An Analysis of Foraging and Echolocation Behavior of Swarm Intelligence Algorithms in Optimization : ACO , BCO and BA

Optimization techniques are stimulated by Swarm Intelligence wherever the target is to get a decent competency of a problem. The knowledge of the behavior of animals or insects has a variety of models in Swarm Intelligence. Swarm Intelligence has become a potential technique for evolving many robust optimization problems. Researchers have developed various algorithms by modeling the behaviors of the different swarm of animals or insects. This paper explores three existing meta-heuristic methods named as Ant Colony Optimization (ACO), Bee Colony Optimization (BCO) and Bat Algorithm (BA). Ant Colony Optimization was stimulated by the nature of ants. Bee Colony Optimization was inspired by the plundering behavior of honey bees. Bat Algorithm was emerged on the echolocation characteristics of micro bats. This study analyzes the problem-solving behavior of groups of relatively simple agents wherein local interactions among agents, are either directly or indirectly through the environment. The scope of this paper is to explore the characteristics of swarm intelligence as well as its advantages, limitations and application areas, and subsequently, to explore the behavior of ants, bees and micro bats along with its most popular variants. Furthermore, the behavioral comparison of these three techniques has been analyzed and tried to point out which technique is better for optimization among them in Swarm Intelligence. From this, the paper can help to understand the most appropriate technique for optimization according to their behavior.


Introduction
A swarm is an extensive number of homogenous.Swarm based algorithms have International Journal of Intelligence Science as of late risen as a bunch of nature driven, population based algorithm that are equipped for delivering minimal effort, quick, and strong answers for some complex issues.Swarm Intelligence (SI) can be defined as the joined mentality of decentralized or self-sorted out frameworks in regular or simulated.The motivation originates from generally organic framework.Swarm knowledge is a characteristic calculation since it is made by following the development and working conduct of common creatures and creepy crawlies.A flock of birds is an example of a swarm of birds.Bees' swarming around their hive is another example of a swarm whose individual agents are bees.On the off chance that we nearly watch a solitary ant or honey bee, we will comprehend that they are not so keen but rather their settlements are.Swarm knowledge can help people to solve complex frameworks, from truck steering to military robots.A colony can solve any issue, for example, Ant Colony Optimization algorithm is used for finding the shortest path in the network routing problem, and Particle Swarm Intelligence is used in optical network optimization.As an individual, the swarm may be little fakers, yet as colonies they react rapidly and adequately to their environment.There are two types of social interactions among swarm individuals, namely direct interaction and indirect interaction.Direct interactions are the obvious interaction through visual or audio contact, for example, birds interact with each other with sound.Indirect interaction is called Stigmergy [1], where agents interact with the environment.A pheromone trail of ants is an example of indirect interaction.
In SI, the agents form a local solution.The global solution is developed based on the local solution.The global solution then gradually optimizes to an optimal solution.So, Swarm Intelligence is a bottom-up type of problem solving technique.SI has discovered immense applicability in fields like Robotics, Artificial Intelligence, staff scheduling, process optimization, entertainment, telecommunications, software engineering, routing, software testing, networking etc. Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) is a system where blind ants work in synchronization to each other to find the best food sources.They coordinate with each other by using pheromone evaporation mechanism.Bee Colony Optimization (BCO) is a specialization to Swarm Intelligence (SI) where the agents are honey bees.
They communicate and exchange important information with each other regarding rich food source's location by "Waggle Dance".Bat algorithm (BA) is a meta-heuristic optimization algorithm inspired by the echolocation behavior of micro bats.It uses frequency tuning technique to overcome the deficiency.
The main goal of Swarm Intelligence is to increase the performance and solve complex issues.The amazing efficiency of natural swarm systems motivated many researchers to discover how swarms solve complex problems in nature.Amid the most recent thirty years, a great number of papers have been distributed in gatherings and diaries which are identified with Swarm Intelligence.The objective of this paper is to provide a broaden idea about the most three swarm technologies and critically analyze their behavior.Three of the most eminent swarm intelligence International Journal of Intelligence Science techniques for getting reasonable solutions for optimizing issues in a sensible measure of computation time are Ant Colony Optimization (ACO), Bee Colony Optimization (BCO) and Bat Algorithm (BA).In order to investigate this objective, this paper will also analyze these technologies popular variants along with their applications and find out better technique for optimization.
The remainder of this paper is structured as follows: Section 2 presents a brief description about Swarm Intelligence, some Swarm Intelligence Examples, characteristics of Swarm Intelligence and their applications, advantages, disadvantages.Sections 3, 4, 5 provide an overview of three swarm intelligence techniques (Ant Colony Optimization, Bee Colony Optimization and Bat Algorithm) respectively with their behavior, pseudo-code, and flowchart and also discuss their variants with application.The last section summarizes the comparative study of these swarm intelligence techniques and points out better technique for optimization among them in swarm intelligence.

