Mass Constituents of a Flat Lattice Multiverse: Conclusion from Similarity between Two Universal Numbers, the Rocksalt-Type 2D Madelung Constant and the Golden Mean

In fairly good agreement with the consensus range of dark energy to matter this ratio of the critical density is suggested to be connected with the golden mean 0.6180339887 φ = , yielding for dark energy to matter mass fractions 1 2 72.361 27.639 1 2.6180339 m φ φ − − Λ Ω Ω = = + = = . Assuming the baryonic matter to be only 4.432%, the ratio of matter to baryonic matter would be 3 2 6.236068 2 2 1 m b φ φ − − Ω Ω = = + = + , and further the ratio of dark matter to baryonic one 3 2 5.236068 1 2 dm b φ φ − − Ω Ω = = + = . If one subtracts from the dark matter a contribution of antimatter with the same mass of baryonic matter, according to the antigravity theories of Villata respectively Hajdukovic, the remaining mass ratio would yield 3 2 4.236068 2 1 r b φ φ − − Ω Ω = = = − . Replacing the “Madelung” constant α of Villata’s “lattice universe” by φ, one reaches again 1 + φ as the ratio of the repulsive mass contribution to the attractive one. Assuming instead of a 3D lattice a flat 2D one of rocksalt type, the numerical similarity between the Madelung constant ( ) 2 NaCl 1.6155426 D α = and φ could not be just coincidence. The proposed scaling of the cosmological mass fractions with the square of the most irrational universal number φ may indicate that the chaotic cosmological processes have reached a quite stable equilibrium. This may be confirmed by another, but similar representation of the mass constituents by the Archimedes’ constant π, giving for ( ) π 3 π 0.04507 b Ω = − = respectively for the dark components 1 3 π 0.95493 b − Ω = = . However, the intimate connection of φ with its reciprocal may ignite the discussion whether our universe is intertwined with another universe or even part of a multiverse with the dark constituents contributed from there. How to cite this paper: Otto, H.H. (2018) Mass Constituents of a Flat Lattice Multiverse: Conclusion from Similarity between Two Universal Numbers, the Rocksalt-Type 2D Madelung Constant and the Golden Mean. Journal of Modern Physics, 9, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2018.91001 Received: October 4, 2017 Accepted: January 5, 2018 Published: January 8, 2018 Copyright © 2018 by author and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Open Access


ϕ =
, yielding for dark energy to matter mass fractions Replacing the "Madelung" constant α of Villata's "lattice universe" by φ, one reaches again 1 + φ as the ratio of the repulsive mass contribution to the at- However, the intimate connection of φ with its reciprocal may ignite the discussion whether our universe is intertwined with another universe or even part of a multiverse with the dark constituents contributed from there.

Introduction
Since the discovery of the fivefold symmetry of quasicrystals, the present author as a crystallographer followed the appearance of this symmetry in nature. He was the first in Germany, who confirms the fivefold symmetry of quasicrystals by precise Guinier X-ray diffraction measurements [1]. Later, he described a Fibonacci superstructure of a pyroelectric bismuth sulfide iodide [2]. Even more, he applied the diffraction theory of a C60 buckyball to a cubic antiferromagnetic cuprate super-cage [3]. Finally, the research on high-T c superconductors leads him to uncover the possible fractality and self-similarity of this class of compounds [4]. Familiar with the Fibonacci number sequence and the most irrational universal number of the golden mean, the motivation was obvious to deal with the Penrose universe, too. Now follow this idea and consider two numerically comparable universal numbers, which may be suitable to combine theoretical approaches that deal with the secrets of our universe.
The first universal number that we highlight as golden mean φ seems to people deeply familiar and induces the impression of perfect beauty. Inside, we suspect that it is something divine. Its secret is to mediate stability resulting from its most irrational character, which causes only particles as the center of gravity of vibrations with most irrational winding to survive [5] [6] [7]. In this version,  [8]. Both numbers deviate from each other by merely 0.15%. The numerical similarity of these numbers may suggest a connection of theoretical approaches that rely on these numbers. We ask for similarities between El Naschie's E-infinity theory [5] [6] and Villata's lattice universe [9], respectively Hajdukovic's theory of the gravitational polarization of the quantum vacuum [10].

