Phytosociology and Floristic Composition of the Infesting Community in Rice Crop Waterlogged

The objective of this study is to identify and quantify the floristic composition of the weed community in the rice crop waterlogged in the municipality of Arari-MA. The botanical material was obtained in three areas by randomly a hollow rectangle of 0.50 m × 0.30 m by forty five times in each plot. The aerial parts of weeds were harvested, identified, counted and oven dried with forced air ventilation at 333.15 K to 343.15 K. These data were used to determine the phytosociological parameters and the Shannon-Wiener diversity index was also calculated. A total of 6607 plants were collected, being 4115 (62.28%) in the vegetative phase and 2492 (37.72%) in the reproductive phase. The monocotyledonous group obtained the largest number of plants, 2882 in the vegetative phase and 1535 in the reproductive phase. The Cyperaceae family recorded nine species and four genera and the Poaceae, seven and four species in the vegetative and reproductive phases, respectively. The species of higher IVI in the vegetative phase was E. sellowiana in the area A1 with 82.86%, and in the reproductive F. dichotoma with IVI of 90.49% in the area A3. The individuals density and species richness were higher in the vegetative phase of the culture and the monocotyledonous group predominated with the Cyperaceae and Poaceae families, and the weed diversity among the areas was low.


Introduction
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important foods for human nutrition, being the food basis of billions of people and the second most cultivated cereal in the world, occupying an approximate area of 158 million hectares.The annual production is about 7467 million tons of grains in bark, which corresponds to 29% of the total grains used in human consumption [1].In Brazil, rice cultivation occupies a prominent position in agribusiness, being the ninth largest rice producer and the largest among non-oriental countries [2].
According to the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics [3] Brazil produced in the 2016/2017 harvest a total of 11,759,096 tons of rice.The northeast region of the country produced 487,697 tons, accounting for 4% of the total produced.The State of Maranhão was the largest producer of this cereal with 50.26%.
The State of Maranhão is a recognized upland rice producer and has a potential of about 3.5 million hectares of irrigable land.The cultive has a great importance in the north central region of Maranhão that has about 2000 hectares of irrigated rice, mainly in the municipalities of Arari and São Mateus.In this microregion, there are associations of producers that use family labor in small plots with about 1.5 to 4.0 hectares in average [4].
One of the limiting factors for rice production in the north central region of Maranhão is the infestation of weed areas that compete with the crop for the resources needed to reach its cycle, which reduces the production of rice due to the removal of nutrients in the same plot.[5] reported that in the north central region of Maranhão, the presence of weeds during the whole crop cycle caused losses of 83.4% to 71.0% in production and the damage caused by weeds in rice crop was mainly due to the competition by water, light and nutrients of the soil, besides the difficulties or impediments to the harvest [6].
The technical knowledge, of which weeds are the most damaging to the crop, is of paramount importance for the control, as these can vary according to their competitive ability.This knowledge is usually carried out through the phytosociological indexes, of which the most used are relative density, relative frequency, relative dominance and importance value index.[7] points out that these indices contribute to infer the impact of management systems and agricultural practices on the dynamics of growth and occupation of weed communities in agroecosystems.
While [8] emphasises that knowledge of the most important species allows us to decide the best management to be adopted, be it cultural, mechanical, physical, biological, chemical or integrated.
In addition to the contribution of the phytosociological indices to the knowledge of the species in a given area, there are also the diversity indexes that according to [9] allow the internal characterization of each area, providing additional support for researcher's inferences about a particular community.This cies, that is, the "equilibrium" of the plants populations in the communities [10].
The Shannon-Wiener index is one of the most widely used in ecological studies of communities indicating the floristic diversity based on the natural logarithm, which considers equal weight among rare and abundant species, considering that the higher the value of this index, the greater the floristic diversity [11].This work have as objective identify and quantify the floristic composition of the infesting community in rice culture in the municipality of Arari-MA, located in the north central region of state Maranhão.