Swarm Intelligence
The articulation "Swarm Intelligence" was first presented by Gerardo Beni in 1988, with regards to autonomous robotic systems where simple agents organize themselves through closest neighbor association [2].Swarm Intelligence (SI) is an emerging area in the field of computer science that plans and concentrates effective computational strategies for solving complex issues in a way that is enlivened by the conduct of genuine swarms or insect colonies.SI technique has been used for both combinatorial and continuous optimization problems in static and in distributed settings.Swarm is a group of homogeneous individual agents interact among them and with the environment without centralization.
Agents are simple with limited capabilities, but by interacting with the other agents of their own kind they achieve the task necessary for their survival like the ants' forage for the food (Figure 1), bees communicate with others by waggle dance (Figure 2), flock of birds flying together (Figure 3).The agents follow

Characteristics of Swarm Intelligence
Every single social insect demonstrates amazing collective problem-solving capabilities.Properties related with their group behavior like self-organization, robustness, flexibility, Stigmergy etc. are seen as characteristics that artificial International Journal of Intelligence Science systems for optimization, control or task execution should exhibit [3].In the most recent decade, various efforts have been made to take social insects for instance and develop algorithms motivated by their entirely self-organized conduct.These approaches can be subsumed under the concept of "Swarm Intelligence".There are some common characteristics of swarm intelligence.These are: 1) Attraction: Individuals are attracted to each other.
2) Focus on Same Direction: When they come nearer in space, they begin to focus in the same direction.
3) Avoid Collision: They maintain a strategic distance from impact by moving far from each other.They keep certain separation from each other.e) There is a continuous strain between positive feedback and negative feedback and this is the thing that really occurs in most known self-organization marvels, e.g.cell automata, markets, complex systems, and so on.
6) Strong Robustness: Swarm intelligence algorithm crowd control are dispersed, there is no focal control.Therefore, their workplace is in a wide range, one or some individual issues can not affect the gathering, strong robustness.

Advantages of Swarm Intelligence
Swarm Intelligence is the emergent collective intelligence of groups where they do various remarkable things together.There are some biological advantages of swarm systems for survival of the species in their natural evolution.These are: • Flexible: The swarm systems are flexible because agents can be easily added or removed without influencing the structure.The colony responds to internal disturbances and external challenges.The control mechanism is not dependent on swarm size.• Robust: The systems are robust because agents are simple in design and can complete tasks if some agents fail.Failure of a single agent has a little impact on the system performance.
• Scalable: The systems are scalable because the same control architecture can be applied to a few agents or millions of agents.
• Decentralized: The swarm systems are decentralized.There is no central control in the colony.
• Self-organized: The swarm systems are self-organized.The solutions are emergent rather than pre-defined.
• Adaptation: The swarm systems are able to easily adapt to new situations.
• Speed: Changes in the system can be engendered quick.
• Modularity: Agents act freely of other system layers.
• Stability and Adaptability: Swarms are relied upon to adjust ecological vacillations without quickly changing modes since mode changing costs vitality.
• Quality: Aside from essential computation capacity, a swarm ought to have the capacity to reaction to quality components, for example, food and security.

