Statistical Properties of Aftershocks for Ahar-Varzeghan Twin Earthquakes on 11 August 2012, NW Iran, and Investigation of Seismicity of North Tabriz Fault

Two earthquakes occurred on 11 August 2012 in East Azerbaijan province, NW Iran with Mw 6.3 at 12:23:15.9 and Mw 6.1; 11 minutes after the first shock at 12:34:34.8 GMT time. In this study, we concentrated on the properties of the aftershock sequences in a duration of 7.5-month time-period data after the main shocks, recorded by Broadband Iranian Network (BIN). We obtained p, c and K parameters with the maximum likelihood method and the occurrence rate was modeled by the modified Omori formula. Besides, we showed that aftershocks of the aftershock in 7 Nov. 2012 (M = 5.6) also decay according to the modified Omori law. We investigated the spatial and temporal variations of b-values before and after the twin earthquakes with Mw 6.3 and Mw 6.1 approximately 20 km around North Tabriz Fault (NTF) in the region from 1996 to 2013 using Iranian Seismological Center (IRSC). We believed that a research of the past 17 years has clearly established that spatial b-value changes and seismicity rate are highly significant and meaningful. Moreover, our research led to a warning for a probable strong motion along NTF for the coming couple of years.


Introduction
Situated in the north west of Iran, Tabriz has been severely damaged by several historical strong events in the past.One of the most important faults that caused shocks that may cause a second hazard for buildings.Beside this fact, aftershocks data have useful information about stress changes and source properties of the mainshocks by checking several parameters such as b-value estimations, decay rate of aftershocks with time, and seismicity rate.There are some relations that express aftershocks activity such as the Gutenberg-Richter's and the modified Omori's laws.These laws describe the size distribution of earthquakes and the decay rate of the aftershock activity, respectively [2].Gutenberg-Richter relation [3] or frequency-magnitude empirical equation is: Log (N) = a − bM, where N is the cumulative number of earthquakes with the magnitude bigger than M, a and b are constants.B-value usually varies between 0.6 and 1.0.It is >1 for regions with abundant earthquake swarms.These regions probably have a weak crust that cannot support high strain and heterogeneous stress [4] [5].Moreover, aftershock sequences are described by the modified Omori law [6].Our catalog recorded by Broadband Iranian Network (BIN) contained 494 aftershocks with M ≥ 2.5 in the zone.In the present study, we assessed statistical properties of aftershock sequences and investigated seismicity of North Tabriz Fault.

Tectonic Background and North Tabriz Fault Seismicity
Tabriz is located in the northwest of Iran.Located among west of Caspian Sea, south of Caucasus thrust belt, east of Anatolia and north of Zagros mountain range.The North Tabriz Fault is the most important structure in northwest of Iran with NW-SE trend.Hessami et al., [7] believed that geomorphic features and paleoseismological studies northwest of Tabriz are a confirmation for repeated surface faulting events in North Tabriz Fault (NTF).North Tabriz Fault can be followed approximately continuously at the foot of the northern mountains near Tabriz for about 100 km, from Mishu Mountain in the west to Bostanabad in the east [8].Moreover, in 1997, NTF was divided by Berberian into some segments that determined by a series of surface ruptures from the earthquakes of 1721, 1780 and 1786 AD.He believed that NTF has a total length of approximately 210 km and is a complex northwest-trending structure.Besides, NTF includes proof of right lateral strike slip and vertical displacement with the north side up [9].There are several historical strong motions in the earthquake records of Tabriz the first of which occurred in 634 A.D. The most destructive events occurred in 634, 1441, 1522 and 1780 [8]. Figure 1 shows the epicenters for some of the most important historical earthquakes in Tabriz region.
There is an important issue about Tabriz region that NTF has a long seismic gap for a strong motion.According to data from Statistical center of Iran in 2011, the population for the city and the outskirts of Tabriz is about 2,404,697 people.Therefore, seismic studies for the city and its surroundings are matters of great importance.Seismicity in Tabriz region is shown in Figure 2.