Materials and Methods
The research was conducted during the rainy season from February to May 2015 in the municipality of Arari-MA in the lowland Maranhense, located in the north central region of Maranhão, between coordinates 03˚27'38" south latitude and 44˚46'56" west longitude.The dominant climate is AW type, according to Köppen's classification [12].With an average annual temperature of more than 300.15K and an annual average relative humidity of more than 82%, annual precipitation reaches a total of between 1600 and 2000 mm [13].In relation to the type of soils of the experimental areas, it is classified as typical Allelic Melancholic Gleissolo [14].
In order to collect the botanical material, we selected three areas of rice farmers, approximately of 1 ha, in flooded systems in the municipality of Arari-MA, with the following areas: area A1 located in Picarreira Village, area A2 in Muquira Village and area A3 in the Trizidela Village.In each area two collections were made, one in the vegetative phase and the other in the reproductive phase of the cultive.
The collection of botanical material in all areas was obtained by means of a 0.50 m × 0.30 m mold rectangle randomly cast forty-five times in the rice crop at a distance of approximately 1 m between one launch and another, so as to obtain a broad sampling of the area.At each launch of the rectangle, the aerial parts of the weeds were harvested, packed in plastic bags for identification and counting of individuals by species.
Weed identification were performed through the examination of material and consultation of relevant literature.Afterwards, the plants were packed in paper bags and dried in an oven with air ventilation, at a temperature between 333.15 K and 343.15 K, until reach a constant mass, then later weigh in a precision scale.
Density and dry mass of weeds were expressed in numbers of plants and grams of dry mass per square meter, respectively.These data for each population were used to determine phytosociological indices: density, relative density, frequency, relative frequency, relative dominance and importance value index, represented by the following formulas: 1) Relative Density [15]: Relative density is a percentage relation between the number of individuals of a species in relation to the total number of individuals in the weed community.
2) Frequency [16]: ( ) number of samples in which a determined species occurred Fr 100 % total number of samples taken = × Frequency is expressed in terms of percentage of sample in which the individuals of a species were detected in relation to the total number of samples taken.
3) Relative Frequency [16]: ( ) absolute frequency of a determined population Fr.R 100 % sum of the frequencies of community populations = × The relative frequency refers to the percentage relation of the frequency of a population in relation to the sum of the frequencies of all the populations that make up the community.

4) Relative Dominance [16]:
( ) dry mass accumulated by the population Do.R 100 % dry mass accumulated by the community = × The relative dominance of a population is the relationship between the dry mass accumulated by the species in relation to the total dry mass accumulated by the weed community.Several parameters can be used as dominance: frequency, density, basal area and others, but according to [17] in the case of weed communities, it is accepted that species with higher accumulations of dry matter influence to a greater degree the behavior of the species.

5) Importance
Value Index [16]: Importance Value Index is the sum of the relative values of density, frequency and dominance of each species.It is an index that expresses an importance value of each species in the weed community.
In addition to the phytosociological indexes, the diversity index of Shannon-Wiener [18] was also calculated for each area during the cropping phases.
This quantifies the species diversity of a system considering species richness and uniformity and was obtained by the formula:

Results and Discussion
In the three evaluated areas, a total of 6607 individuals were collected; in the vegetative phase of the rice crop there were 4115 (62.28%) and in the reproductive phase 2492 (37.72%).Among the samples collected in the vegetative phase, 2882 belonged to the monocotyledonous botanical group and 1233 of the dicotyledonous.In the reproductive phase, we obtained 1535 plants of the monocotyledonous group and 957 of the dicotyledonous group (Figure 1).It can be inferred that the interference of the weed community was higher in the vegetative phase than in the reproductive phase with a high density of the botanical group of monocotyledonous.
Research by [20] on upland rice cultivation also showed similar results with the majority of individuals occurring in the vegetative phase and belonging to the monocotyledonous botanical group.[17] and [21] point out that generally the closer to the morphological and physiological of two species, the more similar their demands will be on growth factors, and the more intense competition will be for the limited resources in the common environment.
In the vegetative phase of the crop, area A2 presented the largest number of individuals with 1791, followed by area A1 with 1340 and A3 with 984 individuals.In the reproductive phase, the area A1 that registered the highest density of individuals (1147), since areas A3 and A2 presented 724 and 621 individuals, respectively (Figure 1).The high density of individuals in the area A1 reproductive phase suggests that weed control in the vegetative stage was probably not efficient.
A total of 42 species and 34 genera were identified in 17 families, of which 36 species and 16 families occurred in the vegetative phase of the crop; while in the reproductive phase, there were 18 species and 10 families (Table 1 and Table 2).
This evidences that the number of species and families was higher in the vegetative phase and that the rice cultivated in the humid tropics in low areas subject to flooding presents high diversity of species.These results corroborate the  Table 1.Weed family and species identified in the vegetative phase of rice crop in three areas of the municipality of Arari-MA, 2015.
Family Species Areas

X X X Commelinaceae
Commelina benghalensis L.

X X X
Panicum maximum Jacq.

X X X
Scleria melaleuca Rchb.