Limitations of Swarm Intelligence
The capability of swarm intelligence is in reality quickly developing and extensive.It offers an option for solving complex problems.That being stated, SI still have a few limitations.These are: • Behavior: The swarm systems are difficult to predict the behavior from the International Journal of Intelligence Science individual rules.
• Knowledge: The functions of colony couldn't be comprehended with the information of working of an agent.
• Sensitivity: Even a little change in the basic tenets outcomes in various gathering level conduct.
• Action: Agent behavior looks like clamor as activity of decision is stochastic.
• Non-optimal: The swarm systems are highly redundant and they have no central control, they tend to be ineffective.Assigning resources is not efficient and duplication of efforts is always unbridled.

Application Areas of Swarm Intelligence
Swarm Intelligence principles have been successfully applied in a variety of problem domains and applications.Some successful application areas in SI are routing, clustering, optimization, scheduling, etc. as shown in Figure 4.

Routing
This depends on the rule that backward ants utilize the useful information assembled by the forward ants on their excursion from source to destination.The AntHocNet routing algorithm is used for MANETs (mobile ad hoc networks) [5].

Clustering
A cluster is a collection of agents which are similar and are dissimilar to the agents in other clusters.For e.g. to clean up the ants' nests a cluster is formed [6].

Scheduling
The emphasis is on the relative position of the activity as opposed to its immediate predecessor or its immediate successor in the schedule and global pheromone evaluation rule is followed.For e.g.ACO algorithm can be used to schedule large scale work flows [7].

Optimization
An optimization problem is the problem of finding the best solution from all the feasible solutions.For e.g.optical network optimization is an application of particle swarm intelligence.

Ant Colony Optimization
Ant colony optimization (ACO) is one of the first [8] techniques for optimization Each ant can lay pheromone to communicate with others and each ant is also able to follow the route marked with pheromone laid by other ants.The indirect communication between the ants empowers them to discover short ways between their nest and food sources.This characteristic of real ant colonies is abused in ACO algorithms to solve hard combinatorial enhancement issues like Consecutive requesting issue, booking issue, chart shading, vehicle steering.
Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) was first introduced as a powerful search and a heuristic approach for the solution of combinatorial optimization problems by M. Dorigo and his colleagues in 1991 [9].In 1992 [10], M. Dorigo proposed an ACO algorithm in his PhD proposition which was expected to scan for an ideal way in a graph, in view of the conduct of ants looking for a way between their settlement and a wellspring of nourishment.After two years, in 1994 [11], A. Colorni, M. Dorigo et al. applied Ant System to the job shop scheduling problem.In 1996 [12], Ant System was first applied to the Travelling Salesman problem by M. Dorigo et al.In the next year [13], M. Dorigo and Gamberdella modified the system to improve the performance of Ant System and to apply it to other optimization problems.They have adopted a different kind of rule named "pseudo-random proportional rule" which helps to balance between the exploitation and exploration of the search process was shown in Ant Colony System (ACS) algorithm.Botee and Bonabeau discussed the application of ACO and ACS for the traveling salesman problem in 1998 [14].They also suggested a new approach of simple ACO for TSP.In their approach, they evolved some important parameters like number of ants, importance of trail etc. using Genetic Algorithm.They concluded that the automated parameters using GA produce better solution.In 1999, Dorigo

Foraging Behavior of Ants
Ants live in colonies and are "practically visually impaired", they lay pheromone in transit from the home when they go looking for food source.On achieving the International Journal of Intelligence Science food point the ant gathers the food and returns a similar way the compound pheromone is laid.This route is attracted by the various ants.More ants following turn out to be more appealing for the other ants.ACO is the first algorithm captivated by the look for optimal path through the pheromone correspondence in light of the conduct of ants to find the shortest route in investigating the food.This strategy is called as Stigmergy [1].Foraging behavior of ants is the best case for clarifying the capacity of ant colonies.Foraging behavior of ants is as per the following: 1) Individual ants go looking for food; they wander randomly around colonies looking for food source.
2) Ants cannot specifically communicate with each other; indirect communication is called as Stigmergy.
3) At the point when the ants find their food source they promptly return close to the home on its way back it leaves a substance called as pheromone.
These pheromones are unpredictable in nature they continue dissipating.They use pheromone network to ensure no ant overtake another.So, they never have traffic jams or bump into each.4) Ants are fit for detecting this pheromone and the route is pulled in by different ants, they proceed onward a similar track.What's more, every ant leaves their substances and thickness the track so that if some other ants are in the source then they can follow the pheromone thickness and discover their food source.

