Positive Mental Health Model Based on Authentic Leadership and Elements of Socialization

In this document, we propose a theoretical model of occupational positive mental health that relates it to elements of organizational socialization (formation and coworkers support) and characteristics of authentic leadership (transparency in relationships, balanced processing and internalized morality), generating in the workers first, the improvement of the interpersonal relations in the work and the development of the strengths in the work, and these facilitate the empowerment in the tasks when combined with elements of socialization, generating personal well-being and allowing to form in the workers a philosophy of working life. In general, it is proposed that it is based on education and learning, which seeks to facilitate an adaptation to the organization with perceptions of equity, and to develop positive mental health at work and its subsequent benefits. This model is proposed with the purpose of developing empirical tests that verify their relationships. The positive results could serve as a basis for interventions and develop new lines of research for the future of these fields of study.


Introduction
The scope of work and its effects on human life have been studied by different disciplines, including organizational psychology, because work today is strongly job that require the worker's physical and psychological effort, as they appear in situations of work overload, job insecurity, and role ambiguity.And, on the other hand, Work Resources, which are understood as the physical, psychological, social or organizational integrity of a job that serves to achieve work goals, reduce the demands of work, in addition to stimulating personal growth, learning and the development.
These labor resources can come from the organization, relationships, work organization, and self-task (Bakker & Demerouti, 2007) and can be considered as psychosocial factors from the point of view of health at work (Aranda-Beltrán, Pando-Moreno, Torres-López, Salazar-Estrada, & Franco-Chávez, 2005).It is known to be primarily related to the motivational potential, organizational commitment, performance extra-role and job satisfaction because they facilitate growth, learning and development, and all of them are in the process of organizational socialization is defined as the process to acquire knowledge about organization and work, through which an individual goes from being an external member to identify with values, develop skills and in short assume an organizational function and participate as a member of the organization successfully (Louis, 1980;Haueter, Macan, & Winter, 2003).

Organizational Socialization and Leadership
Effective socialization helps workers overcome potential negative aspects typical of adapting to a new job, such as stress, anxiety and uncertainty in the face of the new situation and the new task (Taormina, 1997;Nelson & Quick, 1991;Saks, 1996;Wanous, 1992).This process is also one of the main ways in which the culture of an organization is maintained and can have a lasting effect on confidence, attitudes and behaviors of employees (Ashforth, Sluss, & Harrison, 2007;Bauer, Morrison, & Callister, 1998;Zak, 2011;Zak, 2017).
The models by Chao, O'Leary-Kelly, Wolf, Klein and Gardner (1994), Cooper-Thomas and Anderson (2006) and Taormina (1994Taormina ( , 1997) ) have shown compatibility and some consensus on how learning and social colleagues work to generate understanding of work, role and organization by interacting with each other, developing efficiency, satisfaction and emotional support (Chao et al., 1994;Taormina, 1994Taormina, , 1997Taormina, , 2004) ) and not only information and content (Rollag, Parise, & Cross, 2005).
The process of organizational socialization does not always work properly, and individuals can go through states of uncertainty, where lack of cultural clarity and absence of rules and regulations are replaced by personal criteria that facilitate confusion and lack of learning resources (Allen & Meyer, 1990;Allen, 2006).
And, on the other hand, it is likely that organizations seek to impose excessively the culture and values to its members, for the sake of productivity, limiting autonomy and wellbeing in general (Michaels, Cron, Dubinsky, & Joachimsthaler, 1988;Sarros, Tanewski, Winter, Santora, & Densten, 2002) that this process studied in isolation would suggest that is positive, however, it must be bounded by estimating personal development, to avoid bias induced alienation where the pressure to suit any cost to the organizational culture, limit Positive Mental Health in employees.
To address the OS from a positive point of view, Saks and Gruman (2011) mentioned a new approach to organizational socialization related to positive organizational behavior, specifically looking to link with psychological capital and leadership as resources socialization, an important effort that is limited when we think about the wellbeing of the workers and the adaptation to the environment at the same time.
Within this proposal social support is considered the main source of learning and a critical factor in socialization (Allen, McManus, & Russell, 1999;Bauer et al., 1998;Fisher, 1985;Katz, 1985;Saks & Ashforth, 1997), because for many authors interactions newcomers and initiates represent "the primary vehicle through which initial socialization occurs" (Reichers, 1987: p. 278).Interactions between new individuals with the most experienced provide emotional support, advice and assistance (Baker & Dutton, 2007;Taormina, 1994Taormina, , 1997Taormina, , 2004;;Taormina & Gao, 2005), which can promote strengths in individuals and generate wellbeing states.It is likely that the tendency to be supportive behaviors fueled by beliefs and models rooted in culture (George, 1991;LePine, Erez, & Johnson, 2002;O'Reilly & Chatman, 1986).
Cultures that show orientations towards flexibility, innovation and social support could influence the wellbeing of employees, increasing their personal confidence, openness to change, their orientation to their own development and their ability to respond (Van Muijen et al., 1999;Henri, 2006).Even, it is possible that many people today are increasingly interested in working in companies that have this type of flexible cultures, aimed at social support, employee development and openness to innovation as sources of adaptation and competitiveness (Taormina & Gao, 2005;Wallach, 1983;Lund, 2003;McKinnon, Harrison, Chow, & Wu, 2003;Silverthorne, 2004); These cultural characteristics, in general, are results of socialization that are supported by the modeling of behaviors and the own influence of the leaders (Saks & Ashforth, 1997;Taormina, 2008).

