A Review of Mindfulness Improves Decision Making and Future Prospects

With the popularity of mindfulness training among different groups of people, more and more attention has been paid to the positive role of mindfulness. In particular, the improvement of mindfulness on decision-making has been respected by the elite management and practitioners in different industries. There are also different forms of experimental paradigms for different types of decision-making behaviors in research methods. Both behavioral evidence and imaging evidence show that mindfulness training can improve decision-making, both under the social and non-social conditions. Mindfulness training was predominantly driven by an “emotional” system, manifested by an active medial prefrontal cortex, whereas the latter was not dominated by a “rational” system of decision-making processes; on the contrary, posterior insular and thalamic regions with emotional function were more active. Therefore, the emotional system throughout the mindset training affects the whole process of decision-making. In addition, mindfulness affects other possible factors such as attention, compassion, and cognitive control in the decision-making process. At last, based on the existing research deficiencies, this paper analyzed future prospects from the aspects of research methods, research contents and theoretical construction, in order to provide references for future research in this field.


Introduction
Decision making is the process of selecting and implementing a program or strategy based on individual values and preferences among multiple alternatives.(Rilling & Sanfey, 2011).The process of decision-making is often characterized making is one of the cores of management activities, how decision-making is generated, and how it is all about management (Simon, 1987).And the spread of "Mindfulness and Heat" around the world was also the cover of Time Magazine, launched in February of 2014 by "Revolutionary Mindfulness," which made mindfulness training popular among CEOs and executives (Cheng, 2016) as well as practitioners in a variety of industries such as lawyers (Blatt, 2002), nursing staff (Pipe et al., 2009) and many more.Mindfulness is widely circulated across industry sectors and is even popular at different ages, including children and students (Waters et al., 2015), the elderly (Fiocco & Mallya, 2015).A series of studies have shown that mindfulness training can not only bring about the change of state (state of mindfulness), but also continue to change one's personality (trait of mindfulness) (Cahn & Polich 2006).
Mind training also sets off a wave of research in the field of psychotherapy, and mindfulness-based intervention training is called the "third wave" of cognitive behavioral therapy (Miao & Wang, 2013).Mindfulness training, as a means of improving the state of life, can help individuals have a clear mind and develop clear thinking, providing solutions to problems or making scientific and rational judgments and decisions from multiple choices.Mindfulness Training Interventions Individuals can also contribute to improving decision-making quality through awareness of their attention and emotions (Panno et al., 2013).Many executives and CEOs (Apple founder-Steve Jobs, Bridgewater founder-Ray Dalio，the Former president of Swiss National Bank-Philipp Hildebrand, etc.) have long insisted on mindfulness meditation, and many top global enterprises (General Mills, Ford Motor Company, Tupperware Company, etc.) have also gradually introduced mindfulness-training related courses and practice tools to help employees achieve calm thoughts, relieve stress and concentration effects, and even help enterprises cultivate outstanding leaders.Mindfulness training S. Liu et al. DOI: 10.4236/psych.2018.92015231 Psychology can therefore help business members improve the accuracy of business decisions and help companies avoid expensive investment mistakes.
Throughout the study of psychology and management at home and abroad, the review of the theme of mindfulness mostly focuses on the analysis of the concept of mindfulness, the psychology of mindfulness and the mechanisms such as the brain mechanism or biological mechanism.The concept of mindfulness on a specific area Feeling and emotions (Duan, 2014;Wang & Huang, 2011;Wang & Jiang, 2016;Xu & Liu, 2013;Chen et al., 2011;Tang et al., 2015).In

The Origin and Conceptual Definition of Mindfulness
The concept of "mindfulness" first originated from the oriental meditation cul-

