The Impact of Chemotherapy on EGFR Mutation Status in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer : A Meta-Analysis

Background: Emerging evidence indicates that chemotherapy for lung cancer may alter EGFR mutation status. However, whether chemotherapy as a firstline treatment may increase or reduce the frequency of EGFR mutations in NSCLC remains uncertain. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate whether chemotherapy leads to altered EGFR mutation status. Methods: A systematic literature search was performed using the PubMed, OVID, Science Direct, Cochrane Library, and CNKI databases for studies on preand post-chemotherapy EGFR mutation status. Relevant studies documenting perichemotherapy EGFR mutation ratios were included. Analyses of pooled odds ratios (OR) were performed. Results: Six studies involving 656 patients were included in this meta-analysis. It was found that chemotherapy may alter EGFR status (OR = 1.93, 95% CI 1.05 3.56; p < 0.0001). No significant differences in EGFR mutation alterations were observed in terms of gender, smoking history, EGFR loci, or chemotherapy response in NSCLC patients. Conclusions: Chemotherapy may contribute to altered EGFR status. NSCLC *Xiaoshun Shi and Fuxi Huang have contributed equally to this work and should be regarded as joint first authors. How to cite this paper: Shi, X.S., Huang, F.X., Chen, A.M., Wu, Z.L., Huang, Q.Q., Liang, Y., Zhou, Q.P., Mo, H.Y., Li, X.X. and Zhang, J.X. (2017) The Impact of Chemotherapy on EGFR Mutation Status in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer: A Meta-Analysis. Open Journal of Genetics, 7, 117-129. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojgen.2017.74010 Received: October 11, 2017 Accepted: December 17, 2017 Published: December 21, 2017 Copyright © 2017 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


Background
Lung cancer causes the majority of cancer deaths in China and worldwide [1].
Sensitive mutations of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) have been proven to be highly responsive to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) compared to standard chemotherapy [2] [3] in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).However, EGFR-TKIs such as gefitinib or erlotinib are sometimes reserved for second-line or maintenance therapy in clinical practice.The somatic mutation status of the EGFR gene is a crucial biomarker for evaluating the application of EGFR-TKI treatment in patients with metastatic and chemo-resistant NSCLC.
Recent studies have investigated whether EGFR mutations may be altered by chemotherapy.The efficacy of EGFR-TKIs has been shown to be less potent when used as second-line treatment for NSCLC patients refractory to or intolerant of platinum-based combination chemotherapy [4].On the other hand, some clinical studies have demonstrated increased serum EGFR mutation detection [5] [6].In 2012, Honda et al. [7] reported a Japanese woman with an initial EGFR mutation (L747-T751 deletion in exon 19) that disappeared after chemotherapy.The same year, an oncological study by Bai et al. reported that chemotherapy may reduce the frequency of EGFR mutations in NSCLC patients [8].Since then, the consideration of altered EGFR mutation status before and after chemotherapy has been tightly linked to the second-line EGFR-TKI treatment of NSCLC, prompting investigations by oncologists into the underlining mechanisms.
The aim of the present study was to systemically combine data from published articles to evaluate the impact of chemotherapy on EGFR mutation status in NSCLC.This meta-analysis is the first attempt to assess the role of chemotherapy in EGFR mutation alterations after standard chemotherapy, using evidencebased methods.

Literature Search
Relevant studies in English and Chinese were extracted from the PubMed, OVID, Science Direct, Cochrane Library, and China National Knowledge Infra- Open Journal of Genetics structure (CNKI) databases using the following terms: "non-small cell lung cancer", "NSCLC", "carcinoma", "neoplasm", "EGFR mutation", and "chemotherapy".The final search was conducted on June 24, 2016.All non-English and non-Chinese articles were excluded.To identify possible outcomes from unpublished trials containing potentially useful data, we also reviewed abstract books and presentations from major recent meetings of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO), the European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO), and the World Conference on Lung Cancer.When the same patients were included in different publications, the most recent study was selected.

