Vietnam Economic Structure Change Based on Vietnam Input-Output Tables 2012 and 2016

National economic structure is defined as the composition and patterns of various components of the national economy such as: production, value added, consumption, gross capital formation, export, import and gross value added. Structural change is conceptualized as the change in relative importance of the aggregate indicators of the economy. It implies that changes of intra-sectoral and inter-sectoral lead to changes in final demand, output, value added and import. This paper seeks to answer some questions: 1) What would be the impact on the power of dispersion and the sensitivity of dispersion by sectors? 2) What would be the impact on value added induced by final demand? and 3) How would the final demand impact the level of import? The main finding in this study is to find a sectoral structure and a factor of the final demand for Vietnam’s development.


Introduction
In Vietnam, it has been politically directed and generally accepted that the structure of economy should be adjusted toward larger proportions of industry and construction sector (Sector II) and service sector (Sector III) in GDP and this has long been considered as the holistic solution to boost economic development [1].Accordingly, the government has taken various measures to promote both Sector II and Sector III.The capital stock of the manufacturing industry has been rising and is estimated to account for over 53% of the economy's total balance of payments.Nevertheless, the generous investments in the sector do not seem to be well paid off as the n value added-production ratio of this sector (Sector II) has fallen dramatically.This rate went down from 34.1% in the structure of 2007 (the structure of the I/O 2016 table) to only 21% in 2016 [2].This means that this sector is increasingly inefficient and less productive, leading to an increase in investment to compensate for such inefficiencies.
The economic structure was proposed by W. Leontief [3] to analyze the structural change of the US economy based on the 1919 and 1929 input-output tables.Since then the input-output analysis has been developed by many models such as W. Leontief [4], Schoonbeek, L. [5], Ebiefung, A.A., Udo, G. [6], Dobos, I. and Floriska, A. [7], this study discussed some key features of the Vietnamese economic structure which are indicated by absorption matrices, which were developed by Chenery and Watanabe [8].Inter-sectoral structure is determined through intermediate consumption and the relationship between final demand and gross output, added value and import.

Data Source and Processing Method
with n is number of sectors in the input-output

Methodology
The input-output tables of Vietnam were compiled with competitive-import type, this means the intermediate input matrix, final consumption, gross capital formation and export cover both domestic products and import products.In order to better understand the economic structure, the input-output tables with competitive-import type should convert to non-competitive-import type.The way for moving is as below: Leontief standard equation at competitive-import type:: where X is the gross output matrix, , Y is the domestic final demand matrix and n is the number of sectors.

Y C G I E M
where: C is final consumption of household, G From Equations ( 1)-( 3) we have: And the Leontief equation to the non-competitive input-output model is: ( ) A d is the matrix of the direct domestic intermediate input ratio, ( ) is the inverse Leontief matrix and Y d is the domestic final demand matrix (including final consumption of domestic products, accumulation of domestic products and exports). Put: ( ) The backward linkage (BL) and forward linkage (FL) are defined as follows: Backward linkage: = ∑ ; Refers to the expansion of an industry when using other indus- try products as inputs.
Forward linkage: indicates the level of production depending on input from other sectors.
Guo and Hewings [16] argued that increased backward linkage will generate greater demand for inputs by other industry and increased forward linkages will lead to changes in output sensitivity in other sectors.
Accordingly, the power of dispersion index and the sensitivity for dispersion of each sector are determined as below: Power of dispersion index: ( ) Sensitivity for dispersion index: Here .

= ∑∑
The combination of sensitivity and dispersion of each sector indicates the relative importance of that sector to the economy.This combination is defined as the "multiplier product matrix" of the Leontief system: With: ( ) ( ) The effect of demand on output X and value added is calculated as follows: Impact of final domestic demand on output X: ( ) Impact of final domestic demand on value added ( )

