A Comparative Study on the Typical Models of International Innovation-Type Regional Development

The differences in resource endowment and economic and cultural background in different cities form different types of innovative urban development models gradually. From the perspective of major innovative cities development practices abroad, depending on the different industry, the innovation-oriented city construction can be divided into high-tech innovation-oriented city, traditional industrial manufacturing innovation-oriented city, service industry innovation-oriented city and cultural industries innovation-oriented city (Hospers, 2003). The study selects the strategies and measures of regions of Boston in America, London in UK, Tokyo in Japan, Nordrhein-Westfalen in Germany to analyze, compare, and summarize their experience of development, and accordingly analyzes its enlightenment to the other innovation-type provinces construction of China.


Introduction
Since the 70s, people have realized that innovation is a systematic process. There was no linear relationship between the elements, but interactive function in the system. Thus, "innovation chain", "innovation circle", "innovation belt", "innovation corridor", "innovation cluster", "innovation system", "national, regional and urban innovation theory" came into being. With the increasing systematization of innovation theory and practice, the innovative subject has gradually ex-How to cite this paper: Yang

Foreign Innovation-Type Regional Development Model
There is no concept of province in foreign countries. The research on innovation region is mostly on the city, and the innovation city and the innovation province are only different from the innovation subject. There is no obvious difference between them in the aspects of basic innovation elements, innovation mode, innovation principle, innovation culture, innovation platform and so on, which can be used for reference from each other [2]. The exploration of innovative cities not only promotes the development of regional economic theory and urban science, but also promotes the establishment and improvement of the innovation system of cities, provinces and countries. It is necessary for the construction of innovative provinces in China to study the experience of innovation city construction in foreign major cities.

Boston, America: High-Tech Innovation-Type
High-tech innovation-type cities usually use the high-tech industry as their mainstay, science parks or pioneer parks as the main carriers of innovation, high-level talents and technology in universities as support, and sufficient financing as their guarantee to drive the development of regional economies. As the model of high-tech innovation-type city in the information age, Boston has the first-class level of technology innovation. The four main forces to promote the innovation and development of Boston are the agglomeration of scientific and educational resources and human resources, perfect innovation environment, sufficient venture capital, and deliberate support of the government. while, Boston also offers a vast array of entrepreneurial and employment oppor-experience, innovation culture is deeply rooted in the hearts of the people, the city encourages people to freely think, and encourages people to innovate unremittingly, and create a good cultural atmosphere for Boston. In the meantime, for protecting the rights and interests of innovation, Boston has set up a perfect legal protection system for intellectual property rights, which has eliminated the last worries of innovators, so that the innovation activities are more pure. Finally, Boston's perfect infrastructure, such as the perfect metro network, has facilitated the creation of Boston-based innovation from a hardware environment, creating innovative industrial clusters with Boston characteristics.
Third, adequate venture capital. Innovation can't be won in the beginning, the process is full of failures and challenges, meanwhile, innovation also requires investment in technology, hardware, software, and so on, and therefore usually requires substantial capital support [3]. Boston has a very good financial system, compared with other high-tech innovative cities in the world. Venture investment looks for the potential innovation activities constantly, which gives plenty of venture investment to Boston, these investments provide strong financial support for innovation. The innovative achievements of Boston have also given generous returns on the capital to support innovation, encouraging venture capital to further support innovation. Finally, the virtuous circle of innovation capital is formed, which provides a steady stream of capital support for the innovation and development of the city.
Fourth, the government's deliberate support. Although the main motive force lies in the gathering of science and education talents, injection of venture investment and perfect innovation environment in the process of Boston stepping on the road of innovation-type city development, the role of the government shall not be ignored. While the government's direct support for Boston's innovation is not as straightforward as in other cities, large government orders provide a stable market for Boston's innovation [4]. The market-oriented means of the government indirectly promote the transformation of the city's various innovative achievements and further encourage innovation activities, thus promoting the rapid development of the city (Figure 1).

