Ion Nonthermality Induced Nonlinear Dust Acoustic Wave Propagation in a Complex Plasma in Presence of Weak Secondary Electron Emission from Dust Grains

In this paper we have investigated the effect of ion nonthermality on nonlinear dust acoustic wave propagation in a complex plasma in presence of weak secondary electron emission from dust grains. Equilibrium dust charge in this case is negative. Dusty plasma under our consideration consists of inertialess nonthermal ions, Boltzman distributed primary and secondary electrons and negatively charged inertial dust grains. Both adiabatic and nonadiabatic dust charge variations have been taken into account. Our analysis shows that in case of adiabatic dust charge variation, at a fixed non-zero ion nonthermality increasing secondary electron emission decreases amplitude and increases width of the rarefied dust acoustic soliton whereas for a fixed secondary electron yield increasing ion nonthermality increases amplitude and decreases width of such rarefied dust acoustic soliton. Thus shape of the soliton may be retained if strength of both the secondary electron yield and the ion nonthermality are increased. Nonadiabatic dust charge variation shows that, at fixed non-zero ion nonthermality, increasing secondary electron emission suppresses oscillation of oscillatory dust acoustic shock at weak nonadiabaticity and pronounces monotonicity of monotonic dust acoustic shock at strong nonadiabaticity. On the other hand at a fixed value of the secondary electron yield, increasing ion nonthermality enhances oscillation of oscillatory dust acoustic shock at weak nonadiabaticity and reduces monotonicity of monotonic dust acoustic shock at strong nonadiabaticity. Thus nature of dust acoustic shock may also remain unchanged if both secondary electron yield and ion nonthermality are increased. How to cite this paper: Bhakta, S. and Sarkar, S. (2018) Ion Nonthermality Induced Nonlinear Dust Acoustic Wave Propagation in a Complex Plasma in Presence of Weak Secondary Electron Emission from Dust Grains. Journal of Modern Physics, 9, 961-975. https://doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2018.95059 Received: December 1, 2017 Accepted: April 9, 2018 Published: April 12, 2018 Copyright © 2018 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Open Access S. Bhakta, S. Sarkar DOI: 10.4236/jmp.2018.95059 962 Journal of Modern Physics


Introduction
Dusty plasma has become an important field of plasma research since the last decade of the twentieth century.Such plasma consists of electrons, ions and massive charged dust grains which are commonly observed in space and astrophysical plasmas.These dust grains are charged by different mechanisms.They may be charged by plasma current, secondary electron emission effect, photo electric effect or by some other charging processes.Whether the dust grains are negatively or positively charged depends upon the grain charging mechanism.If the dust grains embedded in a plasma are charged by the flow of plasma current, equilibrium dust charge is negative.Positive equilibrium dust charge may exist if some electrons emit from dust grains.Secondary electron emission is an important dust charging process in dusty plasma where both negative and positive equilibrium dust charge exist [1] [2] [3] [4].
When primary electrons impacting dust surfaces are energetic enough, they interact with the bulk material and loose energy due to many collisions.This consequently excites material electrons of dust grains.Some of those electrons ultimately leave the material surface and are called secondary electrons.Such secondary electrons have typical energies of few eV with Maxwellian like energy distribution.The secondary electron yield is defined as the average number of secondaries emitted from dust grains per unit incident primary electron.The maximum secondary electron yield and the corresponding maximum energy depend on the dust material.For weak secondary electron emission the secondary electron yield possesses low value and hence the equilibrium dust charge is negative whereas for strong secondary electron emission secondary yield value is high and the equilibrium dust charge is positive [1] [2] [3].In this paper we are interested in negative equilibrium dust charge.
In most space and astrophysical environment electrons and ions are frequently nonthermal whose existences have been detected by several satellite observations.Nonthermal ions were observed by the Vella satellite from the earth's bow shock [5] as well as in and around earth's foreshock [6].The Aspera experiment on Phobos-satellite detected nonthermal ion fluxes from the upper ionosphere of Mars [7].Such space and astrophysical plasmas also contain huge dust grains which are charged by secondary electron emission mechanism where energetic electrons are present.Low frequency dust acoustic waves propagating in such plasmas are influenced by the nonthermality of background charge particles whose linear theory has already been studied [8] [9] [10].Nonlinear theory considering positive equilibrium dust charge generated by secondary electron process has been recently reported [11].In this paper we have investigated nonlinear theory of dust acoustic wave propagation considering the presence of nonthermal ions, Boltzmann distributed primary and secondary electrons and inertial dust grains having negative equilibrium dust charge.This negative equilibrium dust charge is a consequence of low secondary electron emission from dust grains.Study of this paper is important as we have seen [12] [13] opposite polarity of dust charge gives rise some opposite physical behaviour when the dust grains are charged by secondary electron mechanism.Thus to compare the nonlinear behaviour of dust acoustic waves with reference [11] where equilibrium dust charge was positive we have considered both adiabatic (fast) and nonadiabatic (slow) dust charge variation.
Nonlinear evolution of dust acoustic and dust ion acoustic waves in presence of adiabatic and non adiabatic dust charge variation were studied earlier by several authors considering grain charging by the flow of plasma current [14]- [23].Effect of both weak (negative equilibrium dust charge) and strong (positive equilibrium dust charge) secondary electron emission in this nonlinear evolution process were later investigated with Boltzmann distributed electrons and ions [12] [13].Presence of nonthermal ions along with positively charged dust gains generated by strong secondary electron emission has been recently reported [11].
Our present analysis shows that in case of adiabatic dust charge variation, at a fixed non zero ion nonthermality, increasing secondary electron emission decreases amplitude and increases width of the rarefied dust acoustic soliton whereas for a fixed secondary electron yield, increasing ion nonthermality increases amplitude and decreases width of such rarefied dust acoustic soliton.This is opposite to the soliton behaviour when equilibrium dust charge is positive [11] where dust acoustic soliton is of compressive nature.Our present investigation also shows that in case of nonadiabatic dust charge variation for negative equilibrium dust charge, at fixed non zero ion nonthermality increasing secondary electron emission suppresses oscillation of oscillatory dust acoustic shock at weak nonadiabaticity and pronounces monotonicity of monotonic dust acoustic shock at strong nonadiabaticity.On the otherhand increasing ion nonthermality at fixed secondary electron yield in this case pronounces oscillation of oscillatory dust acoustic shock at weak nonadiabaticity and suppresses monotonicity of monotonic dust acoustic shock at strong nonadiabaticity.Thus behaviour of dust acoustic shock in both cases of weak and strong nonadiabaticity are opposite to their corresponding behaviour when equilibrium dust charge is positive [11].But in both cases of negative and positive equilibrium dust charges shape of dust acoustic soliton which is rarefied for negative equilibrium dust charge and compressive for positive equilibrium dust charge remains unchanged if both ion nonthermality and secondary electron yield are increased.Similar behaviour shows for dust acoustic shock waves where in both cases of negative and positive equilibrium dust charges oscillation of oscillatory dust acoustic shock at weak nonadiabaticity and monotonicity of monotonic shock at strong nonadiabaticity remains unchanged if both ion nonthermality and sec-DOI: 10.4236/jmp.2018.95059964 Journal of Modern Physics ondary electron yield are increased.