Explanation
The impressive E-infinity (ε (∞) ) theory of El Naschie [5] [6] formally explains the amount of dark matter based on the golden mean. However, Villata [9], Hajdu-kovic [10] and others (see further references given in [9] [10]) contributed the seminal idea that dark matter really does not exist and is merely the result of gravitational repulsion between matter and antimatter, once matter and antimatter have gravitational charges of opposite sign. Villata's cosmologic equation of antimatter gravity appears as a prediction of general relativity under CPT boundary conditions and supports Hajdukovic's explanation of gravitational polarization of the quantum vacuum by only baryonic matter as today known.
However, the E-infinity theory and the antigravity concept can be merged by adapting the two similar universal numbers used, namely the golden number and the Madelung constant α of Villata's "lattice universe". Herein matter particles and antimatter ones with the same mass, but different gravitational charges compose a lattice comparable with an ionic lattice such as NaCl in the electrostatic case. A result of Villata's cosmological equation [9] is that the ratio of the repulsive contribution to the attractive one would be 1 + α, similar to the ratio of dark energy and matter. However, the similarity between both theoretical ap- The α 2D value is close to the quotient of two Fibonacci numbers, 21/13 = 1.615385⋅⋅⋅, and can be adapted to φ −1 by only slight distortion of the square net along the two dimensions or by involving the third one to allow a quite flat curvature. For comparison, Smith [12] computed Madelung constants associated with the electrostatic energy of perfect one-component icosahedral quasicrystals with spherical acceptance volume to be M qu = 1.623, and for the three-dimensional Penrose tiling M pt = 1.655. Madelung constants for three-dimensional lattices respectively quasi-lattices are of course always greater than for corresponding two-dimensional lattices.
Then the ratio of the repulsive contribution to the attractive one would be Consequently, the ratio between dark energy and matter would yield 72.36% to 27.64% of the critical density still in fairly good agreement with results of recent cosmological models [13] [14]. The ratio of matter to baryonic matter, when assuming the last one to be only 4.432%, would be which may be compared with recent results of El Naschie's theory [7] [15], giving 5   Surprisingly, the overall mass density of the universe Ω o can be calculated from the mass of matter as follows: With the quotient of the overall mass to the dark energy we yield for the sum The reciprocal quotients add up to Now the reciprocal of the golden mean can be represented simply by the mean value of the root expressions: The geometrical mean gives  Table 2 summarizes the proposed scaling factors between the different primary mass constituents of the universe.
The proposed scaling of the cosmological mass fractions with the most irrational universal number φ may indicate that the chaotic cosmological processes have reached a quite stable equilibrium state. Despite a supposed different evolution, the densities of dark energy and dark matter remain nearly equal for billion years.
Following cosmologists, which studied the microwave background and the distribution of galaxies, the geometry of the universe at the very large scales is close to flat. Of course, a three-dimensional lattice would better mimic our sensual experience of three spatial dimensions.
The inverse second power of the golden mean can be physically reasonably approximated, using the transcendent number of Sommerfeld's fine structure constant α = 0.0072973525664 (17)  ( ) Another universal fractal number, which is connected with the flat geometry of a quadratic Henon map, is δ 1 = 8.7210972 [18] [19] [20]. Numerically, δ 1 is approximately related to φ −2 by The future will show whether this has any physical meaning.
However, the square of the Golden mean can also be properly approximated by [20] Table 2. φ 2 -based scaling factors between primary mass constituents Ω i of the universe, ( ) In a similar relation one can connect the Archimedes' constant π with φ 3 : ( ) Quoting El Naschie again [21], the number ϕ Using equation (12), one gets This gives almost the same result. The alternative representation for the dark constituents (covering dark matter as well as dark energy) is convincingly simple Another number that is indirectly involved in the scaling factor between cosmological mass constituents in the anti-screening theory of Penner [22] is e 1 = 2.7182818⋅⋅⋅, deviating only 3.8% from φ −2 : Note that the Lambert W function used in Penner's approach [22] is an analog to the golden mean for exponential functions, quoting the interesting contribution of Sherbon [23]. Furthermore, continuing still with Archimedes' respectively Euler numbers, our value for Ω b can be approximated by 0.044322 π 0.044525 Combining Euler's number with 'tHooft renormalon k one gets approximately

An Intertwined "Reciprocal" Universe?
The peculiar nature of the golden number is intimately connected with its reciprocal value. Especially we have, besides φφ −1 = 1, the beautiful relation with respect to φ 2 ( ) ( )  Mathematically, this is always given for binary constituents of any x and 1 − x, respectively. However, it is different for multi-component systems as shown in Table 3. Cosmological consequences may be well conceived.
Both "dark" constituents of the universe, introduced to overcome discrepancies between cosmological measurements and the theory, may have even more importance than discussed recently. Philosophically, there is scientific truth in the beauty of such symmetry. Are we living in a self-similar universe that itself is intertwined with its "reciprocal" counterpart? Is our universe part of a multiverse with a contribution of the dark constituents from there? One may see similarities of such a "universe" with Wolff's conjecture of the electron as a particle of nested highly coherent vibrations of most irrational frequency, a superposition of inwardly and outwardly extending spherical quantum waves [4] [24].
Since the author has studied self-similarity on quasi-crystals many years ago [1], the extracted results are once again stimulating.
Numerically, the reciprocal dark matter contribution (last column in Table 3) consists of two parts. Using symmetry arguments, it would be an obvious speculation to divide the dark matter also into two such proportions with a ratio of Apparently, the following also results Referring to the theory of El Naschie [7], about 5/22 of the overall density is attributed to dark matter. Now we split 5 into 2 and 3, respectively. Then we get mass fractions of 2/22 = 0.09091 respectively 3/22 = 0.13636, surprisingly near to the calculated values in Table 3. The representation of integers enhances the probability of this assumption to be realistic. Once assumed such diversification