Statistical Properties of Aftershocks
In any major seismic activity, aftershocks are an important part for researches.
They occur due to static and dynamic stress redistribution in nearby main shocks [10] [11].One of the most important topics in seismology is the statistical First, we try to plot only aftershocks in an independent map. Figure 3  Besides, assessing the magnitude of completeness for earthquake catalogs is an essential step for any seismicity analysis.The magnitude of completeness (Mc) is defined as the lowest magnitude at which 100% of the events in a space-time volume are detected [12] and [13].Moreover, Wiemer and Katsumata, [14] believed that the completeness in magnitude varies as a function of space and time.In this study, the magnitude of completeness (Mc) is determined for aftershocks.
Mc is estimated for samples of 20 events/window for the 11 August 2012 earthquakes.The variations of Mc with time for aftershocks are shown in Figure 4.At the first day of the earthquakes (11 August 2012), the highest of aftershocks occurred with Mc, 4.0 for M ≥ 2.5 in our catalog and then decreased to about 3.0 and 2.9.Finally, after about two days from the mainshock, it changed to 2.5.It also changed to about 2.8 after about 80 days and then again decreased to 2.5.Besides, we showed that the temporal distribution of aftershocks is empirically well-described by the modified Omori law [6] through the following equation: where n(t) is the frequency of aftershocks per unit time at time t after the main shock, and k, c, and p are constants.C-value is a constant time that relates to the rate of aftershocks in the early part of an aftershock sequence, K depends on the total number of events in the catalog of aftershocks, and c depends on the rate of activity in the earliest part of the aftershocks.The constant c is influenced by incomplete detection of small aftershocks in the early stage of aftershocks [15].P indicates how fast the aftershock rate decays with time and has a value close to 1.0 [6].P-value varies between 0.6 and 1.8 [16], or changes from 0.5 to 1.8 [17].P-value changes may be related to the tectonic condition of the region such as structural heterogeneity, stress and temperature or the crustal heat flow in the source volume [6] [15].Therefore, it is not clear which factor is most significant in controlling the p-value [2].In our catalog of aftershocks, the data show 494 events, most of which vary between 2.5 ≤ M ≤ 3.0.According to the effects of the number of aftershocks, p and c-values were experimented for the aftershocks based on the International Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Seismology (IIEES) catalog.In Figure 5, we showed the temporal decay rate of aftershocks for the Ahar-Varzeghan earthquakes.The p, c and K parameters were obtained by the maximum likelihood method, and the occurrence rate was modeled by the modified Omori formula.
Their values are: p = 0.95 +/− 0.06, Mmin = 3.4, tmin = 0.006 and c= 0.037 +/− 0.032 (Figure 5).Utsu et al. [6] believed that the p-value is independent of Mmin, but the c-value depends on the magnitude completeness of the data.On the other hand, [2] believed that the results did not change significantly.We tested Mmin between 2.5 (magnitude of completeness) until 4, we noticed that p-values are not very dependent on the Mmin.They change very little, but c-values depend on our selection of Mmin.We observed that c-value is dependent on the lower magnitude (Mmin), with c-value decreasing as Mmin increases.Our results are consistent with [6] and [17].
Some seismologists believe that P-value varies between 0.5 and 1.8 that our result (p-value = 0.95) is in agreement with them.In addition, some researchers believe that the larger c-value (c > 0.01 days) reflects the more complicated characterization of the rupture process of the [18].Others believe that the positive c-value is an under-estimated recording of small aftershocks instantly following a mainshock or the overlapping of seismic records in following of a strong earthquake.Moreover, another important reason is the lack of seismic stations close to the earthquake area [19].Therefore, we introduce some calculations of  c-value for other regions in the world, for example: [20] found c = 0.02 -0.5 for 1969 Shikotan-Oki earthquake (M6.9; from [2] [6] obtained c = 0.03 ± 0.03 and 0.27 ± 0.11 for the Izmit and Duzce earthquakes, respectively.Moreover, [21] studied on the aftershocks of the 2004 mid-Niigata earthquake (Mw = 6.6), and their result for c-value obtained 0.003 ± 0.001 days.In our study, c-value is about 0.03 that is consistent with the other studies compared with other regions.
Besides, we observed an aftershock in 7 November 2012, M = 5.6, shown in Figure 6(a), in the left panel.We showed aftershocks following this aftershock (M = 5.6) in the right panel of Figure 6(b).We showed the temporal distribution of the aftershocks following the aftershock (M = 5.6) separately by the modified Omori law in Figure 7.
As a result, Aftershocks of the aftershock (M = 5.6) also decay according to the modified Omori law.We mentioned that the number of aftershocks cannot be counted completely in the beginning of aftershocks when smaller shocks are often obscured by larger ones due to the overlapping, then c-value obtain large value (c > 0.01).We believe that aftershocks are incomplete in the beginning of a sequence of aftershocks after the mainshocks (twin earthquakes in 11 August 2012), thus it is our reason for positive values of c.However, we obtained c = 0 for aftershocks of the aftershock (M = 5.6), which is compatible with other comments such as, [6] and [22].They believed that c-value might be equal to zero if all shocks should be counted.Besides, simple aftershock sequences following relatively small mainshocks, c-values usually assessed small about c ≤ 0.01 days.