Formulation of the Problem
For studying the effect of ion nonthermality on nonlinear one dimensional dust acoustic wave propagation in a complex plasma in presence of weak secondary electron emission we have considered a plasma consisting of inertialess nonthermal ions, Boltzman distributed primary and secondary electrons and negatively charged inertial dust grains satisfying the quasineutrality condition where io n , eo n , so n and do n are equilibrium number densities of ions, pri- mary electrons, secondary electrons and dust grains respectively and do z is the number of charges on dust grains in equilibrium.The non dimensional number densities i N , e N and s N of nonthermal ions, Boltzmann distributed primary and secondary electrons are ( ) where a is the ion nonthermal parameter, All the above equations are closed if the electrostatic plasma potential Φ satisfies the Poisson equation, ( ) ( ) Here, is the nonthermal ion current when equilibrium dust charge is negative [24].
The nonthermal ion density i N and nonthermal ion current i I have been calculated with the help of the following nonthermal ion velocity distribution [25], ( ) ( ) , , where ti v is the ion thermal velocity and , , where z z e r T = , 0 r is the grain radius, M δ is the maximum secondary electron yield, e m is the electron mass and the function ( ) ( ) ( ) Value of M δ is low for weak secondary electron emission and high for strong secondary electron emission.Thus for weak secondary electron emission equilibrium dust charge is negative and for strong secondary electron emission equilibrium dust charge is positive. where is the dusty plasma Debye length and is the dust acoustic speed.The effective temperature eff T is de- fined by The grain charging frequency in this case has been calculated in the form, ( ) The equilibrium current balance equation This i δ must be greater than 1 to satisfy the quasi neutrality condition (1).

Reductive Perturbation Analysis: Adiabatic and Nonadiabatic Dust Charge Variation
For the study of small amplitude structures in dusty plasma in presence of weak secondary electron emission, we employ the reductive perturbation technique, using the stretched coordinates ( ) where ε is a small parameter and λ is the wave velocity normalized by d c .The variables , , Substituting these expansions into Equations ( 2)-( 8) with ( 9), ( 11), (12) and collecting the terms of different powers of ε we obtain, ( ) ( ) In case of adiabatic dust charge variation dust grains are charged in fast time Equating from its both sides the terms containing ε and 2 ε , we get Eliminating all the second-order terms from Equations ( 18)-( 21) and ( 23) we get the KdV equation where, On transforming to the wave frame M η ξ τ = − , the travelling wave solution of equation ( 25) can be written as , where ε is small and ν is of order unity [17].
With this assumption, Equation ( 7) along with expansion (17) give the following first and second order dust charge fluctuation ( ) ( ) Eliminating all the second-order terms of Equation ( 18)-( 21) and ( 27) we get the standard KdV-Burger equation, is the Berger coefficient arising due to nonadiabaticity of dust charge variation.Here all A, B, and µ depend on both ion nonthermality parameter a and maximum secondary electron yield M δ .Value of M δ is low as we are considering weak secondary electron emission.

