Ecological Risk Assessment of Shan Xin Mining Area Based on Remote Sensing and Geography Information System Technology

In this paper, introducing new remote sensing and geographic information technology to solve the problem of data collection and analysis, this makes the study of ecological risk assessment very quick and accurate. Taking the Shan Xin mining area of the tin mine in Lengshuijiang of Hunan Province as the research object, using the remote sensing image data of three periods in 2005, 2010 and 2015, the remote sensing image is classified carefully and the landscape classification map of the mining area is obtained. The ecological risk index is introduced and the ecological risk values are sampled and interpolated on the ArcGIS platform. The ecological risk spatial distribution map based on the landscape pattern index was obtained. The ecological risk was divided into 5 levels by using the Jenks natural classification method, and each ecological risk grade area was counted. The research results show that: from year 2005 to year 2010, landscape ecological risk trend of the mining area is growing up; the trend rising area of landscape ecological risk is mainly in the southwest and northeast of the Shan Xin mining field; the area of higher and high ecological risk is increasing year by year; and the trend of dispersed development in space is obvious; the development trend of ecological risk in the mining area is rapidly increasing; in 2010 2015, the higher and high ecological risk area decrease slightly with the increasing of area of grassland and residential low vulnerability of landscape types; the ecological risk area showed a slow decreasing trend. The research results provide an objective reference for decision making of ecological environment governance. How to cite this paper: Li, C.K., Chen, J.H., Liao, M.G., Chen, G. and Zhou, Q.L. (2018) Ecological Risk Assessment of Shan Xin Mining Area Based on Remote Sensing and Geography Information System Technology. Journal of Geographic Information System, 10, 234-246. https://doi.org/10.4236/jgis.2018.102012 Received: December 4, 2017 Accepted: April 10, 2018 Published: April 13, 2018 Copyright © 2018 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Open Access DOI: 10.4236/jgis.2018.102012 Apr. 13, 2018 234 Journal of Geographic Information System


Introduction
With the development of Remote Sensing (RS) and Geography Information System (GIS) technology, they are being introduced to the field of ecological risk assessment.The 2S (RS and GIS) technology has become a very important technical approach in landscape ecology research.We can obtain spatial data of the study area rapidity by RS technology, especially on a large spatial scale; geographic information system for its powerful spatial data processing ability and analyze ability can be applied to analysis on landscape pattern change; global positioning system can provide accurate geographic coordinate."2S" technology changes the research methodology substantially and gradually become tools in the areas of data-collecting, storage, processing and analyzing for landscape ecological studies.Landscape pattern research is one of the key problems of landscape ecology research.Now it has become the focus of global change research [1].
Landscape pattern and its change is a composite reflection of the interaction of natural factors and human activity in certainty regional ecological environment, and the change of landscape pattern also affects on ecological process in the region [2].So it is an effective method for understanding the status of landscape ecology and its spatial variability to study landscape pattern in mining area by the principle of landscape ecology.Therefore, to study the landscape patterns in mining area according to the principle of landscape ecology provides an effective method for understanding the status of landscape ecology and its spatial variability [3].Through the dynamic changes of regional landscape pattern to reflect the ecological effects of natural changes and human activities, the ecological environment can be improved by adjusting human behavior and optimizing the allocation of resources, and the sustainable development of the region is realized finally.The disturbance of human activities will inevitably lead to the change of regional landscape pattern, thus affecting the ecological security of regional space.At present, most of the research on ecological risk assessment in mining area is concentrated on the microscopic toxicological risk analysis.From the perspective of landscape pattern change, this paper quantitatively analyzes the ecological risk of mining area with the help of 2S technology, and emphasizes the risk effect of the spatial pattern.The scientific guidance of ecological risk management in mining area with research results is beneficial to evade ecological risk and protect the ecological environment.
In this paper, taking the Shan Xin mining area as the research object, in the support of new 2S technology, from the angle of landscape pattern change, the comprehensive ecological risk index of mining area landscape was constructed, C. K. Li et al. and the relative change degree of ecological risk in mining area was reflected through the change of risk index, so as to provide objective decision basis for ecological environment protection, governance and management of mining area.

Evaluation Method
In this paper, the Google Earth images in the year of 2015 and the SPOT5 remote sensing images in the years of 2005 and 2010 are used as the data source.
Spatial resolution of SPOT5 is 2.5 m; spatial resolution of Google is 0.6 m, the temporal for June to September.During this time, various vegetation grow well, this is beneficial to use growth characteristics to distinguish different plant covered including farmland, forest land and grassland and other land.Since the acquisition of SPOT data with rectification of SAR images and atmospheric correction, hence simply geometric rectification for data according to topographic map of 1/10,000 scale of Xi Kuang Shan mining area of 1/10,000 scale.Google Earth images geometric corrected according to SPOT5 remote sensing images of 2010.Finally, each image should be clipped separately, then collect remote sensing of the area to complete data preprocessing.In order to ensure the accuracy of interpretation, other data, including GPS field survey data, could be put in.