Differentiating and Analyzing the Related Concepts of Mindfulness
Although mindfulness originated from traditional meditation, it has gradually been applied to all aspects of work and life.Therefore, analyzing mindfulness and related concepts helps us to analyze the core meaning of mindfulness, distinguishing it from other concepts and laying the foundation for future research.
Western scholars frequently used confusion or meditation in both research and meditation, which brought some obstacles to the unification and norms of mindfulness research.The two exist interrelated, but they are completely different concepts.Internationally, it is generally accepted that meditation is divided into two categories: mindfulness/open monitoring and concentrative/focused attention, depending on the direction of attention (Cahn & Polich, 2006).
Therefore, we can clearly draw the relationship between the two: mindfulness belong to meditation, is a type of meditation.Mindfulness meditation, along with other types of meditation, such as loving-kindness meditation (Lippelt et al., 2014) and Visual meditation (Standaert, 2015), make up the category of meditation.
In addition, according to previous studies found that mindfulness and concentration, there are many similarities and differences.al., 2017).There are many similarities between " mind wandering " and "mindfulness", both of which emphasize the mental state in which individuals experience concentration and devotion (Csíkszentmihályi, 2008), but mindfulness require the awareness of the individual to be present and at this moment; The mind wandering is more of a state that can be realized during the retrospective period (Foster & Lloyd, 2007).Because individuals in the state of mind flow in and forget themselves, they easily lose their awareness of self-awareness and surrounding space and time.

Distinguishing Mindfulness Training and Mindfulness Meditation
Mindfulness Training As mentioned above, it is a method of obtaining mindful-  & Malhi, 2007).Therefore, we can clearly draw the relationship between them: mindfulness training is based on the core techniques such as mindfulness meditation, and mindfulness meditation is a practice method under the mind training.The purpose of this method is to practice mindfulness and achieve Clarification and awakening of thinking.Mindfulness Training is also due to positive meditation and other techniques such as meditation, body scans, breathing space for three minutes, and mindfulness and yoga, which have greatly facilitated the wide spread of mindful rituals among different groups (Miao & Wang, 2013).

The Development and Application of Mindfulness
After the integration of mindfulness and modern psychology, it gradually becomes religious and develops a scientific and systematic psychological training method, which is also gradually extended from clinical application to real life.In particular, with the continuous development and innovation of neuroimaging research in recent years, behavioral and neuroimaging studies have also provided evidence for the positive impact of mindfulness (Tang et al., 2007).
In recent years, researchers have integrated integrative body-mind training (IBMT) with many important elements of mind training, such as concept of breathing, psychological intention and mindfulness according to different research purposes and practical needs.Time can also be shortened to 1 -6 weeks and is therefore favored (Tang et al., 2007).Integrative medicine (IM) combines The potential for mindfulness in the workplace is huge (Good et al., 2016).
First, there is a decrease in the level of burn-in in mindfulness and mindfulness based training and self-reporting (Flook et al., 2013), decrease in perceived stress (Ruocco & Direkoglu, 2013), decrease in negative emotions (Roche et al., 2014) Promoting job involvement (Malinowski & Hui, 2015) and a series of outcomes such as enhanced employee well-being (Eberth & Sedlmeier, 2012) are closely linked, and in particular, righteous leadership is also tied to all aspects of employee well-being (Roche et al. 2014;Reb & Narayanan, 2014).Second, in workplace behavior, mindfulness in the workplace is not only positively correlated with individual job performance (Dane, 2011), but mindfulness also have a positive effect on team performance (Cleirigh & Greaney, 2015).Moreover, mindfulness training can also improve working memory and GRE scores by reducing mind wandering (Mrazek et al., 2013).In addition, mid-level managers who pass mind-nurturing training show better team control than the control group (Shonin et al., 2014) or positive changes in leadership effectiveness (Wasylkiw et al., 2015).In contrast to mindfulness training, individual ideals of employees are significantly correlated with low-negativity (Krishnakumar & Robinson, 2015), while leader ethos and organizational citizenship are relevant (Red et al., 2014).Finally, beyond the workplace, the higher the level of mindfulness in individual traits, the better the quality of sleep (Allen & Kiburz, 2012).
Therefore, increasing the level of daily mindfulness can not only promote the quality of sleep and sleep, but also promote the work-family balance (Michel et al., 2014).
The above series of studies have successfully proved that mindfulness are widely used in the workplace in addition to the clinical field, and that research teams introduce mindfulness to the army and the police system (Wang & Jiang, 2016).Nowadays, mindfulness training techniques are gaining in popularity both as an adjunct to the clinical management of physical and mental health conditions or as a lifestyle choice.