X -------
findings of [22] in the northern Maranhense mesoregion in two crops of rice, 52 species distributed in 18 families in the first crops and second, 37 species and 17 families.High species richness was also verified by [23] in Colombia who obtained 42 species grouped in 20 families and 31 genera.
The families Cyperaceae and Poaceae contributed the largest number of weed species in the areas.In the vegetative phase, the family Cyperaceae recorded nine and the Poaceae, seven species and in the reproductive one were four species and four genera for the families Cyperaceae and Poaceae, respectively (Table 1 and   Table 2).These families were very diverse and representative of weeds in the evaluated areas, with species very competitive with the rice crop.Similar results were obtained by [5] in the northern mesoregion of Maranhão that identified 10 species of Cyperaceae and 12 species of Poaceae in the first crop and in Colom- bia by [23] that verified thirteen species of Poaceae and six species of Cyperaceae.
In the family Cyperaceae it was observed that Cyperus sp and Fimbristylis dichotoma were common in all areas in the two phases evaluated of the cultive and for family Poaceae was the genus Digitaria sp.In addition to this genus of the family Poaceae were also relevant Eleusine colonum and Eleusine indica in the vegetative phase in all areas (Table 1 and Table 2).These species are important weeds of rice crop and the frequency in the two phases evaluated in all the areas suggests a great adaptation to the local conditions that can be consequence of the use of the same type of management.According to [24], the use of the same cropping system in a given area for several consecutive years can increase the selection pressure under the weed communities, selecting the species most adapted to the crop system, as well as favoring the emergence of plants resistant to herbicides.
The species of the genus Cyperus and Fimbristylis of the Cyperaceae family are among the most important and harmful weeds in rice cultivation.[24] in rice area without rotation observed among the species of greater relative importance, Fimbristylis miliaceae and Cyperus iria.[25] in a study of floristic characterization of the weed seed bank upland rice cultivation also verified the genus Cyperus and Fimbristylis among those of higher incidence in the family Cyperaceae.
[5] in a study of weed interference in rice crop identified species of the highest relative importance during the whole period of coexistence, species of the genus Cyperus with 35.22% in the agricultural year 2010/2011 and [26] in Nepal also obtained among the most dominant species under conditions of direct sowing and transplanting of rice, species of the genus Cyperus and Fimbristylis.
Species of the family Poaceae Digitaria sp, E. columum and E. indica are among the most important weeds of the rice plantations due to the high levels of infestation and control difficulties of several producing regions.Research in Pakistan by [27] reported E. colonum as the most competitive weed in rice cultivation causing losses of 56% at 42% in yield.[28] in Malaysia verified in two seasons, the dominance of E. indica followed by a species of the genus Digitaria in the rice plots.[20] cited E. indica as a species of high importance in the seed bank of rice areas in state of Maranhão, in Brazil.Considering the high losses that the species of the families Cyperaceae and Poaceae provoke in the cultivation of the rice, it is necessary to establish the management for these families, in order to avoid high economic losses to the farmers.
Another relevant family in the study was the Fabaceae of the group of dicotyledonous that presented six species in the vegetative phase and four species in the reproductive.Among the species in all areas were Aeschynomene denticulata, Aeschynomene rudis and Chamaecrista rotundifolia in the vegetative and reproductive phases, Senna obtusifolia and Vigna longifolia (  [29] in this State verified competition between two rice cultivars and A. denticulata that reduced the tillering or number of composite leaves, the height of plants, the leaf area and the dry mass of the cultivars used. The analysis of the importance value index in the vegetative phase of the rice crop for all areas shows that the species of higher IVI was Eleocharis sellowiana in the A1 area with 82.86% and that the relative dominance (76.08%) was the component of greatest contribution to its importance (Figure 2).The high relevance of E. sellowiana in the weed community due to the accumulation of biomass, but the low population density and frequency, making the control of this species more localized in the area.According to [30], this species belongs to the family Cyperaceae, is an annual, cespitosa plant, reproduced by seeds that under optimal conditions of luminosity and water resources proliferates, occurring in poorly drained soils.
Following the species with the highest importance value index (IVI) in the vegetative phase, C. rotundifolia (69.09%) and F. dichotoma (53.14%) were highlighted in the A2 area.These species had the most influential IVI parameters, relative dominance (50.55%) and relative density (33.72%), respectively (Figure 2).The species C. rotundifolia is characterized by being an herbaceous perennial plant, native to Brazil, common on grasslands and road sides, too occurring in pasture areas [31].Studies in Bahia conducted by [32] showed this species as the fifth most important species in the cassava crop, and [33] indicated they are the fourth in grasses sown with Paspalum notatum.For F. dichotoma whose relative density was the main parameter of IVI influence, the results are in agreement with those obtained by [34] in Vigna unguiculata in a shriveled capoeira system in which the relative density of this species was 38% at 30 days after sowing.This high density was attributed to the evaluation method that considers each tiller as an individual in the score.This genus was also identified in a phytosociological survey conducted by [5] in state of Maranhão in upland rice culture and by [24] in the cultivation of irrigated rice  without rotation in which the species of this genus obtained the highest relative importance in 84.46% due to the high relative density in 38.8%.
