Passive Localization Using Time Difference of Arrival and Frequency Difference of Arrival

In order to improve the accuracy and engineering feasibility of four-Satellite localization system, the frequency difference measurement is introduced to the four-Satellite TDOA (Time Difference of Arrival) localization algorithm. The TDOA/FDOA (Frequency Difference of Arrival) localization algorithm is used to optimize the GDOP (geometric dilution of precision) of four-Satellite localization. The simulation results show that the absolute position measurement accuracy has little influence on TDOA/FDOA localization accuracy as compared with TDOA localization. Under the same conditions, TDOA/FDOA localization has better accuracy and its GDOP shows more uniform distribution in diamond configuration case. The localization accuracy of four-Satellite TDOA/FDOA is better than the localization accuracy of four-Satellite TDOA.


Introduction
With the development of space technology, high precision passive localization based on small satellite platform plays an important role in civil and military fields and has broad application prospects [1].The development trend of space electronic reconnaissance technology is to increase the measurement information of target and adopt joint positioning method to improve positioning accuracy and increase reconnaissance range [2].In recent years, the two-satellite TDOA/FDOA localization method has been developed both in domestic and global position fields, which lays a foundation for the research of TDOA/FDOA localization system [3] [4] [5].There are also literatures of multi-statellite TDOA/FDOA localization method [6] [7] [8] [9] [10], However, they seldom considered the four-satellite TDOA/FDOA joint localization problem.In this paper, the localization performance of the four-satellite TDOA/FDOA localization method is studied.Compared with the TDOA localization system, the advantages of the diamond configuration and accuracy of the absolute position measurement are emphasized.

Principle of Four-Satellite TDOA
Suppose that the model of the three-dimensional TDOA localization system (as shown in Figure 1) consists of 1 main satellite and three subsatellites.0 S is the main satellite, 1 2 3 , , S S S are the subsatellites.Their coordinates are denoted as ( , , ) x y z p is the location of the target radiation source to be estimated.
According to the position of each satellite, the distance differences between the main satellite and the other three subsatellites satisfy the following equations: where i r is the radial distance between the satellite i and the target where 0,1, 2,3 i = . Equations ( 2) can be obtained with simplification and rearrangement of Equation (1): where  .The matrix representation of Equation ( 2) can be given by Figure 1.Principle of four-satellite TDOA.

Ax f
(3) where x x y y z z x x y y z z x x y y z z Ideally for satellites location, ( ) , Equation ( 4) can be obtained by using pseudo inverse to solve Equation (3): The accuracy analysis of four-satellite TDOA localization algorithm is as follows.
Differentiating i r ∆ : where , , We can obtain Let { } where σ ∆ is the variance of the measurement error of the distance between the satellite i and the main satellite.ij η is the correlation coefficient between i r ∆ and j r ∆ .We assume that the variance of satellite position error on each component is the same, that We can obtain the covariance matrix of the satellite position error as Equation (8).
[ ] [ ] ( ) The covariance matrix of the target radiation source position error is as Equation (9).
According to the definition of the GDOP, the GDOP of TDOA localization in three dimensional space can be calculated as Equation (10).

Principle of Four-Satellite TDOA/FDOA
On the basis of the four-satellite TDOA localization algorithm, the four-satellite TDOA/FDOA localization algorithm adds frequency difference information.
The coordinate of the target is recorded as ( ) , , x y z p .The coordinate of the main satellite is recorded as ( ) . The speed of the main satellite is recorded as ( ) . The coordinate of the subsatellites is recorded as ( ) x y z S .The speed of the subsatellite is recorded as ( ) , where 1, 2, 3 i = . According to the time difference and frequency difference of the target radiation source arriving at the main satellite and subsatellites, we can obtain that [ where [ ] , , , ,

[ ] [ ] [ ]
And we assume that the measurement accuracy of posi- tion, the measurement accuracy of speed, the measurement accuracy of TDOA, the measurement accuracy of FDOA are uncorrelated.We can obtain Equation (16) by matrix operation.