The Research Methods of Mindfulness on Decision Making
With the deepening of mindfulness and decision-making research, its research methods are also maturing.Originally, Park et al. (2006)  There are two types of research tasks on decision-making: the discount task and the gambling task.There are two types of discount task: the discount task and the probability discount task.The task of gambling has the Iowa gambling task, the dice gambling task, the Cambridge gambling task, Gambling tasks (Liu et al., 2014) and corresponding experimental paradigms for different decision types such as SSDT (Mirams et al., 2013) and ethical dilemmas (Shapiro et al., 2012), classic business finance testing in business decisions (Hafenbrack et al., 2014) and others.These relatively rigorous experimental design and targeted experimental tasks and experimental paradigms not only improve the measurement accuracy of decision-making level, but also improve the verification of the effect of mindfulness on decision-making.
In addition, the Carbonless Anagram Method (CAM)) was introduced into the area of ethical decision-making for mindfulness training.Compared with the general problem of moral dilemma, it can record the unethical behavior at the individual level in an obscure way and can also be researched in a small group in the laboratory (Ruedy & Schweitzer, 2010).Therefore, compared with the questionnaire measurement, CAM effectively eliminates the practice effect, has better reliability and ecological validity, and is more suitable for team measurement.

The Intervention Effect of Mindfulness on Decision Making
We assume that the effect of mindfulness may not be limited to those cognitive and emotional aspects that have the preconditions of advanced decision-making, but also extend to the decision-making process.Research evidence also shows that mindfulness play an important role not only in pro-social behaviors that reduce economic decision-making bias and social decision-making, but also clinically as effective tools to reduce drug abuse and alcohol addiction (Breslin et al., 2002).These diseases are related to impulsive behaviors (e.g., adventurous) and second-best decisions (Keng et al., 2011).All these studies show that mindfulness can improve decision-making, both in social and non-social conditions.
Based on the available literature, we divide decision-making into two categories: social and non-social.Social decision research focuses on interaction, making decisions based on peer choices and other people's preferences (Sanfey, 2007), rather than social decision research focusing on personal decision making based on one's beliefs, values, and preferences.The following separately from the social decision-making and non-social decision-making to explore the experience of mindfulness will promote the decision-making process.

The Influence of Mindfulness on Social Decision Making
The impact of mindful meditation on social decision-making is mainly focused on the areas of fair assessment, moral decision-making, pro-social behavior (altruistic behavior) and others.
Assessing the fairness of social interaction is an important aspect of social behavior.The ultimatum game is often used to assess fair sensitivities in which two people are involved and one is a respondent.Proponents will pay part of the money to the respondents (uniform or non-uniform) and both will receive a corresponding benefit if the respondent agrees to accept it; no one will receive any benefit if the respondent declines (Crockett et al., 2010).Kirk et al. (2011) used the ultimatum game and found that mind-set training groups were more willing to accept unfair decisions than the control group.The control group was active in the anterior region of the insular region when it was unfairly proposed, suggesting that the region may be an important neural basis for denying social interaction; in contrast, the righteous practitioner showed a decrease in the activity of superior afferent features in the anterior forebrain and a decrease in the posterior insula Low-level endoreceptor characterization of the increased activi- tices has increased the level of ethical decision making (Davidson et al., 2003).
This proves from the side that mindfulness is a skill that needs to be developed through practice and daily training, and that moral decision-making is more stable than social decision-making in general and can take a certain amount of time to be improved.
In addition to these laboratory studies, some researchers used more ecologicallyeffective research methods to investigate the impact of mindfulness on real-time interpersonal interaction.The results showed that experimental groups participating in a week of mindfulness training programs were more likely to give up their Seat for people with physical disabilities (Condon et al., 2013).Mindfulness Interpersonal interaction in the workplace is characterized by leadership mindfulness or attitude mindfulness, and teamwork affecting employee behavior, while mindfulness in life may be improved through more attention to others, better communication, less conflict, more sympathy The relationship between intimate partners (Reb & Narayanan, 2014;Good et al., 2016).In addition, the researchers also examined the impact of mindfulness on implicit prejudice, and studies by Lueke and Gibson (2015) validated experiments that ten minutes of