Authentic Leadership
Leadership has been studied for several decades and has a long amount of relationships with organizational performance and wellbeing of workers.It has been approached, well as a feature, which shows the ability to influence based on the charisma and motivation to make the followers get to act beyond their own expectations of work generating a high performance (Gil, Alcover, Rico, & Sánchez-Manzanares, 2011); or, as the process of influencing others to understand and agree on what should also facilitate and make collective efforts to achieve shared goals (Yukl, 2009) done.
One of the most important concerns for businesses today is to ensure that DOI: 10.4236/psych.2018.94037leadership reflects both the expected results and strategy to maintain an appropriate organizational climate (Yukl & Tracey, 1992).The different theories and findings have led to classify leadership in distinctive styles; these have been presented in the organizations and have been described according to the leader's knowledge, experience and context.Some of the most mentioned are the style: a) focused on relationships, b) transactional and c) transformational (Bass & Avolio, 1990;Hater & Bass, 1988).
For some years, due to a combination of organizational needs, loss of credibility of models focused on individual capacity and the increase in the speed of socio-technological changes, management models based on the authenticity of values have been formulated, Organizational culture, transparency in business and environmental sustainability, giving rise to concepts such as authentic leadership (Judge & Piccolo, 2004;O'Reilly, Caldwell, Chatman, Lapiz, & Self, 2010;Stewart & Johnson, 2009).
Authentic leadership is understood as the vocation that some people have to serve and be useful to others through their status and the privileged role they have in the organization.The true leader is defined as an individual who is keenly aware of their values and beliefs, their strengths and weaknesses, how you drive and how others perceive him.Due to this, this type of individuals could be more interested in the people who collaborate with them develop their skills and acquire greater autonomy in the performance of their role, instead of directing them only with their authority (Shamir & Eilam, 2005).These two results sought by authentic leadership are also characteristics of people who have positive mental health (Pando-Moreno & Salazar-Estrada, 2007).Avolio and Gardner (2005) define it as a behavior pattern in which the leader seeks to be transparent and ethical when he exchanges information necessary to make decisions in relation to the members of his team; for this it is assumed that these leaders are highly aware of themselves and others, are highly aware of the context in which they operate, safe, optimistic, resilient and with a high moral character.
The authentic leadership style is formed by four dimensions that are: a) Transparency in relationships, which means that these leaders present themselves authentically when they are in situations in which they must share information and feelings in an open manner, or also to adapt to situations in which they participate appropriately; b) internalized morality, which refers to the leader using internal moral norms as a guide to self-regulate their behavior, and not economic or power interests; c) balanced processing, which describes people who objectively analyze the data of situations and people to make decisions, even if they are adverse to their way of thinking; and finally; d) self-awareness, which means that they have high levels of knowledge of their own strengths and weaknesses, as well as their followers; It is also said that they are highly aware of the way in which their own behavior influences their work team.
The four essential elements proposed by Walumbwa et al. (2008) for authentic DOI: 10.4236/psych.2018.94037leadership emerge from previous research conducted even before the formal proposal of this style of leadership.
The consciousness of oneself This is a skill that the individual uses to recognize the emotions and consequences of their actions.It is described by Kernis (2003) as a feature of authenticity, an awareness and confidence in the goals, feelings, desires, and self-cognitions Relevant It involves being aware of the strengths and weaknesses you have and understanding of emotions and personality of oneself (Ilies, Morgeson, & Nahrgang, 2005).It is a process in which the individual reflects their unique values and helps them to resist the social and situational demands that commit them (Luthans, Norman, & Hughes, 2006).
The internalized moral As part of the model of authentic leadership, refers to an internalized and integrated self-regulation is guided by internal norms and values that are in front of a group, organization or social pressures, this translates into decision-making from the internalized values (Gardner, Avolio, Luthans, May, & Walumbwa, 2005).This moral component within the authentic leadership describes a process of making ethical and transparent decisions based on moral capacity, effectiveness, value and resistance to address ethical issues and achieve real and sustained moral actions (May et al., 2003).
The balanced processing of information The third factor refers to the abilities that the leader possesses which make them objective and analytical about the information they acquire, and based on that, they make a decision.In addition, they are able to listen to points of view different from their own (Avolio & Gardner, 2005).Meanwhile, Kernis (2003) defines how people with low self-esteem or weak, are motivated to select or interpret information.This allows the leader to avoid biasing the information based on their perceptions due to self-defense, self-exaltation or self-protection.The processing described balanced by Ilies, Frederick, & Nahrgang (2005) is the basis of personal integrity.
Transparency in relationships Within the model of authentic leadership, transparency in relations concerns appear authentic to others, this behavior promotes trust by having the openness to share information and personal expressions of thought and feelings (Kernis, 2003).As a result, followers can connect with the values, beliefs, goals and activities of the leader over time, and create a realistic social relationship that arises from the high levels of personal and social identification of the followers (Avolio, Gardner, Walumbwa, Luthans, & May, 2004).
As transparently transmit their attributes, values, aspirations and weaknesses followers and encourage them to do the same, the basis for trust and intimacy (Avolio et al., 2004) are set.Trust in leadership has been identified as a crucial element in the effectiveness of leaders (Bass & Avolio, 1990) and has been shown to be associated with important results for organizations such as belief in information, commitment, organizational civic behavior, satisfaction with leaders DOI: 10.4236/psych.2018.94037and intend to stay (Dirks & Ferrin, 2002), more specifically, stressed the importance of confidence can mean for the development of authentic leadership (Avolio et al., 2004).
Several studies have explored the relationship of authentic leadership and other organizational variables, such as the commitment of followers with the leader (Leroy, Palanski, & Simons, 2012), participation in work (Walumbwa, Wang, Wang, Schaubroeck, & Avolio, 2010) and subsequent work satisfaction product positive and supportive relationships (Bamford, Wong, & Laschinger, 2013).
Authentic leadership relationships have been established with loyalty to the leader; with the characteristics of the followers, the cohesion of work teams and flexible and innovative organizational cultures (Monzani, Ripoll, & Peiró, 2014), however, Bauer and Green (1998) found that The behavior of the manager can also influence in clarifying the rules, increasing the performance, and the feelings of acceptance in the new members or when there are changes in the organization.Kammeyer-Mueller and Wanberg (2003) found that the influence of the leader could play a key role in the socialization and adaptation, helping newcomers to develop personal resources, such as self-efficacy through modeling behavior, positive feedback and influence to generate social support and autonomy in tasks, which is typical of the authentic leadership model (Norman, Luthans, & Luthans, 2005).
Leaders can help newcomers or members of their teams to set realistic goals and develop strategies to achieve them, helping them to focus on improving their skills and problem-solving skills, which could empower them to make decisions about work; All of them are factors related to personal strengths and efficacy beliefs that could generate a strong work identity with autonomy and dedication to their tasks.
A leadership effect related to social support in the form of tutoring is that this type of behavior is imitated and facilitates positive results between protected, improving their opportunities for promotion or generating confidence to advance their careers (Allen, Eby, Poteet, Lentz, & Lima, 2004;Underhill, 2006).
Leadership, in conclusion, when expressed positively and oriented to ethical behavior, could be linked to results that generate an increase in the resources of individuals in the organization, to aspects of well-being close to positive mental health, and especially states autonomy and strengthening personal identity at work, which are contrary to alienation and could demonstrate optimal performance (Luthans, Avolio, Avey, & Norman, 2007;Luthans, Avey, Avolio, Norman, & Combs, 2006).