About power of dispersion index and sensitivity for dispersion index
The results of the research on power of dispersion index and sensitivity for dispersion index from Table 2 show that industry group of agriculture, forestry and aquatic product (Sector 1), industry group of food processing, beverage and tobacco (Sector 3), the production of oil and gas products (Sector 5) and other manufacturing industries (Sector 10) have power of dispersion index and sensitivity of dispersion index higher than the general average of the economy and there is no change in the two I/O tables, which suggests that these four groups of manufacturing sectors not only strongly stimulate other groups of industry of the economy, but the input demand for the economy is also large.
Most service industries do not have good power of dispersion index and sensitivity, especially in sector 18 (Professional, scientific and technological activities) of which both the power of dispersion and sensitivity are significantly lower than average, suggesting that this industry group does not impact on others and other industries do not depend on it.This reflects a declining level of production efficiency, particularly in processing industry group (Figure 3).Value added and import induced by a unit increase in final demand So far the paper has only discussed the dispersion power of demand to production.In many cases, the increase in demand stimulates not only the domestic production but also the import and therefore has very limited impact on value added.A sector is considered to be relative important to the economy if this sector has a relatively strong power of dispersion and high sensitivity index but has low dispersion to imports and high dispersion to value added.In this regard, the paper provides a deeper analysis in 4 sectors which have high dispersion power and sensitivity indexes.
Table 3 shows that among these four sectors, only the sector group of agriculture, forestry and aquatic product satisfy requirement as important sector to the economy as mentioned above.Sector of manufacturing and processing industries, though having high power of dispersion and sensitivity index, also strongly stimulates imports and disperses to added value much lower than the average.This shows that the manufacturing and processing industry in Vietnam remains relatively weak and at the lower end of the value chain, majoring in processing rather than manufacturing.
It is also interestingly found that most service sectors have low power of dispersion and sensitivity index, but induce higher impact on value added and lower impact on import.This suggests that Vietnam should enhance capacity to produce input for service industries and likewise the services industries should be further developed to meet demand of other industries.By doing so, the improved dispersion power and sensitivity index would strengthen the inter-sectoral linkages, thus creating a strong impetus for country's economic development.
Table 4 shows that the structure of demand and supply tends to change unfavorably.The structure of 2016 indicates that the dispersion of demand factors to production is higher than that of 2012, however, the dispersion to the value added is lower while the dispersion to the import is stronger.Importantly, export of commodities has the lowest dispersion to the added value while having DOI: 10.4236/tel.2018.84047

Conclusions
The agro-forestry-fishery sector has good power of dispersion, sensitivity on production, the induced impact of final demand to value added.This sector needs capital and high-quality human resources as well as policy support to be able to develop sustainably.
The research results are similar to that of the research by Nguyen Hong Son in the study "2020 Vietnam Service: Towards Quality, Efficiency and Modernity" [17] as service sector has a good dispersion to income and less impacts on the greenhouse gas emissions, however, this sector have a low power of dispersion and sensitivity of dispersion indexes on production values.If the dispersion and sensitivity could be improved, it would positively impact on the quality and sustainability of growth.For the dispersion and sensitivity increase, it's necessary to take a specific priority policy for the domestic supporting industries, particularly those that produce inputs to the service sector.Research shows that the most important resource for sustainable and rapid development is "policy resources".
It's necessary to take a flexible policy in dealing with the elements of the final demand.This study shows that currently, the export has no much dispersion on the value added.It just has the dispersion on the largest import.
The research should not focus too heavily on industry but on agriculture and services.The structure in priority order should be Services, Agriculture and finally Industrial.Moreover, it is necessary to gradually export goods by exporting services.
Landscape" at a given time and indicate the inter-sectoral structure at that time.
This paper uses the Vietnam input-output tables of 2012 and 2016.The 2012 input-output table was published by Vietnam General Statistics Office [14].The input-output table 2016 was updated based on input-output table 2012 and the 2016 enterprise survey data of Vietnam General Statistics Office.The approach for updating is as follow: • Determine the new gross output (X 2016 ) based on the enterprise survey; where:

table ; •
The final consumption is estimated based on the Household Living Standard

Table 1 .
Sectors selected for the study.

Table 2 .
Power of dispersion and sensitivity of dispersion indexes of economy.The combination of sensitivity and power of dispersion provides us a picture of inter-sectoral linkages, given that the I/O table 2012 represents the economic structure of period 2008-2013 and I/O table 2016 represents the economic structure of period 2014-2018.Figure 1 and Figure 2 below suggest that there has been very little or almost no changes in the inter-sectoral linkages during the last 10 years.Nevertheless, the level of efficiency presented by the value add- Source: Calculated by authors based on Vietnam input-output tables, 2012 and 2016.DOI: 10.4236/tel.2018.84047703 Theoretical Economics Letters ed-to-production ratio is lower during 2014-2018 than during 2008-2013 in most industries.The ratio calculated for 2013 based on 2012 input-output table was 36%, but felt down to only 28% in a calculation based on 2016 table.The manufacturing and processing industries are those which experienced the most drastic reduction in this ratio.

Table 3 .
Value added, import was induced by a unit increase in final demand.
Source: Calculation of authors based on Vietnam input-output tables, 2012 and 2016, note: 19 sectors consistency with Table1.

Table 4 .
Output, value added, import was induced by factor in Final demand.
strong dispersion to import.This again reaffirms the above finding that the country's economy has strong characteristic of a "processing economy" and the slogan "Vietnamese use Vietnamese goods" no longer holds true.DOI: 10.4236/tel.2018.84047706 Theoretical Economics Letters N. H. P. Ha, B. Trinh