The Influence of Mindfulness on Non-Social Decision-Making
In the field of non-social decision-making, most researchers use the paradigm of game theory and behavioral economics to investigate economic preferences and decision-making bias in the context of personal and interactive situations.
Among them, the influence of mindfulness on non-social decision-making includes risk taking, impulsive gambling, Negative bias and sunk cost bias.
In general, risk taking refers to a tendency to engage in actions that may be harmful or dangerous, but at the same time, it can also create opportunities for positive results.Especially in the economic arena, risk is defined as the situation after failed gambling, increasing the need for risk-taking and unease when losing money (Winters et al., 2002).Therefore, gambling decisions are generally based on the Georgia Gambling Task (GGT; Goodie, 2003), which is reflected in the Psychology willingness to take too much or to take risks, and Iowa, which assesses the risk appetite for uncertainty, rewards and penalties Iowa Gambling Task, IGT; Lakey et al., 2007b. Lakey et al. (2007a) used GGT and IGT tasks (N = 309) in college student samples to explore the impact of idiomatic mindset on adventurous behavior.They found that an increase in mindfulness could signal a decrease in the severity of gambling outcomes and an increase in decision adaptation.In contrast, individuals with low levels of mindfulness may take adverse decisionmaking behaviors such as gambling and drug abuse (Bowen et al., 2009).The Negative biases tend to weigh negative information, events or emotions heavier than positive (Rozin & Royzman, 2001), and people are highly susceptible to prejudice in their lives.In Kiken and Shook (2014), the use of standardized 10-minute mind-breathing training reduced the emphasis on negativity and the other decreased the negative bias after 175 college students participated in the simplest 15-minute mindfulness-guided breathing exercise, And added positive judgments in attitude formation tasks (Kiken & Shook, 2011).These results show that mindful training intervention can significantly improve the propensity for positive information and judgment.
Sunk cost bias is the propensity to pursue failed efforts once money, hard work, or time has been invested (Maréchal, 2010).People caught in the sunk cost bias, even if they know that sustainability is not the best option, may be linked to The above series of studies show that mindfulness can reduce non-social decision-making behaviors such as risk taking, impulsive gambling, negative bias and sunk cost deviation, and mindfulness is adjusted by controlling risk response, avoiding habitual reaction, adjusting time focus and reducing negative emotions Decision-making process.