Selection Criteria
Eligible studies were gathered based on the following inclusion criteria: 1) standard chemotherapy as first-line treatment in chemo-naïve or radio-naïve NSCLC patients, 2) EGFR mutation status before and after chemotherapy, 3) any EGFR mutation subtype, 4) standard chemotherapy defined as platinumbased third-generation doublets, and 5) publication in English or Chinese.The exclusion criteria were: 1) duplicate reports, conference abstracts or papers, editorials, or reviews and 2) studies with insufficient data for pooled analysis.

Data Extraction
To identify all eligible research, two investigators (Xiaoshun Shi and Haiyun Mo) independently extracted the data and reached a consensus based on the inclusion criteria.The quality of each study was assessed using the Newcastle Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale.Cases of disagreement were resolved by discussion with a third author.The following information was extracted from the eligible studies: first author's surname, publication year, geographic region, chemotherapy agents used, EGFR detection method, and number of EGFR mutations before and after chemotherapy.

Statistical Analysis
Analysis for the forest plot was conducted using Review Manager 5.2 (Cochrane Collaboration, Oxford, UK).For predictable heterogeneity, pooled odds ratios (ORs) were calculated for all included parameters and presented by random effect models, as this generates wider confidence intervals and minimizes the risk of Type I errors.Heterogeneity among studies was evaluated with Cochran's Q test and the I 2 statistic.For the subgroup analysis with high heterogeneity, we used both the random-effect model and the fixed-effect model to examine the final conclusion.Publication bias was assessed by Egger's test.The analysis of publication bias was done with STATA version 12.0.
Additionally, the trim-and-fill method was used to adjust the risk estimates when the tests for publication bias were statistically significant [20], which were also analyzed by using STATA version 12.0.P-values of <0.05 were considered statistically significant.

Study Description
A total of 4983 articles were identified in the initial literature search, of which 4970 were rejected based on the exclusion criteria.Two articles were excluded because they belonged to conference abstracts and were subgroups in one of the included articles [8].Studies with duplicate results, those not documenting EGFR mutation status in the peri-chemotherapy period, and those containing insufficient data for pooled analysis were also excluded.Finally, six articles were identified as eligible for this meta-analysis (Table 1).The total number of patients evaluated before and after chemotherapy was 656.All NSCLC stages were accepted in this meta-analysis.All patients included in the analysis were chemonaïve or radio-naïve prior to the detection of EGFR mutation status.ORs were extracted or calculated from each study (Figure 1).

Effect of Chemotherapy on EGFR Mutation Status in NSCLC Patients
Six studies were analyzed to examine the impact of chemotherapy on EGFR mutation status.Standard chemotherapy was defined as platinum-based third-generation doublets.The inconsistency index was 81% (p < 0.0001); therefore, a randomeffect model was applied.The result suggested that chemotherapy is a potential risk factor for the alteration of EGFR mutation status in NSCLC patients (OR = 1.93, 95% CI 1.05 -3.56; p < 0.0001) (Figure 2).

Impact of Chemotherapy on EGFR Mutations with Regard to Clinicopathological Characteristics
Four studies examined the impact of chemotherapy on EGFR alterations based on gender (Figure 3) and smoking status (Figure 4).The impact of chemothe-Figure 2. Meta-analysis of the effect of chemotherapy on EGFR mutation status in NSCLC patients.

Impact of Chemotherapy on EGFR Exon Loci
Five studies contained data that could be used to examine the impact of chemotherapy on alterations in the EGFR exon 19 and 21 mutation status [9] [10] [11] [12] [13].Statistical heterogeneity was found for this outcome.The total pooled OR of altered EGFR status for the exons was 1.83 (95% CI 1.11 -3.03; p = 0.007).
A subgroup analysis showed that in both the EGFR exon 19 (OR = 2.11, 95% CI 0.98 -4.58; p = 0.01) and the exon 21 mutation (OR = 1.60, 95% CI 0.78 -3.27; p = 0.06), chemotherapy was not an independent indicator of altered EGFR mutation status in NSCLC (Figure 5).A subgroup analysis of EGFR exon 18 and 20 mutations was not done due to insufficient data.