London, Britain: Cultural Industry Innovation
Cultural industry innovation cities mainly focus on the cultural and artistic fields, and the cultural and creative industries are developed, usually has profound cultural and artistic heritage. London's innovation-type city development model is characterized by its developed cultural and creative industries, which make London to become the world's financial, economic and creative cultural  London, which proposed "cultural development strategy is the main way to preserve and strengthen London as the world's premier creative and cultural centre and the goal of building London into a world-class cultural centre" [5]. Meanwhile, the specialized service was supported by setting up a special creative industry committee for the creative and cultural industries. Furthermore, the government also vigorously supported the cultural and creative enterprises by means of improving financial services, financial support and intellectual property protection, which highlighted the guiding role of government forces in the development of London's innovative cities.
Second, develop school-research-enterprise-cooperation innovation system.
Apart from the government's emphasis on creative industries, London encourages the development of school-research-enterprise cooperative innovation platform to strengthen regional innovation system for promoting the development of creative culture industry, improving the institutions of higher learning and research the transformation of innovative results, and focus on these regions to radiate the outward to enhance the influence of the region and city, and fur- only promotes the steady development of culture and creativity, but also replicates successful experience, and constantly spreads its regional, national and international influence, which plays a positive role in promoting the development and promotion of cultural and creative industries.

Tokyo, Japan: Service Industry Innovation
The pillar industry in the service industry innovation cities is usually the tertiary industry, and the social comprehensive service ability of the city is very strong.
Tokyo's innovation city development model is closer to service industry innovation. The proportion of service industry in GDP is much higher than manufacturing industry ( Figure 2, Figure 3), which makes Tokyo to become one of the most economically dynamic cities in Asia. Preferential Policies for New and High Technology, providing financial services for high-tech industries, encouraging cooperation between schools and enterprises, and promoting communication research are became major impetus to support Tokyo, an innovative city with the service industry as its main pillar.
First, enterprises with independent intellectual property rights and strong innovation ability shall be subjected to the preferential fiscal policies. Firstly, innovative enterprises are reduced the equipment tax and equipment purchase  cost; secondly, electronic equipment are allowed to large proportion of special depreciation to promote the upgrading of innovative enterprise equipment.
Moreover, information industry is increased loans, and is reduced technology development assets tax, etc. [7]. These preferential policies greatly reduce the innovation costs of innovative enterprises, and encourage and promote the innovation activities of these enterprises with independent innovation ability. Second, high-tech enterprises are provided perfect financial services. Innovation cannot be separated from the support of funds, in order to promote the innovative activities of high-tech enterprises, Tokyo offers long term, low interest loans, and reduces the cost of innovative credit to these companies. Meanwhile, providing OTC Stock Exchange Market for small and Medium-sized technological Enterprises, and providing these enterprises with low threshold, convenient financing channels, sufficient credit funds and financial capital greatly support the innovative activities of Tokyo high-tech enterprises [8].
Third, encourage cooperation between schools and enterprises. The government encourages industries and universities to establish joint research centers, and provides financial subsidies for joint school enterprise projects; in the meantime, the government gives generous rewards to individuals who make outstanding contributions to innovation activities to encourage enterprises, universities, and individuals in innovation work [9]. The results of the "common" development of university researchers funded by the state can be obtained by individuals with a patent income of 50% -80%; the government also encourages industries and universities to set up "joint research centers", which subsidized by the science and technology department.
Fourth, promote communication and research. Tokyo advocates staff exchange among research institutions and encourages to increase the proportion of foreign researchers for absorbing and learning more advanced technology.