Positive Mental Health and Wellbeing
When observing the declaration of Ottawa of 1986 of the WHO, the positive tone is noticed when mentioning that the health must be understood like a complete state of physical, mental and social well-being and not only the absence of DOI: 10.4236/psych.2018.94037disease or handicap.Health must be understood and taken advantage of as a resource of daily life, not a vital purpose in itself; it must be emphasized social, personal resources and physical abilities of people (WHO, 1986; Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion).
Psychology studied mental health traditionally approaching it as a deficiency states or poorly associated operation pain and suffering (Vázquez, Hervas, Rahona, & Gomez, 2009), and omitting investigate exceptions, development potential and states positive in the individual.Even today, there are few theoretical models that approach the positive approach against the enormous repertoire of psychopathological studies, which for many is still synonymous with mental health.
From the so-called positive outlook, mental health is defined as a state of optimal functioning of the individual and, therefore, focuses on promoting and facilitating the potential development of human strengths (Jahoda, 1958;Lluch, 1999Lluch, , 2002;;Pando-Moreno & Salazar-Estrada, 2007).And although critics of this approach (Vázquez, 2013) refer to it as utopian, it is certainly aspirational for the development of science and wellbeing of people.
Thanks to the wide variety of approaches that have been made on mental health, it has been possible that in the field of work it is granted greater importance.But as in other fields, the negative focus, focused on the study of stress and illness, has predominated and the positive approach in the occupational field is still under development (Pando, Aranda, Salazar, & Bermúdez, 2006;Pando, 2012).
Mental health view positively can perceive in humans a number of potential developments, the presence or absence does not indicate any psychopathology, but a quality of mental health in the individual (Pando, 2012;Pando, Franco, & Saraz, 2006).
Any definition to be social interaction could be subject to a particular social framework, i.e. a historical relativity that we must conceive alien to ideologies, ethnocentrism and universal dogmas.When talking about the organization, none of the definitions mentioned consider the power relations that are essential in organizations and the basis of organizational behavior, generating subordination and as a subsequent effect of the conflict (Hall, 1996).These relationships give complexity to the study of mental health, leading to think of unequal relationships such as when a person is oppressed or exploited and could mean the inability to know if an individual is in an SMP state or simply is not possible perceive it or mention it.
Mainly we know that the SMP is related to the concepts of well-being and when determining its ontological character, it can be established that the disease is not the opposite of health, but alienation.Alienation in work as the opposite of SMP can be perceived because work is seen as alien to the individual and its nature, which leads to a devaluation of it, unlike other states such as psychological capital or engagement where Individuals still under a stress state are strongly linked socially and absorbed in their work.DOI: 10.4236/psych.2018.94037