5)
In the event that other ant has discovered most brief ways for a similar food source, then that shortest path can be followed by many other ants and this route turns out to be more appealing as increment in the convergence of pheromone.6) Their speed remains constant.No matter how many ants are on the trail.7) On the off chance that there is any obstacle in the route then it will move arbitrarily to start with in any case, later they will locate the shortest path.2) The foraging starts.Half of the ants choose the shortest path and the rest of the part chooses the longest path to the food source.
3) The ants that have taken the short path have arrived earlier at the food source.Therefore, when returning, the probability that they again choose the shortest path is higher.
4) The pheromone trail on the shortest path receives, in probability, a stronger reinforcement, and the probability of taking this path grows.Finally, due to the evaporation of the pheromone on the longest path, the whole colony will, in probability, use the shortest path.

Basic Algorithm of Ant Colony Optimization
The basic steps of the Ant Colony Optimization can be summarized in the following: Algorithm 3.1.Basic Algorithm of ACO.
Here, t is the number of iterations, and P(t) represents the t th generation.P heromone (t) and P rior are the pheromone matrix of the t th generation and prior knowledge information matrix, respectively.They are used to guide ants' path finding behavior.Therefore, it contains two fundamental operators, path finding and pheromone updating, which aim at guiding the population searching by the integration of static prior knowledge and dynamic pheromones which are formed by every individual's step [16].
2) The pheromone values are updated by all the ants.
3) Reinforced Ant System (RAS) is the same as Ant system, except that the global best solution is reinforced each iteration.

Elite Ant System (EAS) 1)
In EAS, along with other ants, the global best solution (the best ant) deposits pheromone at every iteration [19].
2) Individual ants do not automatically leave pheromone.
3) Thus, the search is even more centralized around the global best solution.International Journal of Intelligence Science 4) Applications: Post-Enrolment Course Timetabling Problem.

Rank-Based Ant System (ASRank)
1) In the Rank-Based Ant System (RBAS), all solutions are ranked according to their length [19].
2) The amount of pheromone deposited is then weighted for each solution, such that the more optimal solutions deposit more pheromone than the less optimal solutions.

Max-Min Ant System (MMAS)
1) To exploit the best solutions found during iteration or during the run of the algorithm, after each iteration only one single ant adds pheromone.
2) Only the global best ant allows secreting pheromone on its trail with an extra constraint for pheromone value.
3) Avoids premature stagnation.4) To avoid stagnation of the search the range of possible pheromone trails on each solution component is limited to an interval.
5) Additionally, we deliberately initialize the pheromone trails to T max , achieving in this way a higher exploration of solutions at the start of the algorithm [21].

Ant Colony System (ACS)
1) State Transition Rule: Provides a direct way to balance between exploration of new edges and exploitation of a priori and accumulated knowledge about the problem.
2) Global Updating Rule: Is applied only to edges which belong to the best ant tour.
3) Local Pheromone Update Rule: While ants construct a solution, a local pheromone updating rule is applied [22].

Continuous Orthogonal Ant Colony (COAC)
1) Developed by using the orthogonal design method.
2) The main steps in continuous orthogonal ant colony (COAC) algorithm are the orthogonal exploration and the global modulation [23].
3) COAC can solve unimodal functions with higher accuracy.4) Applications: Feed forward neural network training.