The Mechanism Discussion of Mindfulness on Decision Making
At present, the study of mindfulness affecting the decision-making mechanism is rophysiological mechanisms increasingly rich, the decision-making mechanism of the impact of more urgent (Wang & Huang, 2011;Wang & Jiang, 2016;Chen et al., 2011).
In the process of human decision-making, "rational" and "emotional" systems control the outcome of human decisions separately (Evans, 2008).Neuroimaging evidence suggests that these two systems may have different neuronal associations.For example, intuition or emotion-driven decisions tend to increase the activity of the medial prefrontal and medial orbital frontal cortex and their striatal counterparts, however, more rational or negotiable decisions are often associated with increased lateral prefrontal and parietal Regions and their striatal counterparts (Greene et al., 2004;McClure et al., 2004).Therefore, when comparing the control group with the mind-set training group, we found a change in the cortical activity from the medial to the lateral prefrontal cortex.
Short-term and long-term mindfulness training can also lead to changes in brain activity.Short-term Mindfulness Training is involved in social decisionmaking in the medial prefrontal cortex, and in addition, relaxation training increases relaxation of the anterior cingulate cortex even during just 3 hours of mindfulness practice (Farb et al 2007;Tang et al. 2009) The medial and posterior regions of the island are activated during meditation, and Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) analyzes also show that mind precursors have greater gray matter volume in the foreland-island region than age-matched controls, reflecting Effect of long-term mindfulness training (Lazar et al., 2005;Kirk et al., 2011).
All of these evidences demonstrate that the impact of mind training on decisionmaking is caused by intuition or emotion-driven systems that both increase the activity of the medial prefrontal cortex.However, some subjects in the control group also had lateral prefrontal cortex activity associated with rational decisionmaking, which may be related to the individual differences in mindfulness of the subjects themselves in the control group.In addition, the effects of mind training on decision making may not always be through the lateral and parietal lobes of the lateral lobes (Duncan et al., 2000), which are usually responsible for mathematical and logical reasoning, but rather through emotional rather than rational, meditative emotional functions Of the posterior insula and thalamic regions (Kirk et al., 2011).This also verifies that the intermediate mechanism of mindfulness training is predominantly composed of "emotional" system, which is active in the medial prefrontal cortex.The late stage is not mainly played by the "rational" system of decision-making process.On the contrary, And thalamic areas more active.Therefore, emotions affect the whole process of decision making through mindfulness (Tang et al., 2015).
Evidence from both behavioral and neuroimaging suggests that mind-boggling training can influence decision-making behavior through emotion-driven systems.Moreover, the model of mindfulness coping and the model of mindfulness to the limbic system, and mindfulness training can alter the brain structure associated with emotional processing (Chen et al., 2011).Individuals in daily life can consciously apply emotional conditioning to improve their decision-making quality based on current decision-making tasks (Panno et al., 2013).However, other studies have found that emotions affect risk perception even more than rational evaluation (Hogarth et al., 2009), And the related research also shows that even accidental emotions unrelated to current decision-making can have a significant impact on the individual's decision-making results, decision-making process and decision-making quality (Li et al., 2015).Therefore, mindfulness training can promote individuals' positive emotions by adjusting their negative emotions, which is a key factor that affects individual decision-making process, quality and result.
Other research groups such as Alfonso and Shapiro also found other factors that contribute to the decision-making process during mind-setting training interventions, such as attention and self-awareness (Alfonso et al., 2011;Shapiro et al., 2012).Tang et al. (2015) summarized behavioral and neuroscience findings and proposed a model of mindfulness training: three core components including attention control, emotional management, and self-awareness, all of which work together.A number of studies have shown that mindfulness can improve decision-making skills, but whether mindfulness improve decision-making power should include other factors such as empathy, emotions and self-awareness such as compassion (Mascaro et al., 2012), cognitive control (Chambers, Lo, & Allen, 2008) may well build the theoretical framework for the unified effect of mindfulness on decision-making, which requires more effort from future researchers.