Positive Mental Health at Work
In today's world of work, being healthy or having health can have several ways of being defined.For some authors, in the current economic system a sick subject is one who cannot produce, thus health is often assumed as the ability to work (Rossi, 2005).The work can be considered exhausting and generator discomfort or even the most enjoyable part of life, when the work absorbs us completely, and we do it, enjoying it, effortlessly, as in flow statements and work engagement (Bakker, Schaufeli, Leiter, & Taris, 2008;Nakamura & Csikszentmihalyi, 2014).
To Pando, Franco, & Saraz (2006) the work itself no ill to anyone, are the conditions of work that they can become the agent of disease or wellbeing.
Thinking about working life should not be limited to the fact of not suffering accidents or occupational diseases at the end of our workday, the organization of work can create feelings of self-confidence, raise self-esteem in the worker, improve social support networks labor and extra-work, increase satisfaction, and other positive indicators of mental health.
Positive mental health at work has been explored and conceptualized in diverse ways and in most of them the emphasis is observed on the fact that it is a result of the interaction between the individual capacities, the perceptions of mastery and control and the real environmental demands (Moreno, Cortés, Baltazar, Rodríguez, & Rodríguez, 2015;Lluch, 1999Lluch, , 2002;;Rossi, 2005).
Among the different approaches, it is the focus of Eugenics Labor proposed by Pando, Franco, & Saraz, 2006;Pando, Aranda, Parra, & Ruiz, 2013, on which a configuration for positive mental health at work consists of components such as self-esteem, social support, work engagement, locus of control, life project, creativity, optimism, perseverance, social awareness, pleasure is proposed, ability to transform reality, ability to give and receive affection, among others.
When talking about the concept of mental health within the scope of work, we can affirm that it is a social or individual practice that represents the transformation capacity of reality that a person has.This does not imply that the state is permanent or immutable, but depends on various factors such as awareness and the role played in a given organization.

