Do Macroeconomic Indicators Stimulate FDI Inflows in India ?

The current study mainly attempts to find out whether macroeconomic indicators actually stimulate the inflow of FDI into India. The study also attempted to check whether there is any long run or short run relationship between the macroeconomic indicators and FDI inflows into the country using regression analysis, Cointegration test, Granger causality and Vector error correction model. The results show that the explanatory variables captured in the model well explained the variations in FDI Inflows. However, not all the explanatory variables considered in the model are statistically significant in explaining the behavior of FDI. Unrestricted Cointegration Trace statistic and Max-Eigen statistics supports the existence of cointegrating relationship among the variables. The study also shows that SENSEX and NIFTY do granger cause FDI in the long run while, FDI does not granger cause neither of the two. S Vector Error Correction Model supports the absence of short-run relationship among the macroeconomic indicators and FDI inflows in India.


Introduction
The Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is emerging as one of the most vibrant sectors witnessing remarkable growth in the 21 st century.In the current global scenario, conditions favor both the host country and the investor, as Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is any long term investment by an entity who resides outside the host country.It is not just an initial investment but a continuous process involving the need to keep investing looking at the needs and demands of the host country.Efficiency of the investment would be beneficial if the investor factors in several local conditions like cheaper resources, bureaucratic administration and tapping of talent specific to the host country.The payback in this kind of dynamic relationship is immense resulting in mutual benefits for both the investor as well as the host country.Transfer of technical knowledge, creation of a competitive market for the domestic industry, paving the way for other industries to invest and above all enriching the profit making ability of the investor in another country apart from his own are some of the reasons that has seen exponential growth in FDI.This is especially true when it comes to India's growth graph in FDI.It is an established fact that Foreign Direct Investment in any developing or under developed country can play a crucial role in the growth of its economy; as there is a gap in the available resources and required resources.It is believed that FDI can fill this gap by driving required resources and know-how.This know-how transfer augments professional skills, reinforces infrastructure, guarantees the reach of international brands at doorstep, improves standard of living and generates employment opportunity.FDI is also viewed as a radical tool in accomplishing self-sufficiency of the economy in general.Considering its massive size of market, sound economic policies and abundant and skilled human resources, India has always been an alluring destination for international investors.Foreign direct investment in a country is the lone and most suitable tool integrating international economy into a country's economy.FDI helps in the balanced growth of the nation, maintenance of favourable BOP position etc. [1] The structure of this paper is as follows.Section 2 addresses the relevant literature and the objective of the study.Section 3 shows the model and empirical evidence drawn from the regression, cointegration tests, Granger causality tests and VECM estimations.Conclusions are provided in Section 4.

Review of Literature
Bhattacharya and Satinder [2] in their study Foreign Direct Investment in India: Facts and Issues attempted to study the new economic reforms which contributes technological up gradation, level of production and access to the global market and critically analyzed the FDI regulations of the country.Study focused on the various aspect of Foreign Direct Investment in India.Singh and Singh [3], analysed the trend of FDI inflow to India, during the period 1970-2007 using time series data.
The paper purports to study the causes of fluctuations of the FDI inflow in India.Kishor [4], observed that the growth of export in India is much higher than the GDP growth in the last few years.There are many reasons behind this growth and the significant factor is Foreign Direct Investment in India.Still, in spite of rising inflows of FDI particularly in recent years no effort has been made to evaluate its involvement in India's export concert in the course of which leads to the growth of FDI in the country.Export contribute is optimistically associated to the domestic comparative price of exports and advanced in-house claim decreases export supply.Foreign investment seems to have statistically no Girbal [9] critically analyse the role of Foreign Direct Investment in India.
Priya and Jyoti [10] studied the impact of FDI inflow on service sector in India and concluded that the FDI has a vital role in the economic growth of the country.To find out the relation between the variables FDI and GDP, they have de- Almost all the studies done on foreign direct investment are focusing either on the trend and nature of the foreign direct investment or how it affects the economic growth of the host country.There exist gaps in the literature, regarding the determinants of FDI inflows to a host country.Majority of econometric theory is built up on the assumption of stationarity.The presence of a unit root in the series indicates that the time series is not stationary but that differencing will reduce it to stationary.Augmented Dickey [13] Fuller test is a test for unit roots which is based on an approximation of an auto regressive-moving average model by an autoregression.Stationarity tests allow verifying whether a series is stationary or not.There are two different approaches: stationarity tests such as the KPSS test that consider as null hypothesis Ho that the series is stationary, and unit root tests, such as the Dickey-Fuller test and its augmented version, the augmented Dickey-Fuller test (ADF), or the Phillips-Perron test (PP), for which the null hypothesis is on the contrary that the series possesses a unit root and hence is not stationary.The present study is based on unit root tests.Regressing a non-stationary variable Y up on a non-stationary variable x, may lead to a spurious regression, in which estimators and test statistics are misleading.The use of non-stationary variables does not necessarily result in invalid estimators, especially the two variables are cointegrated, i.e., if there exists a particular linear combination of these non-stationary variables that is stationary.In such cases, a long run relationship between these variables exist.The existence of such long run relationship also has its implications for the short run behaviour of the variables because there has to be some mechanism that drives the variables to their long run equilibrium relationship.This mechanism is modelled by an error correction mechanism, in which the equilibrium error also drives the short run dynamics of the series [14].
Johansen maximum likelihood cointegration test establishes [15] [16] the long-run relationships among the variables being investigated.In examining causality, the Granger causality analysis was performed.
However, Johansen co-integration test does not indicate anything about the direction of causality among the variables in the system; therefore, the Granger causality analysis was done.If the series are co-integrated, the VECM-based Granger causality analysis is an appropriate technique used to determine the long-run and the short-run relationships [17].The Granger representation theorem [18] states that if a set of variables are cointegrated, then there exists a valid error correction representation of the data.
Although researchers tried to find out the impact of FDI on Indian economy,