Recursive Ant Colony Optimization (RACO)
1) The Recursive Ant Colony System (RACS) algorithm applies a partitioning scheme to the problem in a manner analogous to the recursive merge sort based on the divide and conquers technique.
2) The RACS algorithm is advantageous for larger problems where a convergent path is not easily found in limited time by using solely the Ant Colony algo- 3) It can also avoid stagnation behavior by breaking down the large problem into smaller and exploring shortest path for each sub-problem.Finally, it is combined to generate an optimal path.In each sub-problem, the iteration is performed recursively to obtain the shortest path in that sub problem.
4) Applications: Estimation of Parameters of a Function.

Summarizing ACO Variations
There are two broad categories of optimization problems.One is discrete optimization problem and the other is continuous optimization problem.The AS, AS Rank , ACS, RACO, EAS and MMAS algorithms fall into the category of discrete optimization problems while the CIAC and COAC algorithms are designed for continuous optimization problems.The variations mostly differ in the global updating rule.Table 1 summarizes some of the ACO variations along with their authors, invention year and updating rule.

Bee Colony Optimization
It is perhaps worth mentioning here that in the midst of the most recent decade, the researchers have been studying the behavior of bees in an attempt to utilize the swarm intelligence concept and build up various artificial systems.Here are some optimization algorithms inspired by bees' behavior that appeared during Bee Colony Optimization (BCO) is one of the first algorithms that utilization fundamental standards of aggregate honey bee insight for dealing with combinatorial optimization problems [24].It is a meta-heuristic inspired by the foraging behavior of honey bees.The essential thought behind BCO is to construct the multi operator framework which ready to solve different combinatorial optimization issues.The honey bee system is a standard case of composed collaboration, very much planned association, coordination, work division, synchronous task execution, specific people, and well-weave correspondence.
Artificial bee colony usually consists of a small number of individuals.They investigate through the search space looking for the feasible solutions.So as to locate the best possible solutions, autonomous artificial bees work together and exchange information.Utilizing collective knowledge and information sharing, simulated honey bees focus on the all the more encouraging ranges and gradually surrender arrangements from the less encouraging ones.
Step by step, artificial bees altogether produce and enhance their solutions.The BCO search is running in iterations until some predefined stopping criterion is fulfilled.
Every single simulated honey bee is situated in the hive toward the start of the search procedure.Amid the search procedure, honey bees communicate directly.
Each artificial bee makes a progression of nearby moves, and along these lines incrementally develops a solution of the problem.Honey bees are adding solution components to the present halfway arrangement until the point that they make at least one or more feasible solutions.When flying through space, artificial bees perform forward advance or in reverse advance.Amid a forward advance, honey bees make various partial solutions.They do this by means of a blend of individual investigation and aggregate understanding from the past.
From that point forward, they play out a backward advance, i.e. they come back to the hive.In the hive, all honey bees take an interest in a basic leadership process.The search process is composed of iterations.Every emphasis closes when one or more feasible solutions are made.
In 2005, Karaboga D. examined the foraging behavior of honey bee swarm and proposed another algorithm simulating this behavior for solving multi-dimensional and multi-modal optimization problems, called Artificial Bee Colony.In the model, there are three groups of bees.These are: employed bees, onlookers and scouts.In the ABC algorithm, the main portion of the colony comprises of the utilized honey bees and the second half incorporates the onlookers.The algorithm is tried on three surely understood test capacities.From the simulation results, it is inferred that the proposed algorithm can be utilized for solving unimodal and multi-modal numerical optimization problems.Dur-International Journal of Intelligence Science ing the period of 2001-2003, Lucic and Teodorovic tested the Bee Colony Optimization approach in the case of Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP).