Creation Landscape Ecological Risk Index
LESA (Landscape Ecological Risk Assessment) means analysing the influencing degree of some interference sources such as human activities and natural disasters and etc from the corner of landscape structure ,pattern evolution or landscape ecological process [4] [5] [6].Popular methods include ecological loss degree index evaluation method、landscape ecological pattern index evaluation method [7] [8] [9], this paper established an landscape ecological risk index according to ecological loss degree index evaluation method, and calculate ecological risk values in each sample region on the base of relevant literature and analysis related landscape index.The main index formula is as following: 1) Index of interference degree (E i ).
where: C i , N i , D i is degree of fragmentation, separation and dominance of landscape i respectively, (see Resources) [10] [11].a, b, c is the weight of each index, a + b + c = 1, these 3 indicators reflect the effects of human activities on ecosystem to a certain extent .Judging from the findings of many scholars' study [12] [13], valuation these three indicators as 0.5, 0.3, 0.2 respectively.
2) Index of Vulnerability degree (F i ).
The ecosystems represented by different landscapes play different roles in the maintenance of biodiversity and ecological functions, and also have different resistance against external interference and disturbances.This difference is mainly related to different development phases of these ecosystems during natural succession.

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According to the characteristics of the natural succession stages of various landscapes, the 10 types of landscape are assigned from high to low according to the relevant research results: water = 6, farmland = 5, grassland = 4, woodland = 3, (dump, mining, mineral yard and tailing storeroom) = 2, (mining road and essential area) = 1, then normalized to obtain each vulnerability degree (F i ).
( ) where: ki S is the area of landscape i in sample region k, k S is the total area of sample region k, i i E F ⋅ is loss index of landscape i, n is the number of landscape type.
In order to study the spatial variation of ecological risk, it is necessary to make the ecological risk index spatialization.Considering landscape ecology, the best scale of sampling area is 2 -5 times of the average patch area [12], this study uses 0.4 × 0.4 km square to carry out spatial sampling in the study area, a total of 145 sample areas.According to the landscape ecological risk index formula, the comprehensive ecological risk value of each sample area was calculated, which was used as the center value of the sample area.

Study Area
Hunan Leng Shui Jiang tin mine is located in Leng Shui Jiang mining township, tin mine street office, is the famous "world antimony capital", the geographical coordinate was determined to be 27˚31'53" degrees north latitude and 111˚42'35" degrees east longitude.Mining field have a wide reach which is about 18 km 2 (Figure 1), and an exploitation history of over 100 years, the industry of dressing, smelting and mining is highly developed.Tin production has ranked first in China and output accounts for the 1/3 of nationwide total output.After a long time of mining and smelting, some common phenomena, such as surface subsidence, large arsenic-alkali residue deposited may be seen anywhere, caused the plants to die, the heavy metals pollution and the serious pollution of groundwater resources, resulted in obviously degeneration of ecosystem function, seriously affecting the daily life of the local people, and also affected local economic development.

Data Processing
Landscape classification mainly with reference to the "ecological environment of national mineral resources development zone ten years changes in the investigation and evaluation" norms, the development of mineral resources are subdivided into regional features, mining road dump, mineral yards and cultivated land, grassland, woodland, tailings, settlements, water and mining field a total of 10 categories, application the artificial visual interpretation method for remote sensing interpretation.On the basis of the result of remote sensing image interpretation and the analyses of landscape type (Figure 2, Table 1), the main landscape region of the Shan Xin mining area is grassland, it takes up more than 40% of the total area.During 2005 to 2010, the main part of the increased area of the landscape is composed of mining road and mining area; the increasing proportion is 44% and 13.6% individually.The landscape area of mineral piling, dump, woodland and residential area has also increased to varying degrees.The main reason is that the increase of mining activities has led to the increase or expansion of the number of mining sites, so as to meet the transportation needs of mining areas and speed up the construction of mine roads.To reduce the size of the landscape of farmland, grassland and water, disorderly development of the mining production area occupied a lot of farmland and grassland, which is one of the main reasons for the decrease of the water in the study area, which mainly exists in the form of a puddle and the pond, the water landscape is vulnerable to human activities influence become extremely fragile.
In the past 2010-2015 years, the area increased obviously with grassland and residential area, and the area of mining field increased slightly.The main areas of area reduction include soil dumping, mineral storage and tailings, and the decrease of woodland and arable land, and the continuous reduction of water landscape.The main reason is that from the beginning of year 2010, the tin mine accelerated the mine ecological environment governance, for some of the waste dump and tailings to carry out vegetation greening governance; the mining industry also carried out rectification work, on the basis of the original work and strengthen the integration of resources and, at the same time, banning illegal indiscriminate mining enterprises; grassland and residential area increased significantly, indicates that with the ecological environment governance work, more   suitable for the construction of the land to be developed, and the living environment gradually improved, a substantial increase in grassland can be certain achievement of ecological environment reflects the governance side of mine.