Chemotherapy Response and EGFR Status
Three studies included the relationship between chemotherapy outcome and EGFR mutation status (Figure 6).Theoretically, patients with EGFR mutations may have the advantage of a higher EGFR detection rate caused by a favorable chemotherapy response.In this subgroup analysis, beyond general postulations,  there were no major differences between the partial-response population (PR: OR 0.91, 95% CI: 0.10 -8.32) and the stable-disease population (SD: OR = 1.04, 95% CI: 0.47 -2.31).Subgroup analyses of the progressive disease (PD) and complete response (CR) populations were not done due to insufficient data.Of note, only three studies included this parameter, which was the least reliable item for the subgroup analysis.Large clinical trials may be necessary for a better understanding of the function of chemotherapy in EGFR mutation alterations in exon loci.

Effect of Chemotherapy on EGFR Mutation Status Based on Determination Method
The determination of EGFR status in free circulating DNA, as an alternative noninvasive approach to tissue biopsy, has been proposed in recent years.We separated studies with different detection methods for a subgroup analysis and found that the pooled OR value in the invasive-method subgroup was 2.96 (95% CI: 1.01 -8.65) (Figure 7).In the non-invasive-method subgroup, the OR value was 1.21 (95% CI: 0.64 -2.27).Therefore, the non-invasive method using blood was unable to detect altered EGFR mutations in our meta-analysis.This suggests that the use of blood for the evaluation of altered EGFR mutation status may not be as sensitive as methods using tissue.

Publication Bias and Sensitivity Analyses
With regard to publication bias, the funnel plots were largely symmetrical, suggesting no significant bias for all outcomes (Figure 8).