Summary and Future Research Prospects
To sum up, some progress has been made in the study of righteous thoughts to improve decision-making, which is summarized as follows (see Figure 1).
Mindfulness is an ancient and young field; mindfulness training has long been from the clinical field to the masses.A series of studies have confirmed that mindfulness can not only improve individual emotional management, attention and cognitive control, but also improve individual decision-making ability in different fields.In general, research methods of mindfulness influencing decisionmaking are constantly improving, and there is a specific experimental paradigm for decision-making under social conditions and non-social conditions.Moreover, behavioral research combined with imaging evidence proves that mindfulness is important to social and non-social decision-making can be adjusted making is increasingly becoming a viable method.Even in some cases, it may be the main decision-making method (Burke and Miller, 1999).Therefore, whether the training of mindfulness is conducive to cultivating an individual's intuition ability, developing the potential of individual intuition and promoting the improvement of decision-making ability is also the future research direction one.
In addition, promoting other types of decision-making behaviors through intuitionistic decision-making is also one of the deep-rooted mechanisms for exploring decision-making behaviors, and is conducive to its wide application in different types of decision-making tasks in daily life.There are also studies to verify that mind-nurturing training is an effective way of mitigating errors in reading, working, and even alerting tasks (mind wandering) (Mrazek et al., 2012;Smallwood & Schooler, 2015) Inspiration from the application of mindfulness training.
In the theory construction, the western countries have put forward a more influential model of mindfulness.According to the IAA three-axis model, mindfulness is composed of three dimensions, an intention, an attention and an atti-  (Shapiro et al., 2006).However, "Mindfulness" originates from our east and flows back to our east through the development of western psychology.It itself possesses the cultural characteristics in the western context.In the future, intercultural studies may consider using the Combined Etic-Emic Approaches (Fan et al., 2011).Combining western psychology theory with oriental specific cultural factors, the real universal psychology theory, and on this basis, explores the effect model that can completely explain the influence of mind training on decision-making.
view of the positive results of positive research and decision-making in foreign countries, such studies have a wide range of application value in work and real life, but there is still a lack of relevant retrospective research on this topic at home and abroad, and there is a lack of unity in empirical research Operation standards and other issues.Therefore, systematically reviewing the related research of mindfulness and decision-making is helpful to analyze the research achievements in different phases and deeply analyze the training effect of mindfulness on all kinds of decision-making, and constructively absorb the frontier research on such topics in localization research Advanced and cultural essence to provide relevant reference.Based on the review of a large number of literatures, this dissertation mainly analyzes mindfulness and its related core concepts, and reviews the training effects of mindfulness training on different types of social decision-making and non-social decision-making respectively, and discusses its mechanism.On this basis, the author puts forward the deficiencies of the existing research and prospects the future research direction in order to provide reference for the future research.
ness in the state of mindfulness classification.As early as the 1970s, Kabat-Zinn learned the essence and nutrition of oriental meditation and created effective Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) in clinical psychiatry.Subsequently, researchers also developed a large number of psychotherapy based on mindfulness training: mindfulness therapy (Mindfulness-based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT), Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) and others (Miao & Wang, 2013).Mindfulness meditation (MM) is an important method used to practice mindfulness.It is also the core technique of mindfulness training.It mainly includes practice methods such as Zen and Vipassna (Kabat-Zinn, 2003; Ivanovski meditation, yoga and respiratory training to address health care issues(Saatcioglu, 2013); mindfulness and rebus therapy is also a combination of mindfulness meditation and cognitive behavior Special therapy for substance addicts formed by resuscitation(Wang & Zhao, 2016), and mindfulness techniques based on different groups of special training methods have made mindfulness widely used in the clinical field.
ty.That is to say, there are differences in the brain mechanisms between the control group and the mindset training group in rejecting social interaction, and the mindset training group can separate the negative emotions and behaviors more than the control group.Based on these findings, we can make it clear that continuous mindfulness training can make individuals more willing to accept unfairness by adjusting their emotions.Moral decision-making is often the scene of social life choice.Ruedy et al. (2010) used a 15-minute focused breathing recording to manipulate the state's mindfulness and did not significantly influence ethical decision making.Subsequent Shapiro et al. (2012) also found no significant changes in moral reasoning from baseline to MBSR training; however, follow-up after 2 months showed significant moral reasoning and decision making The change.In addition, David-S.Liu et al.DOI: 10.4236/psych.2018.92015237 Psychology son et al.Also found that follow-up after 4 months in mindfulness training prac- mindfulness recording training compared to a control group that listened to a 10-minute natural history recording Group, age and racial prejudice are significantly lower.Mindfulness training promotes the social harmony by inducing the automation relationship between prejudice and prejudice, thus significantly weakening the influence of invisible prejudice.These results all suggest the necessity of carrying out mindfulness training in real life in order to increase social altruistic behavior.In summary, the above studies show that the positive effects of consistency in short-term and long-term mindfulness training include fair assessment, ethical decision-making, pro-social behavior and inter-group bias, and mindfulness training can be achieved by adjusting executive control, reward handling, emotional management, etc. in the decision-making process Psychological activities to promote social decision-making.
Alfonso et al. (2011) survey further validates long-term mindfulness training in combination with targeted management training that can help drug abusers (who are considered clinically significant in executive function and decisionmaking deficiencies) to make decision-making Adaptive decision making.Scholars' discoveries have shown that mindfulness can help to improve the underlying effects of impulsive gambling inhibition, decision-making dysfunction and drug addiction.
escalating promises, distressed expectations and regrettable misgivings(Tversky & Kahneman, 2016;Wong & Kwong 2007).Hafenbrack et al. (2014) investigated the effect of short-term mindfulness training on sunk cost bias and found that mind-nurturing training reduces the sunk cost by reducing the negative emotional state and reducing the sunk cost by deviating the individual's temporal focus from the past and the future.Individuals can improve their mind-set by practicing mindfulness training and their ability to resist sunk cost variances, improving the accuracy of individual business decisions and helping companies avoid expensive investment mistakes(Hafenbrack et al., 2014).
With the psychological and brain mechanisms of mindful meditation, biological mechanisms, mindfulness on the emotional regulation of neu- emphasize the regulation effect of mindfulness on emotions: Mindfulness plays a central role in positive cognitive reassessment, and long-term mindfulness training intervention can directly affect the attentional distribution strategy of emotion regulation.In addition, the concept of mindfulness regulates emotions by improving the regulation of the frontal lobe response