[
] [ ] ( ) ( ) where M is the correlation matrix of measurement accuracy between TDOA and FDOA.i E is the correlation matrix of the measurement accuracy of posi- tion and the measurement accuracy of speed.
The positioning accuracy can be expressed by the measuring accuracy of 3 orthogonal directions as Equation (17) From the above analysis results, we can see that the positioning accuracy is calculated by M and i E .We assume that the mean of the signal and the FDOA signal measurement accuracy is 0, and they are uncorrelated.We can obtain that where 3 I is a 3 3 × unit matrix， t σ is the measurement accuracy of time difference, f σ is the measurement accuracy of frequency difference.The absolute position measurement accuracy component x y z are considered to be independent of the random variables.Therefore, the correlation matrix of four-satellite absolute position measurement accuracy is where as σ is the measurement accuracy of absolute position.
Comprehensively considering the measurement accuracy of relative position and the ranging accuracy, the correlation matrix of relative position measurement accuracy can be represented as , and bs σ is the measurement accuracy of relative position, d σ is the ranging accuracy.
The correlation matrix of speed measurement accuracy can be represented as I where v σ is measurement accuracy of speed.

Simulation Results
We assume that the satellite orbit altitude is 200 km and the length of baseline is 60 km.The Y configuration, T configuration and diamond configuration are adopted respectively.The measurement accuracy of time difference is 50 ns.The measurement accuracy of frequency difference is 10 Hz.The measurement accuracy of speed is 1 m/s.The absolute position measurement accuracy is 150 m.The relative position measurement accuracy is 50 m.The GDOP distributions of TDOA localization and TDOA/FDOA localization are obtained by simulation, as shown in Figures 2-4.
Analysis and comparison of Figures 2-4 show that under the same parameters, the accuracy of TDOA/FDOA localization is better than that of TDOA localization.And for the diamond configuration, the improvement of TDOA/FDOA localization accuracy is especially obvious.The GDOP of TDOA/FDOA localization regards subastral point as center and uniformly distributed.But the TDOA localization of GDOP is unevenly distributed.Comparing Figure 5 and Figure 6, the localization accuracy of the two algorithms will be improved with the increase of absolute position measurement

Conclusion
The principles of four-satellite TDOA and TDOA/FDOA localization algorithms are analyzed, and the GDOP expressions of the two algorithms are derived re- C .Since the main satellite has an error in measuring the arrival time of the radiation source signal, and the error exists in each time difference measurement.The measurement errors of each i r ∆ are related.we as- sumed that the mean of the measurement error is 0 after the systematic calibration.Moreover, each element of satellite position error is uncorrelated and each satellite position is uncorrelated.The covariance matrix of the target radiation source localization error can be obtained as follows.

)
Divide the measurement accuracy of the subsatellite position into measurement accuracy of absolute position and measurement accuracy of relative posimeasurement accuracy of relative position be- tween main satellite and subsatellites.[ ] is the measurement accuracy of absolute position of main satellite.We can obtain the Equation (15).

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. Relationship of TDOA localization accuracy with the absolute position measurement accuracy.

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.Relationship of TDOA/FDOA localization accuracy with the absolute position measurement accuracy.

X
. S. Guo et al.DOI: 10.4236/jcc.2018.6100773 Journal of Computer and Communications spectively.Through simulation analysis, some useful conclusions can be drawn as follows.With the same parameters, TDOA/FDOA localization algorithm shows better accuracy than TDOA localization algorithm.When using the diamond configuration, as compared with the TDOA localization algorithm, the TDOA/FDOA localization algorithm not only has better localization accuracy, but also improves the GDOP distribution uniformity.It solves the problem of uneven distribution of diamond configuration and increases the engineering feasibility.As compared with the TDOA localization, the absolute position measurement accuracy of satellite has almost no effect on the localization accuracy of TDOA/ FDOA, which reduces the localization error caused by unavoidable absolute position measuring factors.