The Model and Empirical Evidence
The current study is an attempt to highlight the role of macroeconomic variables in stimulating FDI inflows in India.To avoid the problem of spurious regression that often occurs from non-stationarity of time series data, the unit root tests were carried out on all the data of the variables considered in the model.The unit root test was performed using Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) and Philip Peron (PP) test.To test the hypothesis that there is unit root.
The results of unit root test and Philip Peron (PP) test are presented in Table 1.
Reading from Table 1 above and applying the decision rule, we can conclude that FDI, BOP, CPI, ER, SENSEX, and NIFTY are stationary at first order of integration while FER, GDP and GNI are stationary at second order of integration.Hence, the time series of these variables are deem fit to be used for estimating regression model at the order of integration for which they are stationary.The results of FDI regression model estimated shows that FDI would be 1074.74when all the independent variables modelled are assumed to be zero.It is paramount to note that of all the 8 explanatory variables only 3 variables (BOP, GNI and NIFTY) have positive relationship with FDI while the rest have negative relationship with FDI.This translates to: a 1% increase in BOP, holding the other variables constant, will increase FDI by 26.79% and vice versa.One per cent increase or decrease in GNI and NIFTY, while other variables presumed to be constant will result in 22.62 per cent and 182.44 per cent increase or decrease in FDI in that order.As appeared in the model estimate that CPI, ER, GDP and SENSEX have negative relationship with FDI-a 1% increase in CPI, ER, FER, GDP and SENSEX will cause FDI to decrease by 6.76%, 44.03%, 06.86%, 22.62% and 28.10% respectively.
The regression result can be trusted and be relied upon for analysis and prediction as most of the economic expectations are met.The model shows that the explanatory variables captured in the model explained 83.67% of the variations as R 2 is 0.8367 and R 2 adjusted is 73.62% which suggests that after penalized those variables and factors that do not really influence the behavior of FDI, R 2 adjusted still exhibit that independent variables account for 73.62% changes in model.However, not all the explanatory variables considered in the model that are statistically significant in explaining the behavior of FDI even though they may influence it positively and negatively by the nature of their relationship with it.The estimate shows that only SENSEX and NIFTY have significant impact on FDI; SENSEX has negative and NIFTY has positive relative with it.This is evident as the probability values of t-statistics of each associated variable is less than 5% and the standard errors of each statistically significant variable are less than half the parameters of the associated variable.
The F-statistic of 8.32 and its associated probability value of 0.004 shows that all independent variables are jointly causes variation in the dependent variable.

Johansen Cointegration Test
Having estimated regression model, Johansen Cointegration was conducted to decide if there is any long run relationship among the variables considered.Unrestricted Cointegration Trace statistic and Max-Eigen statistic are established to determine whether cointegration exists.
The results are given in Table 2 and Table 3.  there is no cointegration and tests are done.If the largest eigenvalue λ 1 is nonzero, the rank of the matrix is at least one and there might be more cointegrating vectors.The trace test is a test whether the rank of the matrix Π is r 0 .The null hypothesis is that rank (Π) = r 0 .The alternative hypothesis is that r 0 < rank (Π) ≤ n, where n is the maximum number of possible cointegrating vectors.Both unrestricted Cointegration Trace statistic and Max-Eigen statistics supports the existence of cointegrating relationship among the variables in the study.