Discussion on the Seismicity of North Tabriz Fault
Some researchers in Taiwan proposed in their studies that the relatively low seismicity rate and the temporal decrease in the b-values before large   earthquakes in Taiwan may be considered as a forecasting indicator associated with the quiescence in the seismicity with small magnitudes [23].Then we use this idea for our data in Tabriz region especially for North Tabriz Fault region.
Gutenberg and Richter, [3] introduced a description of the frequency of earthquakes: log N10 = a -bM , where N is the cumulative number of earthquakes larger than magnitude M, and a and b are constants.The a-value is general level of seismicity for a region during the study period, and the higher a-value is, the higher the seismicity in the region [24].The b-value is the slope of the Frequency-Magnitude Distribution that describes the relative size distribution of earthquakes.It depends on the stress regime and tectonic character of the region [24]- [29].Kanamori, [30] stated that the lower b-value probably implies that the stress is high in the examined region.Decreasing b-value correlate with increasing stress levels before major events.Besides, Zhao and Wu [31] believe that b-value can be related to stress heterogeneity or asperities.Asperities have higher potential for next strong earthquake [32].The North Tabriz Fault (NTF) is an important fault in the east Azerbaijan province.We want to assess the effects of Ahar-Varzeghan earthquakes on NTF by determination of the temporal change of b-value before and after the twin mainshocks about 20 km around NTF.
For this part, Earthquake catalog provided by Iranian Seismological Center (IRSC) from 1996 to 2013 was selected because it includes magnitudes smaller than 2.5 too.Specifically the b-value of micro-earthquakes is the most important information for forecasting future events of M 5+ [33].Our research for variations of b-value 20 km around NTF showed that it is not stationary.We obtained frequency-magnitude distribution of events in 20 km around NTF for before and after Ahar-Varzeghan twin earthquakes (Table 1 & Figure 8(a) and Figure 8(b)).Based on our catalog for IRSC data, we observed a significant difference of b-value (approximately 0.1) for before and after twin earthquakes data.Therefore, we observed that the seismicity rate has changed in the region.
b-value has changed to low before twin earthquakes and it increased after occurrence of them.Furthermore, we mapped spatial b-value distribution on NTF using maximum likelihood calculation for total of data in 20 km around NTF (Figure 8(c)).The grid was taken as 0.05 × 0.05, with sampling radius of 20 km.[34] believed that large earthquakes are often preceded by a medium-term (up to a couple of years) increase in b, followed by a decrease in the weeks-months before the earthquake that is compatible with our study on NTF.Moreover, other studies have confirmed that the b-value has decreased significantly prior to the occurrence of large earthquakes [35].Our catalog showed that in the past 17 years no large event has occurred around NTF. Besides, studying the destructive historical earthquakes showed that the last strong earthquake with M = 7.7 had occurred in 1780 caused by NTF.In the catalog, the earthquakes with 5.9 ≤ M ≤ 7.7 were absent, for a time period of 101 years (up to 2013).Moreover, there is a 143-year seismic gap for the earthquake of 5.0 ≤ M ≤ 7.7 from the last moderate earthquake along NTF.The recent data shows that the seismicity rate is    is high [36] [37] and [38], the part that is shown with arrows in Figure 8(c).
Therefore, the rate of seismicity and b-value monitoring in both time and space are necessary for more accurate further studies.