Foraging Behavior of Bees
Artificial honey bee swarms comprise of three fundamental parts.These are food sources, employed foragers and unemployed foragers.The model additionally characterizes two driving methods of the behavior: the recruitment to a nectar source and the abandonment of a source.
1) Food Sources: The value of a food source relies upon numerous factors, for example, its closeness to the nest, its lavishness or focus of its vitality, and the simplicity of separating this energy.For straightforwardness, the "profitability" of a food source can be spoken to with a solitary amount [26].
2) Employed Foragers: They are related with a present food source, or in abuse, they bring with them information about this source, particularly the distance, area, and productivity, to impart this to a specific likelihood with other mates.
3) Unemployed Foragers: They are continually at pay special mind to a food source to abuse.There are two types of unemployed foragers.These are: scouts, searching the environment surrounding the nest for new food sources and onlookers waiting in the nest and building up a food source through the information shared by employed foragers.
In order to understand the basic behavior characteristics of foragers better, let us examine Figure 7. Accept that there are two discovered food sources: A and B. At the earliest reference point, a potential forager will begin as an unemployed forager.That honey bee will have no information about the food sources around the nest.There are two conceivable [27] alternatives for such a bee: 1) It can be a scout and begins searching around the nest unexpectedly for a food because of some interior inspiration or conceivable outer piece of information (S in Figure 7).
2) It can be a recruit after watching the waggle dances and begins searching for a food source (R in Figure 7).After finding the food source, the bee uses its own particular capability to remember the location and after that quickly starts abusing it.As an "employed forager" it will take a heap of nectar from the source and come back to the hive and empty the nectar to a food store.
After emptying the food, the bee has the following three options: 1) It turns into an uncommitted follower after abandoning the food source (UF).
2) It dances and afterwards recruits nest mates before coming back to a similar food source (EF1).
3) It keeps on foraging at the food source without recruiting other bees (EF2).
The tests affirmed that new honey bees start foraging at a rate corresponding to the contrast between the eventual total number of bees and the number of present foraging.On account of honey bees, the essential properties on which International Journal of Intelligence Science self-organization depend are as follows: 1) Positive Feedback: As the nectar amount of food sources increases, the number of onlookers visiting them increases, as well.
2) Negative Feedback: The exploitation process of poor food sources is ceased by bees.
3) Fluctuations: The scouts do a random search process for finding new food sources.
4) Multiple Interactions: Information exchange through waggle dance.

Basic Bee Colony Optimization Algorithm
Like Dynamic Programming, the BCO additionally solves combinatorial opti- The following is the basic algorithm [28] of the Bee Colony Optimization: International Journal of Intelligence Science On the other hand, forward and backward passes could be performed until the point that some other ceasing condition is fulfilled.The conceivable ceasing conditions could be, for instance, the most extreme aggregate number of forward/backward passes, or the greatest aggregate number of forward/backward goes between two target work esteem enhancements.

Bee Colony Optimization Variations
There are some popular variations of BCO such as MABC, PABC, IABC, CABC etc.All of these are inspired by honey bees.The main features of these variations are given below:

Modified ABC (MABC)
1) Introducing constrained handling procedure to the original ABC to tackle constrained optimization problems.
2) The workers used Deb's rules of handling constrained strategy in the ABC selection process, instead of greedy selection procedure.
3) The performance was better as compared to PSO and DE (Differential Evolution).

Parallelized ABC (PABC)
1) Divides artificial agents into independent subpopulations; Ripple communication strategy used for exchange of information.
2) The performance of PABC-RC in terms of the convergence behavior, accuracy and speed as tested on the benchmark functions showed that PABC-RC increased the accuracy and speed of convergence of finding the near best solution over ABC by 53% and 9%, respectively.International Journal of Intelligence Science 2) MR was used to enhance the convergence rate of ABC.
3) SF was used to verify the magnitude of changes when generating a neighboring solution.

Interactive ABC 1)
Universal gravitation force is used to modify movements of onlooker bees.
2) The idea was used to enhance the exploitation capability of the original ABC.
3) Performance of the IABC with varied number of employed bees was tested on five numerical benchmark functions and the results were compared with the original ABC and PSO, where the IABC performed better.