Discussion
Numerous recent studies have reported that patients with lung cancers harboring EGFR mutations can benefit from EGFR-TKIs, which are now established as first-line treatment options [14].With the extensive application of EGFR-TKIs, different response rates have been observed between first-line EGFR-TKIs and  That same year, Bai et al. [8] proposed that the frequency of EGFR mutations might decrease after chemotherapy.In 2013, Shuhang et al. [13] reported a similar trend.In contrast, Delicia and colleagues [9] reported that the EGFR mutation rate increased from 12.8% to 27.3% after chemotherapy.Honggang and colleagues reported that EGFR mutation status may show an increasing trend [13].Until now, no study has performed a meta-analysis to illustrate the potential role of chemotherapy in altering EGFR mutation status in NSCLC patients.
In clinical practice, exons 18 -21 of the EGFR gene are analyzed by QPCR or sequencing.Due to insufficient data, we could not conduct a subgroup analysis for EGFR exon 18 and exon 20 mutations to determine the impact of chemotherapy on general EGFR loci; however, EGFR exon 19 deletions and exon 21 point mutations account for 90% of EGFR mutations [16] [17], which may help explain this practical problem.Analyses of the pooled data showed that platinumbased third-generation doublets did not alter exon 19 deletions (OR 2.11, 95% CI 0.98 -4.58; p = 0.01) or exon 21 point mutations (OR = 1.60, 95% CI 0.78 -3.27; p = 0.06).However, chemotherapy exerted a positive effect on general EGFR mutation status in the NSCLC patients (OR = 1.93, 95% CI 1.05 -3.56; p < 0.0001).This result signified that chemotherapy may be a risk factor for altered EGFR mutation status.
The determination of EGFR status prior to and after chemotherapy was limited to biopsy via fine needle aspiration, mediastinoscopy, fiber bronchoscopy, and surgical resection.Inconsistencies among sample specimens confound the accuracy of EGFR status, possibly due to the existence of intratumoral hetero-geneity [18] or sample insufficiency.Based on the hypothesis that circulating DNA in plasma may provide markers for lung cancer therapy, Sozzi et al. suggested the determination of EGFR status using free circulating DNA as an alternative, noninvasive approach [19].Subsequently, a few large clinical trials have shown consistency among the tumor and serum samples, at a rate of approximately 79.7% -92.9% [20] [21].More recently, a meta-analysis performed by Chen reported that blood may be used as a substitute for tumor tissue in detecting EGFR mutations [22].In the present study, we noted that the OR for the invasive-method group was 2.96 (95% CI: 1.01 -8.65), while the OR for the non-invasive-method group was 1.21 (95% CI: 0.64 -2.27), which is insufficient to show altered EGFR status after chemotherapy.In terms of the trend of noninvasive gene mutation testing, identification of altered EGFR mutations using blood requires further validation in clinical practice.
In this analysis, chemotherapy's influence on EGFR mutation status was observed.Chemotherapy agents may alter the intratumoral natural selection that causes altered EGFR mutation status and activates the EGFR kinase pathway in different response groups.The underlying mechanism may be attributed to increased chemotherapy sensitivity in the EGFR-mutation population, thus offering a growth advantage for EGFR-non-mutation cells.However, in our analysis, the impact of chemotherapy on EGFR mutations in the partial-response group (PR: OR 0.91, 95% CI: 0.10 -8.32) and the stable-disease group (SD: OR = 1.04, 95% CI: 0.47 -2.31) did not show any significant differences.
The present study had several limitations.First, although the detection of EGFR mutations in plasma or serum has theoretical support [19] and there have been large-cohort clinical validations [20] [21] of the consistency of results obtained from biopsy, the use of serum ctDNA as guidance for TKI-targeted therapies is still being debated.In this meta-analysis, we analyzed only six studies including both detection methods, suggesting a risk of bias.Second, we could not perform subgroup analyses for different chemotherapy combinations.Irrespective of chemotherapy reagent combinations, the altered EGFR mutation status may vary with platinum-based third-generation doublets, which is worthy of further study.Third, the underlying mechanisms of altered EGFR mutation status could not be identified, as most of the included studies did not mention the biological impact of the EGFR pathway in the peri-chemotherapy period.
Fourth, differences in the quality of the included articles might have led to bias in the meta-analysis.Finally, this meta-analysis only included studies published in the languages of English and Chinese.

Conclusion
Altered EGFR mutation status plays a crucial role in decision-making for EGFR-TKI therapies and subsequent second-line anti-cancer strategies in modern individualized treatment plans.In this meta-analysis, we attempted to include all studies that discussed pre-and post-chemotherapy EGFR status, in or- der to investigate the role of different chemotherapy agents in EGFR status alterations.We found that neoadjuvant or first-line chemotherapies may cause changes in EGFR mutation status in NSCLC patients regardless of gender, smoking history, EGFR loci, and response to chemotherapy.Interestingly, tumor tissue seems to be superior to blood for determining altered EGFR mutation status.Therefore, it may be necessary to obtain a second EGFR mutation status determination prior to second-line EGFR-TKI therapy and in patients with tumor recurrence following cytotoxic chemotherapy.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Flow diagram of the meta-analysis.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Meta-analysis of the effect of chemotherapy on EGFR mutation status based on gender.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Meta analysis of the effect of chemotherapy on EGFR mutation status based on smoking history.

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. Meta-analysis of the effect of chemotherapy on EGFR mutation status in different EGFR exon loci.

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.Meta-analysis of chemotherapy response on EGFR status.

Figure 7 .
Figure 7. Meta-analysis of the effect of chemotherapy on EGFR mutation alterations based on different determination methods.

Figure 8 .
Figure 8. Funnel plot for all studies.

Table 1 .
Characteristics of included prospective studies for meta-analysis.