Landscape Ecological Risk Index
Based on the landscape classification map of 2005, 2010 and 2015 three years, according to above Formulas (1) and ( 2), Fragstats landscape index software and Excel were used to calculate the landscape ecological risk index, and all kinds of landscape ecological risk index in 2000, 2010 and 2015 were obtained (Table 2).
From year 2000 to year 2010, the largest fragmentation index for mining road, road construction often leads to other plaque segmentation, promote the fragmentation of landscape, the landscape connectivity decreased and the 5 years of its fragmentation was reduced.The description of the road construction in mining area is mainly based on the original road widening, instead of a network expansion rate is greater than the growth rate of plaque area increased; except the tailings, mining and mineral dumps in the landscape fragmentation index did not change significantly, other landscape types increased in different degree, that C. K. Li et al. mining area 5 years overall landscape fragmentation trend; the separation index is consistent with the change from the fragmentation index; the dominance index, showed that the grassland landscape in landscape in the mining area, the dominant degree is relatively increased, grassland and cultivated land; The increase of the loss index of woodland increases the ecological loss of the landscape type and increases the ecological risk in human disturbance.
From year 2010 to year 2015, in addition to mineral dumps and mining field landscape fragmentation index increased, the landscape types have different degrees of reduction, indicating that the overall fragmentation degree of mining area has slowed; separation index, cultivated land, woodland, grassland and mining field did not change significantly, showed that the more concentrated distribution of these types of landscape, a landscape stability good; grassland is the dominant landscape in this area is still 5 years; from the loss index, the biggest change for landscape water, showed a sharp increase trend, showed that the landscape pattern in the mining area, vulnerable to external interference and cause serious ecological damage, high ecological risk; cultivated land, forest land and grassland landscape damage the index has a smaller decline, it is showed that the ecological risk decreased.
General speaking, the comprehensive ecological risk index (ERI) of the mining area in 2005 is 0.026, but increased to 0.040 by year 2010, and was reduced to 0.036 by year 2015.In the past 10 years, the ecological risk index has increased and dropped two trends.Although nearly 5 years, to carry out governance and mine production management of the ecological environment, to a certain extent reduces the ecological risks in some areas, but compared with 2005, the overall ecological risk still present growth trend, ecological risk situation is still very serious.Landscape ecological risk, since during such many years the ecological risk index is standing at between 0.022 and 0.078.It includes: low ecosystem risk area (0.022 < ERI < 0.033), lower ecosystem risk area (0.033 < ERI < 0.039), medium ecosystem risk area (0.039 < ERI < 0.045), higher ecosystem risk area (0.045 < ERI < 0.054), high ecosystem risk area (0.054 < ERI < 0.078), and statistics area of each degree by Arc GIS (Table 3).

Spatial Distribution of Landscape Ecological Risk
From Figure 3 and Table 3, we can that: the most part of Shan Xin mining  area is low ecosystem risk area or lower ecosystem risk area, cover 93.07% of mining area, distributed mainly over The north, the northwest and the Southeast of Shan Xin mining area，this major landscape type is grassland and woodland; the area of higher or high ecosystem risk was quite limited, only 2.17%, distributed mainly over South, this major landscape type is water and mining area.
Outside interference is easy to cause serious loss of ecological damage for water, which lead the landscape ecosystem risk is high.Medium and higher ecosystem risk areas are mainly distributed in high ecosystem risk area outer ring.
In 2010, the landscape ecosystem risk pattern of Shan Xin mining area changed dramatically, low and lower ecosystem risk area have declined dramatically, only 55.68% of total .higherand high ecosystem risk area increased quickly, grow to 13.57% and 3.95% respectively.According to Figure 3, there's a lot more area in the northwest in mining area transmuted into higher or high ecosystem risk area, so does the Southeast, the main reason is the major landscape of these 2 part is farmland, the vulnerability degree is high and intensive meets woodland, grassland and residential area, that's increased the partial fragmenta-