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Mindfulness improving the decision-making framework of existing research results.
three factors occur simultaneously and intertwined, resulting in the development of mindfulness Shapiro and Carlson (2006)dfulness consists of five components: conscious attention, reduction of self-dialogue, non-judgment, failure to respond, and a series of values of philosophical ethics and treatment orientation.Shapiro and Carlson (2006)put forward two kinds of orientations of mindfulness and states of mind, which are recognized by the majority of scho- Cahn and Polich (2006) to the teachings of Buddha Sakyamuni 2500 years ago.It has developed from the practice of meditation, meditation and enlightenment.It is one of the eight pathways of Buddhism practice.Mindfulness is also translated as "Mind Awareness," as Pali was called Sati, and for the first time in 1921 it was translated into English mindfulness.The original meaning was attentiveness, concentration, concentration, and attention or observation.Mindfulness is "a fulness.Cahn and Polich (2006)view the concept of mindfulness as a static state or trait that believes that mindfulness is both a special state of mind that alters sensation, cognition, and self-referencing, and that is, a lasting change in state of S. Liu et al.DOI: 10.4236/psych.2018.92015232 Psychology consciousness Trait.
Kirk et al. (2011)ty siting are case studies, but electronic public participation (EPP), as a newly emerging open technology, can be used in other decision making processes.Kirk et al. (2011)used a relatively straightforward horizontal design, so it is impossible to compare the behavioral differences before and after starting to study mindfulness.Without this information, we cannot be sure that the actual behavior of mindset practitioners benefits.Subsequently,Shapiro et al.
(Mirams et al., 2013;Ruedy & Schweitzer, 2010;Hafenbrack et al., 2014)f residents' meditations and meditation on nuclear-related decisions through online voting to analyze the public low-radioactive waste disposal at the National Seoul National University campus S. Liu et al.DOI: 10.4236/psych.2018.92015235PsychologyTheimpact of early mindfulness on decision making mostly adopts singlegroup design.Due to the lack of comparison between control groups, it cannot really test whether the effect of mindfulness stems from the changes brought about by training or the effects of individual maturation.In recent years, researchers mainly used comparatively rigorous experimental group to control the experimental design before and after test(Mirams et al., 2013;Ruedy & Schweitzer, 2010;Hafenbrack et al., 2014).