Changes in Soil Properties with Distance in Brick Kiln Areas around Barisal

The study was conducted to evaluate the changes in soil properties due to the impacts of brick kiln in the vicinity of the Kirtonkhola River, Barisal. The study was carried out by determining the physical, physico-chemical and chemical characteristics of soil. During the entire study period, moisture content of soil ranged from 18.77% to 56.49%; bulk density and particle density varies from 0.23 0.53 g/cm and 1.11 3.15 g/cm, respectively; soil porosity varies from 60.36% to 88.14%; pH varies from 6.98 to 8.85 and organic carbon content varies from 0.22% to 1.4%. The finding revealed that the pH of the soil decreased with increasing distance from the kiln; moisture content and organic carbon increased with distance; particle density was more or less in ideal condition for plant growth but bulk density and porosity indicates poor soil structure which is unfavourable for plant.


Introduction
Brick kilns are the major concern of Bangladesh. Bricks are used as a raw material in construction of buildings. It is a growing market in Bangladesh although it has great impacts on the environment. The raw material for brick is "Top soil" that has the great value for agricultural crop production. Clay bricks, in particular, are widely used as a traditional building material. In many developing countries a common method to obtain the clay needed for brick production is by removing the topsoil [1].
The net result of a brick kiln is called land degradation. Land degradation is a reduction of land quality. Productivity of soil declines when land becomes de-graded. It declines unless steps are taken to restore that productivity and check further losses. Data analyses on the brick fields from different studies reveal that considerable amount of productive and potential agricultural lands has been given to brick fields. Unfortunately, brick fields are mostly situated on river line fertile agricultural land as it needs clayish, silt and loamy soil with good texture.
Removal of fertile top soil leaves the land infertile [2].
Zn, Cu and S concentrations in soils and plants are then the critical limits in the areas nearby brick kilns [3]. They emit a variety of greenhouse gases and heavy metals during the production of brick. Among them Pb, Zn, Hg, Cu, Ni, Se, Fe and Cd are the most common ones [4].
The major reason for emitting these gases is improper burning of coal and wood [5]; besides these fly-ash is an important polluting agent which contains high concentration of Na, K, Zn, Mg and Fe as well as a wide range of heavy metals such as Hg, Pb, Cd and Zn and non-ferrous metals [6]. Higher content of heavy metal lowers cation exchange capacity of soil, decreases organic carbon content, and then reduces water holding capacity [7].
At present the demand of bricks is soaring, especially in the developing country like Bangladesh, where infrastructure development projects are the top priority. The current population of the country is assessed at around 149 million [8].
A large portion of huge populace is migrating to the urban areas for better living condition. Owing to this rapid urbanization a sharp rise of 5.6 percent per year has been noticed for the construction industry. This trend eventually directed the brick sector to increase annually at a projected 2 -3 percent over the next decade for housing construction and commercial sector developments [9]. Despite the existence of laws, many of around 11,100 brickfields across the country are still operating in conventional methods such as using wood to burn bricks, damaging arable land by cutting earth and polluting the air by emission, while many other brickfields have been operating just without approval of the authorities concerned including the Department of Environment (DoE). The DoE headquarters, however, has no specific data on the number of brickfields currently operating in the country and the extent of pollution-the amount of emitted smoke and impact of its contents on human, crops, vegetation and land.
However, a World Bank study released last year found that in North Dhaka brick kilns are the main source of fine particulate pollution accounting for nearly 40 percent of total emissions during the 5-month operating period.
Very few works has been done to assess the impacts on agri-environments from nearby brick kilns in Bangladesh [3] [4] [10]. Therefore, the current research aims to find out the status of agricultural soil in nearby brick kiln agri-environmental ecosystems.

Materials and Methods
Soil samples were collected in January 2017, which is the pick period of brick production in that area. Thirty two soil samples were collected from eight dif-  Table A1.
In case of soil sample collection and preparation, at first existing plants and vegetation were removed from the sampling points with the help of a spade.
Then the aluminium core was inserted to take topsoil at a depth of 15 cm for bulk density analysis and then at least 2 kg of soil sample was taken into a poly- Once the soil samples were transported to the laboratory, these were dried in the air for 7 days (at ~30˚C) by spreading them in a thin layer on a clean piece of paper. Visible roots and debris were removed from the soil samples and discarded. After air-drying, a portion of larger and massive aggregates were broken down by gently crushing them using a wooden hammer. Ground samples were screened to pass through a 2 mm stainless steel sieve. The analysis was done as soon as possible to avoid any changes of the sample. The soil samples were collected and prepared according to the Soil Survey Staff [11].
pH reading was taken using pH meter (Model: Adwa AD1000 and AD1020) where the ratio of soil: water was 1:2.5. Bulk density of soil was measured using Core method, particle density using pycnometer method and organic carbon determination was done using "Walkley and Black" oxidation method [12]. All the analyses were done using standard procedures as in [12] [13].
A small group discussion with the local people and brick kiln worker was done in each brick kiln to observe the preliminary situations in that area. Microsoft Excel was used for the statistical and graphical evaluations. Soil moisture content is a factor that helps to determine the quality of soil.