North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany: Traditional Industrial Manufacturing Innovation
Traditional industrial manufacturing innovation cities are generally located in  Third, attach great importance to the development of innovation-type small and medium-sized enterprises. In order to encourage the development of innovation-type small and medium-sized enterprises in North Rhine-Westphalia, the government set up a business association, various trade associations, economic promotion associations and overseas liaison organizations to provide professional services for the transformation of small and medium-sized enterprises in the old industrial base, application of new technologies, training of human resources development and expansion of overseas markets, etc., and almost all the cities in the state have set up technology development centers for small and medium-sized enterprises to promote the transformation of scientific and technological innovation and scientific and technological achievements of enterprises and promote the development and expansion of the main body of urban innovation [12].

Development Experience of Innovation-Type Provinces Abroad
The innovation city construction mechanism of Boston, London, Tokyo, Japan, and North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, contain good policy environment, support of talents and funds, perfect innovation platform, strong innovation atmosphere and so on. The innovation city construction mechanism of the developed countries ( Figure 5) is worthy of our country's reference and study.

The Prominent Government Function
The role of government guidance and protection is one of the core factors to

Attach Importance to the Cultivation of Urban Innovation Elements
It is the common experience of major cities in the world to pay attention to the construction and management of innovative infrastructure, talents and funds, and the major innovation-type cities in the world also focus on cultivating these elements. For example, Boston, attaches great importance to the cultivation of innovative elements in the process of creating a new city. The government has provided large and huge government orders to ensure that Boston's innovative projects have sufficient financial support. In order to cultivate the elements of innovative talents, Boston government makes full use of its advantages in science and education, and makes policies to provide broad opportunities for innovative talents to start their own businesses and find jobs. For protecting the innovative achievements, Boston has also issued a series of laws and regulations on intellectual property protection, and a perfect intellectual property protection system is conducive to the construction of innovative cities. Moreover, the experiences of Japan and Germany also show that the emphasis on the cultivation of factors

Pay Attention to the Construction of Urban Innovation Platform
From the practice of the innovative cities construction in foreign major cities, it can be found that the development of major innovative cities emphasizes the consistency, stability and synergy within the innovation system, no matter which kind of development path is chose by the city, science and technology research and development network, technology innovation platform have always played an important role in the construction of innovative cities [13]. The industry-university-research cooperation has innate advantages in integrating scientific and educational resources, technical resources, cultural resources and so on.

Pay Attention to the Construction of Urban Innovative Culture
The humanistic environment and cultural environment play an important role in promoting the construction of innovation-type cities. The development experience of typical innovative cities in developed countries is inseparable from good innovation atmosphere. Innovation atmosphere seems to have little direct effect on innovation activities, but it can directly reflect the quality of citizens, humanistic care and urban vitality in a city. The innovation environment is the essential element to breed the city innovation atmosphere. A good educational environment and rich practical opportunities enable everyone to enjoy good culture edification, and these cultures eventually develop into innovative ideas rooted in the minds of citizens. People can better accept the influx of various cultures to build an open mind. In the process of long-term creative culture industry development, London has formed its own characteristic culture type and atmosphere, and it also effectively puts cultural innovation thinking into all aspects of civic life, and provides a "national innovation" market atmosphere for the development of its cultural and creative industries (Table 1).

Inspiration to the Innovation-Type Provinces Construction of China
The above analysis of the innovation-type cities of Boston, London, Tokyo, and North Rhine-Westphalia shows that there are significant differences in innovation patterns among different cities in different countries, but the mechanism of innovation development is roughly the same.

Strengthening Government Guidance and Support
The government plays an important role in promoting the formation of innova-

Pay Attention to the Cultivation of Innovation Elements in Anhui Province
Anhui Province shall attach importance to the cultivation of urban innovation

Creating a Cultural Atmosphere of Mass Innovation
The innovation-oriented city construction needs a good cultural atmosphere of innovation. The construction practice of major innovative cities in the world shows that innovation spirit and culture are the source and important guarantee of the development of innovative cities, and are the spiritual conditions to attract people to carry out innovative activities [18]. It is also the motive force that sti-