Discussion of Change Trend
In order to further analyze the changing trend of all kinds of landscapes, Arc GIS was applied to analyze the three phase remote sensing interpretation maps of the tin mine in the period of 10 years, and the change moment of landscape types was generated, as shown in Table 4.In order to facilitate the analysis of data, transportation land, dumping ground, mineral storage yard and mining field are classified as mineral facilities.From Table 4, we can see that from 2005 to 2010 10 years ago, with the expansion of mining area and the establishment of new mineral facilities, a large number of grassland, woodland and arable land were occupied.At the same time, the problems caused by the geological disasters caused by the production activities have a serious impact on the residential housing in the mining area.From the perspective of the characteristics of the turning out, the mineral facilities are mainly turned out to be grasslands, which are transferred from the dump.The reason is that there is no management for the waste dump and the soil pollution is serious.Only a few herbaceous plants can survive, so they are gradually transformed into barren grassland.In the past 2005-2010 years, the main trend of landscape change is the transformation of grassland and woodland into mineral facilities.The same method is used to generate the landscape type transfer matrix of the 2010-2015 mining area, such as Table 5.It can be seen from Table 5 that, compared with the previous 5 years, the transformation activities between the various landscape types are relatively weak.From the features of the mining facilities, the largest area of the mine is the tailings reservoir, which is mainly converted into a dump.The mining area reused the tailings pond which had been disused and transformed it into a dump.It not only made the land resources to be maximally utilized, but also played a protective role in the ecological environment, which brought huge economic benefits to the flash mining area.From the features of mineral facilities, mineral facilities are mainly transferred to grassland and residential areas, mainly by dumping ground and mineral storage sites.The implementation of the mine restoration project can gradually eliminate the impact of production and development on the ecological environment of the mining area.The dump and mineral dumps and other mineral production facilities with land reclamation and vegetation restoration, improve the land quality; at the same time for the reuse of waste mineral facilities, soil restoration C. K. Li et al.
ties to grassland and residential areas.

Conclusions
The ecological risk assessment index of the Shan Xin mining area was studied based on 2S technologies, and it gave out the risks assessment results of the Shan Xin mining area.Research achievement provides scientific decision basis for Ecological environment control in mining area.The investigation method gives a good example for similar issue investigation.The main conclusions are as following: 1) According to the change of landscape type, from year 2005 to year 2010, the resource exploitation and economic development in the mining area caused the result that a large number of farmland and grassland was changed into other landscape type.From 2010 to 2015, with the development of mine ecological environment control, the large area restoration of and the rapid growth of residential area in the mining area showed that the mining area's ecological environment management has achieved certain results.
2) In the view of the change of ecosystem risk, in 2005 to 2010, the trend of total ecosystem risk increased quickly.The landscape ecological risk area is mainly located in the southwest and northeast part of the Shan Xin mining area.
The areas of higher risk and high risk are increasing year by year, and the ecological spatial distribution shows the trend of dispersed development.From 2010 to 2015, the areas of higher risk and high risk decreased year by year, and the landscape ecological risk of mining area decreased slowly.
3) The division of the study area is based on the boundary line of the Shan Xin mining area, which does not fully consider the heterogeneity of the landscape space.To a certain extent, it has split the original surface physical geographical connection, and has some interference in the comprehensive analysis of the landscape pattern.The index of ecological risk based on landscape index is not enough to determine the threshold of landscape ecological risk.The construction of the existing landscape ecological risk index only takes into account the landscape structure, and does not take into account other factors such as society and economy.Therefore, the study of the method of determining the risk index of comprehensive factors is the next step to be solved.
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Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Geographic location and traffic map of the Shan Xin mining area.
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Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Landscape classification of mining area in 2005 and 2010.
145 ecological risk in the sample area are respectively calculated a by using Formula (1) and (2).Get experimental variation function by way of GS + geostatistics software, to fitting theoretical semivariogram, sphere model to fit the best in 2005 and 2010, Gaussian model to fit the best in 2015.This ordinary Kriging interpolation method is used to spatial interpolation to Landscape ecological risk on ARCGIS, and the Spatial Distribution Maps of ecological risk in 2005, 2010 and 2015 (Figure 3) are obtained.This paper uses Jenks natural classification, this Landscape ecological risk is divided into5 degree to analyze feature of 3
tion and ecological risk.During the 5 years, higher and high ecosystem risk area have a sharp increase and distribution scattered.It's the Disorderly development of mining area which is increasing ecosystem risk in mining area.With the development of the ecological environment governance in 2010, C. K. Li et al. higher and high ecosystem risk area has decreased, from 17.52% to 9.82% in 2010 to 2015.The proportion of medium ecosystem risk area has also fallen to 13.20%.Through consolidation in mining area and green the mine dumping sites ground, woodland, grassland and farmland inclined to integrate ,landscape fragmentation index was decreased ,which means ecological environment has been somewhat improved by environmental protection.Above all, ecological risk in mining area increases quickly and then shows a slowly declining tendency based on mining landscape ecological risk index and spatial variation from year 2005 to year 2015.

Table 1 .
Area of landscape types in mining area.
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Table 3 .
Area of different grade ecological risk.