Result and Discussion
Soil should be capable of absorbing adequate moisture. If water is lost from soil then soil quality deteriorates. Water holding capacity of soil influences crop growth, rotting pattern, and ability to supply water to crops during dry period [14].
In case of soil moisture content it is observed that the samples have adequate moisture content ranges from 18.77% to 56.49% and is increasing with distance from chimney ( Figure 1) in every brick kiln sites which corroborates the finding of [15]. b) Bulk density, particle density and porosity of soil samples Bulk density is the sign of soil compaction. It normally varies from about 1.2 -1.7 g/cm 3 [12]. Bulk density increases with decreasing soil porosity. The resultant samples have very low porosity ranges from 0.23 -0.53 g/cm 3 (Table 1) means that they have large pore spaces present between soil aggregates. This makes it difficult for the plant roots to extract moisture and nutrients. These soils are highly permeable.
Particle density of soil generally ranges from 2.6 -3.3 g/cm 3 denotes about the ideal condition of soil. In this experiment particle density of samples ranges from 1.11 -3.15 g/cm 3 (Table 1) denotes that particle density is more or less in ideal condition.
Soil porosity is the index of penetration resistance [16]. The ideal soil would hold sufficient air and water to meet the needs of plants with enough pore space for easy root penetration [17]. The porosity of collected soil samples ranges from 60.36% -88.14% (Table 1) indicates poor soil structure, especially in relation to plant growth [18].
ANOVA analysis was done to see the relationship of bulk density and particle density with soil porosity and shows that bulk density and particle density has significant relationship with soil porosity (F value 140.13). P value is near to zero indicates that bulk density and particle density is important for porosity analysis.
Regression analysis was also done and shows that the adjusted R 2 is about 90% indicates that, as per our sample analysis we can explain the changes of porosity is about 90% by these two factors.

Moisture content (% w)
A. A. Rajonee, Md. J. Uddin 2) Changes in some physico-chemical and chemical properties of the sampling sites a) Soil pH Soil pH is an important index of ecological condition of terrestrial environment. It affects the availability of nutrients to plants and the activity of soil microorganisms. Soil pH provides a good identification of soil chemical nature where higher pH indicated optimal range for plant growth but lower pH causes problems for normal growth of the plants [19].
Though the average pH of Bangladesh soils could be taken on the acidic side of the pH scale, between 5.5 and 6.5 [20]; pH values of the samples ranged from 6.98 to 8.85 (Figure 2). Recorded pH of soil samples ranged from very slightly acidic to strongly alkaline. The pH of soil samples at 0km is the highest in every brick kiln. Detailed information on soil pH of the samples is given in Annexure Table A2. b) Soil organic carbon Soil organic carbon is an important parameter of soil that determines beneficial effects on soil quality. It improves soil structure, enhances aeration and water penetration, increases water holding capacity, and supplies nutrients for plants growth. Organic carbon levels greater than 0.8% are rated as good quality of soil [19].
A level of organic carbon greater than 0.75% indicates good fertility [19] [21]. Soil organic carbon in this study area ranged from 0.22% to 1.4% (Figure 3). The variation of organic carbon may be the result of the variation of organic matter practices and also it is directly related to surface soil removal process. Organic carbon level in soil samples near to brick kiln has been found poor in range. Because of the stabilizing properties that clay has on organic matter, soil texture affects Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) [21]. Detailed information on soil organic carbon of the samples is given in Annexure Table 2. Open Journal of Soil Science

Conclusion
The study area (1 km, 2 km and 3 km distance) is mainly used for agricultural cultivation. People in this area depend on agriculture. The study revealed that major properties of soil are not in ideal condition for plant growth. The decrease of soil characteristics might be due to a large number of brick kilns in this area.
The peoples living in that area also said that they have got higher crop production in that area but after installations of brick kilns the crop productions decreased with time. The present situation may cause great impacts in the long run. Therefore, further research is required to identify the rate of changes in physical properties as well as in chemical properties of soil in this brick kiln associated agricultural area. Open Journal of Soil Science