Conclusion
The statistical properties of aftershocks of Ahar-Varzeghan Twin Earthquakes on 11 August 2012 are investigated in Tabriz region.We achieved that aftershocks for a strong motion as well as aftershocks of aftershocks decay according to the modified Omori law.In our study, p-value is about 0.95, which compared with other researches (P-value range is between 0.5 -1.8), our result is consistent with this range.The b-value estimated 0.888 ± 0.1 for the aftershocks of Ahar twin earthquakes.Based on the result of c-value = 0.03 (c > 0.01), it may be caused by the incompleteness at the starting sequence of aftershocks, not related to the complex aspect of the rupture process of the mainshock for Ahar Twin earthquakes.Based on our research on the instrumental and historical data and also b-value studies, we estimate a warning in the central or central-southern

J
. V. Farahani DOI: 10.4236/ijg.2018.92007109 International Journal of Geosciences properties of aftershocks occurrence.In this study, the Ahar-Varzeghan aftershocks are considered in order to analyze their spatial and temporal variations.
shows the hypocenters of the aftershock sequences of the two earthquakes.The strongest trend of events (all sizes of shocks in general with M ≥ 2.5) is observed East-West part along the surface rupture of Varzeghan earthquake on 11 August 2012, in which the highest density of events concentrated in west of Ahar (the north of Heris).The aftershock sequences of the two earthquakes contain about 7.5-month time period, that is from the time of the mainshock (11 August 2012) until 30 March 2013, about 494 data for the twin earthquakes.We had three large events for aftershocks (M > 5.0), especially occurred after 3 and 4 days (M = 5.2 and 5.1, respectively) and 3 months (M = 5.6) from the time of the mainshocks.
after mainshock International Journal of Geosciences

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. Temporal change in the number of Ahar-Varzeghan aftershocks per day (for the events M ≥ 3.4).p, c and K-values calculated by the modified Omori formula.

Figure 7 .
Figure 7. Temporal change in the number of aftershocks of the aftershock (M = 5.6) per day (for the events M ≥ 2.5).p, c and K-values calculated by the modified Omori formula.
Totally, we observed a result of the fact that b-value is low on NTF, and it is often less than one.Besides, temporal variations of b-value for the events in 20 km around NTF confirmed that b-value has increased after 2012 twin earthquakes in Ahar-Varzeghan region.Based on b-value around NTF (Figure 8(c)), It classified to three sections.In central-southern NTF, the minimum b-value was about 0.5.In central NTF, the minimum b-value obtained about 0.6 and the maximum one was about 1.2.Moreover, b-value changes in central-northern was between 0.7 and 1.5.However, since the beginning of 2013, b-value is decreasing (Figure 8(d)), our data in the catalog cover the time period until May 2013.Sammonds et al.,

Figure 8 .
Figure 8. Frequency-magnitude distribution for before (Left-a) and after (right-b) Ahar-Varzeghan twin earthquakes calculated with maximum likelihood method (Data for 20 km around NTF). (c) Spatial distribution of b-value in 20 km around NTF computed with the IRSC catalog (1996-2103), centered at grid (0.05 × 0.05) nodes.Stars mark the Ahar-Varzeghan Twin earthquakes.(d) Temporal changes in b value versus time for 20 km around NTF; Dashed lines indicate the standard deviation.
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Figure 9 .
Figure 9. Epicenter map of earthquakes approximately 20 km around North Tabriz Fault NTF.

Table 1 .
b-value changes in 20 km around NTF for before and after Ahar-Varzeghan twin earthquakes.