Reconstruction of Post Burn Neck Contracture Using Full Thickness Skin Graft

Background: Neck contracture after burns is a major complication that affects function and cosmesis. The aim of covering the raw area and defects is through using good quality pliable skin. Full thickness skin graft allows a large dimension sheet of good quality skin with low donor-site morbidity. Also it provides similar skin quality to the recipient areas with much less cosmetic difference. Methods: Four men and eight women underwent neck contracture release and reconstruction from December of 2015 to August of 2016. Mean patient age was 29 years (range from 12 to 46 years). Burn scar contracture releases were performed and cervicoplasty was added for optimal neck appearance. Uniformly full thickness skin grafts were applied. Both lateral ends of these grafts (release incisions) were designed with a fishtail shape for sufficient release and to minimize linear scar band formation in the most lateral region of the neck. Results: Full thickness skin grafts as large as 24 ± 12 cm (in length) and 10 15 cm (in width) were used. All grafts were taken without significant complications. Range of neck motion increased, and the cervico-mental angle was regained in all patients. A highly natural neck contour was universally obtained without a secondary debulking procedure. Conclusions: Full thickness skin grafts for treatment of post burn neck contraction give good functional and cosmetic results. They give similar color match and good skin quality, also help in regaining of cervico-mental angle.


Modern Plastic Surgery
contractures are more common seen in the developing world, a result of both the wide spread of unsafety of fire utilities and the inadequacy of primary and secondary burn care with these victims. When deep burns are allowed to heal spontaneously patients develop severe neck contracture [2].
Various methods have been suggested for releasing post burn neck contractures. When a contracture is limited to a small area, Z-plasties and local skin flaps can successfully resolve these problems [3].
However, when the contractures involve a wide area, it is difficult to reconstruct the anterior neck using conventional methods, such as split thickness skin grafting or local flaps, because split thickness skin grafting often results in postoperative re-contracture, and the amount of uninvolved skin available for use as a local flap is insufficient [4].
Full thickness skin grafts have several advantages, as they provide sufficient tissue with excellent function, and provide a good neck contour without significant donor site morbidity [5].
The ideal material for coverage of defects created after neck contracture release would be a thin, supple, large, well-vascularized healthy tissue [6].
Given the increasing preference for full thickness skin graft, a wide spectrum of reconstruction cases, resurfacing after contracture release has become another indication for use of full thickness skin graft. Thus, several full thickness skin graft donor sites have been selected for the reconstruction of burn scar contractures in various regions of the body, including the neck [7].
The lower abdominal skin can provide generous skin territory dimensions without causing significant donor-site morbidity. The back is the 2nd preferred donor site [7].
In this article, we present 12 cases of severe burn neck contractures reconstructed with good results using full thickness skin graft and cervicoplasty.

Patients and Methods
From December of 2015 to August of 2016, 12 patients with severe post burn neck contracture were treated using full thickness skin graft with cervicoplasty. The patient group was composed of four men and eight women, with a mean age of 29 years (range, 12 to 46 years). Eleven patients had flame burns and only one patient had scald burn injury (Table 1).
Patients who had burns affecting the suggested donor sites were excluded from the study. Also patients who had not any excess of skin in the chosen sites for donor sites and patients who refused to harvest grafts from these specific sites were also excluded from the study.
The patients complained of significant tightness, limitations of motion in the anterior cervical region, and an unnatural appearance. Preoperatively, cervical range of motion was measured in the six primary directions: flexion, extension, right and left rotation, and right and left lateral flexion. In addition, the cervico-mental angle was recorded. Lower abdomen or back regions which were free of burn injuries, were selected as a donor site for reconstruction in all cases.    The grafts were sutured to underlying bed and fixed with tie over bolster dressing.
All patients were done in both hospitals free of charges and follow up of the patients continued for 6 months post-operative.
First and second dressings were done in the word. All patients were discharged after the second dressing. Patients were followed up in the out patient clinic once weekly for one month, then once monthly for the rest of 6 months.
Local creams and ointments were used to enhance healing. Cervical collars were applied for 6 months.

Results
In all cases, moderately good skin color and texture match was achieved. The

Discussion
The neck is a region with multidirectional activities, and postoperative scar contractures tend to form there easily. In addition, the neck is a sensitive region, not only from the functional but also from the aesthetic point of view, and in burn patients especially; disfigurements such as ectropion of the lips are liable to occur. Many methods have been applied for neck reconstruction; each has its own advantages and disadvantages [8].
The primary aim of a plastic surgeon is to prevent burn scar deformity by rapid wound coverage, minimizing burn scar and assiduous attention to post-operative splinting and compression therapy [9].  Reconstruction of deformities in a burn patient is often a complex multi-stage procedure requiring repeated surgeries. The approach presented here advocates a step wise prioritized approach aiming at both maximum function as well as aesthetic improvement. Post-burn contractures may require surgical release and for the split-thickness or full-thickness skin-graft coverage, local flaps or free flaps may be considered [10].
Burn contractures of neck represent a continuing problem for plastic surgeons. This was especially true in those patients who had previously suffered from burns to entire anterior neck and shoulder. These patients needed grafts because the adjacent skin could not be used as local flaps following tissue expansion. One advantage of skin grafts is that non-bulky skin from a previously uninjured area of the body is used instead of scarred and compromised adjacent skin.
Full-thickness skin grafts resemble more closely to normal skin in texture, color, and resilience than split-thickness grafts. However, the take of full-thickness skin grafts is less than split thickness skin graft, and also suffer from the drawback of  [11].
Full-thickness grafts also contract much less as there is an inverse relationship between thickness and graft contracture [12]. Iregbulem reported excellent "take "with no graft loss in a review of full-thickness skin grafts used in post burn contracture releases in 136 consecutive cases [13]. We were not confronted with any graft loss.
Mini abdominoplasty or traditional abdominoplasty may be combined with burn reconstruction to provide a good skin quality in a single operation. The excess skin from the site of cosmetic procedure could be used for resurfacing medium and large burn areas. In the use of skin grafts for post burn contracture release is simple, reliable, and safe. They are particularly useful when we don't have other options such as local flaps or highly demanding unavailable other reconstructive methods like microvascular free flaps.
Their main disadvantage is tendency to form contractures which necessitates further release; however that is much less when using full thickness skin grafts.
The excess skin from the site of an aesthetic procedure could be used for this problem. We believe that FTSG harvested from abdominoplasty site is a good option after removal of burn scars of face and neck, without donor site morbidity and improved patients body contour.

Conclusion
Full thickness skin grafts for treatment of post burn neck contraction give good functional and cosmetic results. They give similar color match and good skin quality, also help in regaining of cervico-mental angle.