From this model appears the theoretical construct of Positive Occupational
Mental Health that includes six factors considered positive occupational mental health such as personal well-being at work, positive interpersonal relationships in the workplace, immersion in the task, empowerment in the work, the philosophy of working life, and personal strengths at work.When addressing them, the authors mention that they could be found simultaneously in the individual in cognitive, socio-emotional, behavioral and spiritual dimensions (Vázquez-Colunga, Pando-Moreno, Colunga-Rodríguez, Preciado-Serrano, Orozco-Solís, Ángel-González, & Vázquez-Juárez, 2017).
Each dimension refers to aspects related to its content, and which make its evaluation and observation possible.For example, the cognitive dimension contains thoughts, beliefs, ideas and value judgments; behavioral refers to behaviors, DOI: 10.4236/psych.2018.94037actions, practices and attitudes; the socioaffective be operationalized by feelings, emotions, motivation and intra and interpersonal relationships; finally have a meaning and give meaning to work or find in it a source of pride, contribution to the community and general aspects of self-realization, referring to the spiritual dimension.
The six factors SMPO be understood from the following Table 1, where its conceptual and operational definition is shown.
Organizational culture and leadership can work to explain the process of occupational positive mental health, but it is the process of organizational socialization which is closer empirically explaining this state of mental health, mainly because socialization has as its effects the integration of an individual to the culture of the organization, facilitates understanding of the rules and regulations of this complex environment, learning the role and ability of workers to be motivated by improving perceptions of themselves and their sense of wellbeing in general (Pando et al., 2006;Lluch, 2002;Ryff, 1989;Avey, Luthans, Smith, & Palmer, 2010).
The importance of emphasizing the positive states to psychological or mental level is that not only are part of health comprehensively speaking, but that may influence disease onset and recovery processes (Fredrickson, 2000;Kok, Coffey, Cohn, Catalino, Vacharkulksemsuk, Algoe, & Fredrickson, 2013).
The perception of healthy people who are probably marked by a positive sense of self, of self confidence in their own abilities to have dominion over the environment, an optimistic vision of the future and a social environment nurtured T able 1. Prepared from the original Vázquez-Colunga (2017).

Aspect of the SMPO conceptual definition operational definition positive interpersonal relationships at work
It refers to an individual's ability to establish healthy and loving relationships with others at work.
Caring labor relations, groupality, social support networks, sense of belonging to occupational group, satisfactory adherence to labor standards, assertive communication at work.

Personal Wellbeing at Work
It refers to the assessment of the individual in relation to his work in positive terms, and that affects the presence of feelings, sensations and positive emotions in their work.
Positive self-worth as a worker, positive self-esteem at work, enjoy gender identity at work, vitality at work, positive affectivity derived from work, enjoyment of work, sense of achievement at work, self-fulfillment at work.

Empowerment at Work
It refers to the individual's capabilities needed to improve their own working life as well as the process by which people develop these skills.
Adequate perception of the reality of work, self-regulation at work, self-determination for work, labor self-efficacy, internal locus of control in the workplace scenario, adaptation to the workplace, domination and control of the occupational setting, self-actualization and career development, self-management of health occupational.

Philosophy of working life
It refers to the set of thoughts, beliefs and values that help individuals make sense of their working lives and lead a healthy, pleasurable and meaningful way.
Sense and meaning of work, labor ideals, project work life balance work-leisure time, occupational identity, congruence of personal values-work.