Cooperative ABC
1) Produced final solution uses information from all the populations.
2) It results in improved solution quality & convergence speed.
3) As the CABC algorithm can be efficiently used for multivariable, multimodal function optimization, it can be applied to solve clustering problems.
4) The results of comparison with other algorithms like ACO, PSO illustrated that the proposed CABC optimization algorithm can be considered as a viable and efficient method to solve optimization problems.

Summarizing BCO Variations
Table 2 summarizes the different popular variations of BCO algorithm listing the special domain for which they were first designed and their authors.

Bat Algorithm
Bat algorithm (BA) was inspired by the echolocation behavior of micro bats.
Bats use echolocation to detect prey, hunts, and avoid obstacles.Echolocation is a type of sonar which helps bat to detect the distance of the prey.Bats can also identify the shape, position, and angle of the prey with the help of echolocation.
BA has many advantages compared with other existing swarm intelligence algorithms.They have less control parameters, excellent global optimization ability, and implementation simplicity which have shown excellent performances in It has been demonstrated that BA is a magnificent and capable algorithm for worldwide optimization issues, discrete enhancement issues, and obliged advancement issues.However, because of the absence of good harmony amongst investigation and abuse in essential BA, the algorithm once in a while comes up short at finding worldwide ideal and is effectively caught into neighborhood optima.Numerous endeavors have been made to enhance the execution of BA [35].
Bat algorithm was developed by Xin-She Yang in 2010.He developed the bat algorithm with the following three idealized rules: 1) All bats utilize echolocation to sense distance, and they additionally know the distinction between food/prey and foundation obstructions in some magical way.
2) Bat flies with a frequency f min from the current position x i at a velocity v i , but varying loudness and frequency.
3) The loudness varies from a minimum value (Am in ) to maximum value (A 0 ).
In 2013, Yang utilized the bat algorithm to think about topological shape optimization in microelectronic applications with the goal that materials of various warm properties can be set such that the warmth exchange is most productive under stringent imperatives.It can likewise be connected to do parameter estimation as an opposite issue.In the event that an opposite issue can be legitimately figured, at that point bat algorithm can give preferred outcomes over minimum squares techniques and regularization strategies.

Echolocation Behavior of Bats
Bats are divided into two major groups, i.e., mega bats and microbats.They have three habitats as they feed through the whole year, i.e., roost, foraging habitats, and commuting habitats.The foraging habitats are used to find food, while the commuting habitats are used to travel between roosts.In general, the foraging behavior of bats can be divided into three phases.These are search phase, pursuit phase and capture phase.They are very flexible in their foraging behavior, such as catching insects on the wing, picking insects from vegetation and pouncing on prey close to the ground [36].At each phase, they show different behaviors based on a perceptual system, i.e., bats echolocation.Behaviors of bats are as follows: 1) Most microbats are insectivores.They use a type of sonar named echolocation to detect prey, avoid obstacles, and locate their roosting crevices in the dark.
2) They emit a very loud sound pulse and listen for the echo that bounces back from the surrounding objects.

Basic Algorithm of Bat Algorithm
The basic steps of the Bat Algorithm [37] can be summarized in the following:  Application: Dynamical Parameter Adaptation [39].

Multi Objective Bat Algorithm (MOBA)
In the same year, Yang stretched out BA to manage objective optimization, which has shown its effectiveness for settling a couple of plan benchmarks in engineering.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Bees communicate with others by waggle dance.

4 )
Stigmergy [1]: a) Agents in a roundabout way cooperate by means of natural adjustment, the marvel known as Stigmergy.b) Stigmergy is essentially the setting mindfulness.c) Stigmergy decouples agents' cooperation.5) Self-Organization: Individuals connect with nearby, close neighbors and trust just a couple of them.This control is known as self-organization [4].The bases of self-organization are: a) Positive feedback (amplification): It advances better arrangements by designating to them more agents.e.g.recruitment and reinforcement.b) Negative feedback (for offset and adjustment): It might avoid that all individuals unite to a similar conduct or to a similar state, e.g.limited number of available foragers.c) Amplification of fluctuations (randomness, errors, random walks).d) Multiple social interactions.

