.Total eight kinds of motifs (including AE-box, CAAT-box, CCAAT-box, HSE, TATA-box, TCCACCT-motif, WUN-motif and unname-4 motif) were forecasted in both forward and reverse complement sequences (Figure1(c)).These motifs were composed of 135 nucleotides which accounted for about 47% of the 286 bp region.Unexpectedly, most of the methylated cytosine residues in the 286 bp region did not showed a correlation with these motifs.These results indicated that the 286 bp region possessed structural basis for potential regulators binding.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Digoxigenin-labeled LeSPL-CNRpro286 probes (a), determination of labeling efficiency (b), and LeSPL-CNR regulatory factor screening by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) combined with south-western blotting analysis (c).Spots indicated by black arrow in 2-DE gel and PVDF membrane were potential regulatory factors which could bind with DIG-labeled LeSPL-CNRpro286 probes.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. LeSPL-CNR regulatory factors screening by yeast one-hybrid library screening system.A 286 bp region of the LeSPL-CNR promoter was cloned into the pAbAi reporter vector which was then integrated into the Y1HGold genome to create a bait-specific reporter strain (a).Activation of the AbA resistance gene (AbA r ) occurred if a potential regulatory factor could bind to the bait sequence.A cDNA library from tomato fruit at breaker stage was created by SMART cDNA synthesis technology (c) and the cDNA pool with flanking end sequences were homologous to the prey vector, pGADT7-Rec (b).When the cDNA and linear prey vector were transformed into the reporter strain together, the yeast recombined the cDNA and the vector.Transformed cells were plated on SD/-Ura, SD/-Leu and SD/-Leu/AbA 100 media to determine if pAbAi report vector or pGADT7-Rec existed in the cells, and select positive colonies which had activated the AbA r reporter (d).S1: Y1HGold wild type strain, as a negative control; S2: Y1HGold [pAbAi/LeSPL-CNRpro286] strain; S3: Y1HGold [pGADT7-Rec/p53, pAbAi/p53] as a positive control; S4: Y1HGold [pGADT7-Rec/BP1, pA-bAi/LeSPL-CNRpro286].

X
. H. Wang et al.DOI: 10.4236/ajps.2018.950801047 American Journal of Plant Sciences between other candidate proteins not mentioned and transcription regulation of LeSPL-CNR.For example, 5-methyltetrahydropteroyltriglutamate homocysteine methyltransferase (S6) belongs to the family of transferases which catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group from 5-methyltetrahydrofolate to homocysteine resulting in methionine formation (http://enzyme.expasy.org/EC/2.1.1.14);Transketolase (S7) is a ubiquitous enzyme that catalyzes the reversible transfer of a two-carbon ketol group from fructose-6-phosphate or sedoheptulose-7-phosphate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to yield xylulose-5-phosphate and erythrose-4-phosphate or ribose-5-phosphate [40].These two proteins involve in methionine metabolism and Calvin cycle, respectively.Therefore, further exploration about function of the 286 bp region via multiple approaches from different aspects is necessary.

Table 1 .
Primers used in this study.
).The first-strand SMART cDNA synthesis, amplifying SMART (Switching Mechanism at 5' end of RNA Transcript) cDNA by long distance PCR, and purifying the ds cDNA with a CHROMA SPIN + TE-400 column (Clontech, USA) were performed following protocol of Clontech's SMART technology.The purified SMART ds cDNA and pGADT7-Rec AD Cloning Vector (SmaI-linearized) were co-transformed into bait yeast strain using the Yeastmaker Yeast Transformation System 2. The aliquot suspensions of the library transformation reaction were dispersed evenly on the 150 mm plates with SD/-Leu/ABA 100 .After incubation for 3 -5 days, the positive clones were isolated and used to extract prey plasmids responsible for activation of reporters by a TIANprep Yeast Plasmid DNA Kit (Tiangen, China).At last, cDNA inserts from pGADT7-Rec vectors were identified by PCR amplification with T7 sequencing primer (T7 SP) and 3'AD sequencing primer (3'AD SP) (Table1) according to the protocol of A Matchmaker Gold Yeast One-Hybrid Library Screening System, and sequencing in Shanghai Sunny Biotechnology Co., Ltd.Sequencing results were analyzed on https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi.Search parameters were set as Database: Nucleotide collection (nr/nt); Organism: Solanum lycopersicum; Exclude: Uncultured/environmental sample sequences; Limit to: No; Entrez Query: No.

Table 2 .
Proteins information acquired through south-western blotting combined with MALDI-TOF-MS analysis.
a NCBI Accession: the accession number of non-redundant protein database; b Theo.Mass/PI: theoretical molecular mass and isoelectric point based on amino acid sequence of the identified protein; c Mascot Score/Threshold: Mascot scores are statistically significant (P < 0.05); d SC: Amino acid sequence coverage for the identified proteins; e NP: The total number of matched peptides/the number of matched peptides whose mascot scores are statistically significant (P < 0.05).

Table 3 .
Information of sequences received from yeast one-hybrid library screening system.
ryotic cells.It is a small highly conserved protein that is 148 amino acids long(16.7   kDa).This protein has two approximately symmetrical globular domains each containing a pair of EF-hand motif separated by a flexible linker region for a total of four Ca 2+ binding sites.Once bound to Ca 2+ , calmodulin acts as part of a signal transduction pathway by modifying its interactions with various target proteins such as kinases or phosphatases