Personal strengths at work
It refers to a set of positive features present in the individual which promote human potential and help having a satisfactory working life and significant.
Conservation of job autonomy, creativity at work, hope at work, optimism at work, altruism at work, serenity and harmony at work, sense of humor at work, a sense of transcendence through.
meaningful relationships mean a support that allow individuals face the daily difficulties and be a reserve when people have to solve problems or stressful even have to do with the existence.
Even the wellbeing state is important because it will encourage people to develop better psychological, social and communally (Fredrickson, 2013) by developing skills such as staying optimistic, be resilient or give meaning to adversity as we know are precursors physical health (Rossi, 2005).

SMPO Model Based on Leadership and Resources Socialization
In order to create an explanatory model of Mental Health is positive organizational resources necessary to incorporate background that could be strongly linked to positive mental health.To better explain our model, we have divided into three successive stages or steps that demonstrate the nature of this model based on strengths and authentic, successive and focused on positive mental health leadership.
First stage: Authentic Leadership generating positive relationships and empowerment at work.
First, the model of authentic leadership (see Figure 1) is proposed, which the observables such behavioral and relational transparency, balanced processing, influence being a history of positive interpersonal relationships, developing emotional attachment between workers and generate loyalty between them, so much as it explains the model of organizational commitment (Meyer & Allen, 1984;Meyer, Allen, & Topolnytsky, 1998).Probably when workers perceive that a leader behaves taking giving importance of all opinions of team members and displayed transparent in their dealings, enables trusted relationships and modeling based on the same support are developed.
Well balanced processing could be influencing socialization through increasing peer support as in the case of positive interpersonal relationships, causing new or processes workers adaptation get emotional and instrumental support from their peers because their supervisors consider all opinions and refer to them by recognizing as mentioned Filstad (2004Filstad ( , 2011)).The instrumental and emotional support among its relationships adoption clarification of the role and thanks to the self-confidence and self-regulation shown in the role, or empowerment at work on the model of SMPO.
Prospects to develop personal strengths at work.
Future prospects is a variable of the process of socialization and adaptation to organizational culture, which occurs when a person has managed to understand how it works the organization and get promotions or obtain greater economic benefits which can enable it decides and be able to develop their personal strengths increasing their productivity at work and improving valuations of himself being considered valuable for its average organizational partner.
DOI: 10.4236/psych.2018.94037In this model, we propose that the philosophy of working life (characterized because someone gives you a sense and meaning of work, managed to develop ideal and a draft working life, to give you a consistent occupational identity with their values and personal life) is developed as a result of personal well-being at work, self-development strengths and the effect of internalized moral congruent leaders, who guided by personal moral standards rather than economic interests or power, they allow workers to develop an identity, without trying to alienate their own goals or even preventing it to their partners.

Conclusion
Common criticisms of the positive approach to psychology that have been justified often find proposals centered on a "happiology" baseless and more philosophical than empirical.In this paper, we used the organizational socialization and authentic leadership to show an organizational approach to research and practice of occupational positive mental health.Addressing the SMPO from this point of view may complement and remove a natural bias workplace and business: the issue of mental health is omitted or under the approach circumvents productivity.
Moreover, the approach we have described in this article provides a wider variety of directions to develop positive mental health at work and integrates studies of socialization and leadership with a broad view of the wellbeing of workers.
In this approach, we have integrated research and literature on SMPO, the resource model and tasks, and the role of leadership as a factor of organizational socialization.
To approach it in this way, we suggest a new set of results to consider when involving socialization and the role of leader, e.g.factors self-regulation, ethical conduct and balanced processing, are relevant to research and practice, since it comes from widely studied fields that can be validated in an outcome related to wellbeing.
On the other hand, this approach incorporates resources of the organization to function in a balanced way with the mental health of workers (training processes, social support, prospects) into a coherent framework and linking factors authentic leadership valuing effects of leadership learning models to be valuable in terms of the vicar to extend forms of relationship and behavioral reinforcement entire organizational culture.
Finally, this model proposes that positive mental health is not an integral state or factored, but a process of individual development in which psychosocial factors influence the individual and generate behaviors, beliefs and learning that DOI: 10.4236/psych.2018.94037