Numerical Estimation
In this section we have drawn different graphs to show the effect of ion nonthermality on nonlinear dust acoustic wave propagation for both adiabatic and non adiabatic dust charge variation when equilibrium dust charge generated by weak secondary electron emission is negative.For numerical estimation, we have considered [1] [26] 350 eV and Al 2 O 3 dust for which M δ lies in the range 2 -9.
From Figure 1 and Figure 2 we have seen that at a fixed non zero ion nonthermality increasing secondary electron emission decreases amplitude and increases width of the rarefied dust acoustic soliton whereas for a fixed secondary electron yield increasing ion nonthermality increases amplitude and decreases width of such rarefied dust acoustic soliton in case of adiabatic dust charge variation.This is opposite to the behaviour of the compressive dust acoustic soliton where ions are nonthermal and equilibrium dust charge is positive [11].In both cases shape of the soliton remains unchanged but in opposite sense if strength of both the secondary electron yield and the ion nonthermality are increased.
In case of nonadiabatic dust charge variation Figure 3 and Figure 4 show that for both weak ( 0.5 ν = ) and strong ( 5 ν = ) nonadiabaticity at fixed nonzero ion nonthermality increasing secondary electron emission increases magnitude of the ratio B µ which implies dissipation is stronger than dispersion.As a Journal of Modern Physics  consequence increasing secondary electron emission suppresses oscillation of dust acoustic shock when it is oscillatory at weak nonadiabaticity and pronounces monotonicity when it is monotonic at strong nonadiabaticity.This is clear from Figure 5 and Figure 6.Similarly Figure 7 and Figure 8 show that for both weak and strong nonadiabaticity at a fixed value of the secondary electron yield M δ , increasing ion nonthermality decreases magnitude of the ratio B µ which means dispersion becomes stronger in this case than dissipation.Thus at a fixed value of secondary electron yield M δ , increasing ion nonthermality  creased.This behaviour is opposite of the behaviour of the dust acoustic shock when ions are nonthermal and equilibrium dust charge is positive [11].This opposite nature is due to the opposite polarity of dust charge.

Conclusions
In this paper we have studied the effect of ion nonthermality on nonlinear dust       The results of the present investigation with negative equilibrium dust charge and the investigation of reference [11] with positive equilibrium dust charge show opposite evolution character of dust acoustic soliton and dust acoustic shock due to opposite polarity of dust charge.But in both cases nature of dust acoustic soliton and dust acoustic shock remains unaffected if both ion nonthermality and secondary electron yield are increased.
are ion, primary electron and secondary electron temperatures respec- tively.Number density d N , velocity d V and charge d Q of dust grains obey the following non dimensional equations, ( )

ν
are the dust plasma frequency and dust charging frequency, d m is the dust mass and X, T are non dimensional space and time variables.
are x, y, and z components of ion velocity.Other current expressions are,

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Plot of the rarefied Dust Acoustic Soliton for different δ M at a = 0.2 in case of adiabatic dust charge variation.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Plot of the rarefied Dust Acoustic Soliton for different a at δ M = 4 in case of adiabatic dust charge variation.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Plot of the ratio μ/B versus z for different δ M at a = 0.2 and ν = 0.5 in case of nonadiabatic dust charge variation.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Plot of the ratio μ/B versus z for different δ M at a = 0.2 andν = 5.0 in case of nonadiabatic dust charge variation.

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. Oscillatory shock wave for different values of δ M at a = 0.2 and ν = 0.5 in case of nonadiabatic dust charge variation.

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.Monotonic shock wave for different values of δ M at a = 0.2 and ν = 5.0 in case of nonadiabatic dust charge variation.

Figure 7 .
Figure 7. Plot of the ratio μ/B versus z for different a at δ M = 4 and ν = 0.5 in case of nonadiabatic dust charge variation.

Figure 8 .δ
Figure 8. Plot of the ratio μ/B versus z for different a at δ M = 4 andν = 5.0 in case of nonadiabatic dust charge variation.

Figure 9 .
Figure 9. Oscillatory shock wave for different values of a at δ M = 4 and ν = 0.5 in case of nonadiabatic dust charge variation.

Figure 10 .
Figure 10.Monotonic shock wave for different values of a at δ M = 4 and ν = 5.0 in case of nonadiabatic dust charge variation.