Interpretation of the φ 2 -Scaling
The fractal Cantorian set theory [25] as a model for the dualism between a pre-quantum particle P Q and a pre-quantum wave W Q , representing the zero set respectively its empty set boundary surrounding the pre-particle [26] [27], may deliver a modern interpretation of the φ 2 scaling. For the quantum wave, the bijective formula applied to the golden mean algebra yields the Hausdorff dimen- with the Urysohn-Menger [29] [30] topological dimension n, yielding for n = −1 the result Recently, El Naschie [31] quantified this approach further. He places the five-fold quasi-crystal symmetry in a Kaluza-Klein five-dimensional manifold and finds a five-dimensional zero set topological volume of φ 5 . Then the surface of this volume yields an additive five-dimensional area equal to 5φ 2 that again represents the pre-quantum wave. In turn, he conjectured by an incredible conclusion that spacetime (Spt) itself is a cobordism of the pre-quantum wave with a topological dimension of n = −2 and a Hausdorff dimension of φ 3 , e.g.,

Competition between φ and π
The circle number π, when considered as a fractal number (see Appendix for the continued fraction representation), could host a secret that the mankind has not yet solved. Noteworthy is the coincidental relationship between φ and π (corresponding to Equation (11)) that leads to an approximation of π, the Archimedes' constant (see also [32]): We will apply this relation to find an alternative representation of the quantum-electrodynamic correction for the g-factor of the electron. First introduced by Schwinger [33], the quantum-electrodynamic correction for the g-factor of the electron should be α/π with Sommerfeld's fine structure constant α. Combining the equations 9 and 22, respectively, one can express this correction as being proportional to the sixth power of the golden mean [34]: One can expand this formula by a second quadratic correction term to represent g e with higher accuracy, covering eight exact decimal places in com- Marek-Crnjac's explanation [36] and sum over all dimensions of infinite dimensional hierarchical Cantorian space-time instead of weighted trajectories of a system in the Feynman formulation of quantum mechanics. It is evident that the golden mean is one of the most important universal numbers which essentially affects our life and should influence our global perception and thinking.
The explanation of the g e correction term by a Casimir radiative approach should be considered, correcting the sphere model of Rosencwaig by a factor of about two [37].

A Short Comment on the Gravitational Anti-Screening Theory
Let's leave the results presented in Table 2 aside Penner [22] published a gravitational anti-screening theory as an alternative to the standard ΛCDM model that partly contrasts the approach of Hajdukovic [10]. His theory actually leads to the Baryonic Tully-Fisher Relation (BTFR) [38] and is consistent with a geometrically flat universe, respectively. Virtual particle-antiparticle pairs with the quality that like "charges" attract and unlike ones repel surround a baryonic mass in the vacuum and produce an anti-screening effect [22]   is an empirical acceleration constant, derived from the BTFR, and R SC = (89 ± 16) Mpc is half the separation between uniformly sized super-cluster centers [22]. One yields Ω b = 0.0474, whereas our value of Ω b = 0.0443 could be reproduced (see Table 1) if the Hubble constant would be 70.1 km•s −1 •Mpc −1 . The quotient of both Hubble constants mentioned is similar to that between the numbers e 1 and φ −2 .

Conclusions
Cosmological mass fractions Ω i were tentatively scaled with the square of the most irrational universal number of the golden mean φ still in the consensus range of recent observations and results. The similarity between this number and the Madelung constant α 2D of a 2D rocksalt-type lattice, composed of matter and antimatter with gravitational charges of opposite sign, would yield the ratio of the repulsive contribution to the attractive one to be 1 2 1 1 α ϕ ϕ − − + ≈ + = , similar to the mass ratio of dark energy and matter. This actually delivers arguments for the lattice universe theory of Villata [9] and also for Hajdukovic's theory of the gravitational polarization of the quantum vacuum [10] respectively, the anti-screening approach of Penner [22]. Once more one should notice the intimate relation of the golden mean φ with the Archimedes' constant π. Competing results for the mass constituents of the "universe" as discussed in this work may push forwards our view of the world with features supporting the concept of universes intimately penetrating each other. As anticipated by others, no Big Bang [40] or initial singularity [41] in the remote past is needed. The infinite extension of this system with a still immeasurable number of objects justifies once more the profitable application of number theory respectively set theory. In this sense, the found φ −2 -dependence of the cosmological mass fractions supports the "set-theoretical" interpretation given by El Naschie [31].