7 ) 8 ) 9 )
Simple: Execution of every individual operation is basic and simple to implement.Better scalability: The measure of data of every individual detecting is limited.Distribution: They have potentially parallelism and distributed features.Agents choose their actions and after that complete them.10) Cooperation: a) Agents collaborate to develop a non-deterministic, complex aggregate conduct.b) Agents collaborate keeping in mind the end goal to understand complex undertakings.International Journal of Intelligence Science 11) Emergence: Complicated intelligent behavior rises up out of basic operators following straightforward principles.a) Weak Emergence: Can follow the agent conduct from new properties.b) Strong Emergence: Agent behavior isn't straightforwardly traceable from new conduct.12) Imitates Nature: Artificial swarm is composed by imitating the natural swarm behavior.Here is some common Swarm behavior: a) Foraging: To search for the food.b) To construct the nest.c) To move in the environment.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Application areas of Swarm Intelligence.
et al. dealt with the recent works related to ACO.They discussed various combinatorial optimization problems such as Traveling Salesman Problem, Quadratic Assignment Problem, Job Scheduling Problem and so on.They concluded that by discussing many potential advantages of ACO algorithm over other algorithms.M. Dorigo and Stuzzle discussed some of the essential properties of ACO in 2001.They proposed a simplified ant based algorithm called S-ACO which applied for finding the shortest path in the graph.In 2005 [15], M. Dorigo and C. Blum overviewed some recent efforts to develop a theory of ant colony optimization.They also discussed convergence, presented connections between ACO algorithms and the stochastic gradient ascent and cross-entropy methods within the framework of model-based search, and lastly examined the influence of search bias on the working of ACO algorithms.

Figure 5
Figure 5 explains the behavior of ants.

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. Ant colonies behavior for finding the shortest food source.
mization problems in stages.Each of the characterized stages includes one optimizing variable.Give us a chance to signify by ST = {st 1 , st 2 , •••, st m } a limited arrangement of pre-chosen stages, where m is the number of stages.By B we signify the number of bees to take an interest in the search process, and by I the total number of iterations.The arrangement of fractional arrangements at organize st j is signified by S j (j = 1, 2, •••, m).

4 )
When compared to standard ABC and other state of art techniques MABC International Journal of Intelligence Science performed better.

Figure 9 .
Figure 9. Bat send sound signal with frequency, F.

Figure 10 .
Figure 10.Echo signal used to calculate the distance, S.

Figure 11
Figure 11 represents the basic flowchart [38] of Bat Algorithm.5.3.Bat Algorithm Variations 5.3.1.Fuzzy Logic Bat Algorithm (FLBA) Khan et al. displayed a variation in 2011 by bringing fuzzy logic into the bat algorithm; they called their variant fuzzy bat algorithm.

5 . 3 . 4 .
Bat Algorithm (KMBA) Komarasamy and Wahi (2012) introduced a combination of K-means and bat algorithm (KMBA) for efficient clustering.Chaotic Bat Algorithm (CBA) Lin et al. (2012) introduced a chaotic bat algorithm using Lévy flights and chaotic maps to do parameter estimation in powerful organic frameworks.

Figure 11 . 5 . 3 . 5 . 5 . 3 . 6 . 5 . 3 . 7 .
Figure 11.Flowchart of bat algorithm.5.3.5.Binary Bat Algorithm (BBA) Nakamura et al. (2012) built up a discrete adaptation of bat algorithm to solve classifications and feature selection problems.Application: Solve 0 -1 knapsack problem [40].5.3.6.Differential Operator and Lévy Flights Bat Algorithm (DLBA) After one year, in 2013, Xie et al. introduced a variant of bat algorithm utilizing differential operator and Lévy flights to solve function optimization problems.5.3.7.Improved Bat Algorithm (IBA) Jamil et al. (2013) expanded the bat algorithm with a decent combination of Lévy flights and subtle variations of loudness and pulse emission rates.They tried the IBA versus more than 70 distinctive test functions and proved to be