In the A3 area, the species Urochloa mutica, Malachra fasciataand Centratherum punctatum recorded IVI of 38.68%, 38.60% and 37.09%, respectively.The phytosociological parameters contributing to the index of importance of these species has a relative dominance for U. mutica (18.61%) and M. fasciata (19.48%) and for C. punctatum, relative density in 24.29%, and the relative frequency in 24.44% (Figure 2).The differences between the IVIs of these species were not significant, suggesting a better balance between the species that compose the weed community in the A3 area and that the relative dominance, that is, the accumulation of biomass by U. mutica and M. fasciata was the determinant parameter in high degree on the behavior of these species.
In a study conducted by [35], Urochloa mutica is a forage adapted and used in degraded meadows and pastures, being a perennial, stoloniferous grass, but not very resistant to drought, and can greatly reduce its production when faced with drought.Whereas, [30] identified this genus as important invaders of the rice culture flooded by flood and, mainly, irrigation and drainage channels.[24] in the area of rice crop rotation, rice/soybean for more than five years also verified among the present species, Malachra fasciata.According to [36], it is an annual sub shrub to shrub species that develops in the northern and northeastern regions of Brazil, vegetating in humid environments, such as swampy areas, flood areas and watercourses, where it becomes undesirable because of the injuries it causes.
In the studied areas, there was a change in the population dynamics of the weed community in the reproductive phase in comparison to vegetative, whose species of highest importance in all areas was F. dichotoma with an IVI of 77.64% in the area A1, 37.92% in the area A2 and 90.49% in the area A3.The importance level of this species was mainly influenced by the relative density, which was 36.44% in the area A1, 18.52% in the area A2 and 51.10% in the area A3 (Figure 3).The numerical density of this species shows the level of adaptation to the ecological conditions and the potential to compete with the crop in the reproductive phase in these areas.According to [30], this species is characterized by annual or perennial, depending on environmental conditions, with rapid growth, developing in both wet soil and drier soil, so its occurrence is not limited to the area of meadows.
In a study of seed bank in upland rice culture in the Alto Alegre do Pindaré city in the region of the Pre-Amazonia, this species also predominated in the reproductive phase with IVI of 37.90%.[24] also verified the occurrence of this genus in the cultivation of irrigated rice without and with rotation with soybean in which F. miliaceae obtained the highest relative importance in the first system (84.46%).
Other relevant IVI species in the reproductive phase were S. obtusifolia in areas A3 (39.44%) and A2 (29.38%), followed by Bulbostylis capillaris in the area A2 (44%) and Corchorus argutus in the area A3 (29.47%).For S. obtusifolia,   relative dominance was the main contributor of IVI in the two areas with values of 20.05% and 12.69% for areas A3 and A2, respectively.While for B. capillaris the relative density was 19% and C. argutus the relative frequency was 11.69% (Figure 3).These species were not expressive in the weed community in the vegetative phase of the crop in the evaluated areas indicating a change in the dynamics of the dominant species.Research by [23], showed that relative density was a determinant parameter for S. obtusifolia, but the results of this study showed that the relative dominance that influenced to a greater degree the behavior of this species.According to [36], it is an annual subarctic species that develops spontaneously throughout the country, occupying areas under cultivation, pastures, vacant lots and borders of forest fragments.Research conducted by [37] informed that this species shows lower initial growth rate, which may characterize it as a late weed.
In the evaluation of the diversity index of Shannon-Wiener (H') in the three diversity can be measured by the Margalef, Simpson or Shannon-Wiener indices.The analysis of these indices allows to evaluate the balance between plant spe-DOI: 10.4236/ajps.2018.93028B. P. Costa et al.
( ) number of individuals of a species in the samplings De.R 100 % total number of individuals sampled from the community = × B. P. Costa et al.
is the logarithm Nigerian of; pi = ni/N; ni is the number of individuals sampled from species i; N is the total number of individuals sampled.The identifications of the botanical material were carried out in the Rosa Mochel Herbarium of the Nucleus of the State University of Maranhão in São Luís-MA, according to the usual techniques.The classification system adopted for families and species was the Angiosperm Phylogenetic Group III (APG III)[19].The information obtained was tabulated through Microsoft Office Excel 2010 soft-DOI: 10.4236/ajps.2018.93028B. P. Costa et al. ware.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Number of weed individuals per botanical group collected in the vegetative and reproductive phases of the rice crop in the municipality of Arari-MA, 2015.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Phytosociological parameters of the main weeds in the vegetative phase of the rice crop in three areas of the municipality of Arari-MA, 2015.
. Costa et al.

B
. P. Costa et al.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Phytosociological parameters of the main weeds in the reproductive phase of the rice crop in three areas of the municipality of Arari-MA, 2015.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Shannon-Wiener (H') diversity index in the vegetative and reproductive phases of rice cultivation in three areas of the municipality of Arari-MA, 2015.

Table 2 .
Weed family and species identified in the reproductive phase of rice cultivation in three areas of the municipality of Arari-MA, 2015.