Granger Causality Test
This statistic is normally adopted to discern whether a particular variable will be better explained and predicted by having another variable as its determinant other than itself.In Pairwise Granger causality test, F-statistics and its associated p values are used to determine whether one factor has long-run effect on another variable (i.e., by incorporating one variable into another would help in explaining the variation in variable in the long run).From

Vector Error Correction Model
Since that two methods of Cointegration (Johansen Cointegration and Granger causality test) show that the independent variables employed have long-run effect on the dependent variable, the Vector Error Correction model was adopted to investigate whether there would be short-run deviation from the long run effect.
Table 5 and Table 6 show the result of Vector Error Mechanism (VECM) which were computed to investigate whether there is short-run disequilibrium in

Conclusion
India has emerged as one of the most attractive destinations for investment due to its diversified characteristics such as skilled human resources, insufficient fund for development, geographical conditions, consistent economic growth, veloped a new statistical model.They have concluded the paper by stating that FDI is a planned constituent of investment which is required by the country for its unrelenting economic growth and improvement through creating employment opportunities, improved infrastructure, research and development etc.They have stated that the Foreign Direct inflows have a positive and considerable crash on the economic development of the country.Park[11] conducted a study on Korean Perspective on FDI in India and revealed the changes in Indian attitude towards FDI post 1991 reforms.And pointed out that the post reform era has witnessed drastic changes; however the deterrents in investing in India are the slow pace of reforms and bureaucracy.Prabhakaran[12], studied the role DOI: 10.4236/tel.2017.771442126 Theoretical Economics Letters of foreign direct investment in Indian Economy by finding out the relationship between Foreign Direct Investment and the macro economic factors like GDP, Inflation and NIFTY movements.
none of them actually tried to find out the impact of macro-economic indicators on FDI inflows to the host country empirically.So the present study is an attempt to find out whether macro-economic indicators really stimulate FDI inflows in India and to test whether there exists any long-run or short-run rela-M.C. Minimol DOI: 10.4236/tel.2017.771442127 Theoretical Economics Letters tionship between them.
educational strata and much more to count.The current study was undertaken to empirically test the ability of macroeconomic indicators to stimulate the inflow of FDI into India and to establish the long run or short run relationship between the macroeconomic indicators and FDI inflows into the country.The research model empirically supports the power of the explanatory variables captured in the model to well explain (83.67 percent) the variations in FDI Inflows.It was also noted that all the explanatory variables considered in the model are statistically significant in explaining the behavior of FDI even though they have a relationship with it.The estimate shows that only SENSEX and NIFTY have significant impact on FDI inflows.Johansen Cointegration test was conducted to decide if there is any long run relationship among the variables considered.Unrestricted Cointegration Trace statistic and Max-Eigen statistics established supports the existence of cointegrating relationship among the variables.The study also shows that SENSEX and NIFTY do granger cause FDI in the long run while, FDI does not granger cause neither of the two.In addition to that, NIFTY does not granger cause SENSEX and SENSEX does not granger cause NIFTY.So we conclude that both SENSEX and NIFTY do have long run effect on FDI.Vector Error Correction Model supports the absence of short-run relationship among the macroeconomic indicators and FDI inflows in India.
Much of the literatures in economics and finance support the ability of macroeconomic indicators to stimulate growth in the ecomomy, especially in developing countries.Existing theoretical evidence largely suggests that macroeconomic variables can predict the flow of foreign investment to a country.Thus the present study considers eight commonly used macro-economic variables including Balance of Payment (BOP), Consumer Price Index (CPI), Exchange Rate (ER), SENSEX, NIFTY, Foreign Exchange Reserve (FER), Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Gross National Income (GNI) as the predictors and FDI inflows to India as the dependent variable for empirical testing and model building.The entire study is conducted with the help of E Views 8 software.Data relating to each variable from 1970-71 to 2015-16 were collected from various bulletins of Reserve Bank of India.

Table 1 .
Results of unit root test and Philip Peron (PP) test.
our estimation does not suffer from serial correlation and auto correlation.As such, the model is statistically reliable in explaining the relationship between FDI and its determinants.
And going by the findings of this study, it is clear that the Durbin Watson (DW) statistic is in the neighborhood of 2 from the regression model estimate.This M. C. Minimol DOI: 10.4236/tel.2017.771442129 Theoretical Economics Letters implies that

Table 2 .
Johansen tests are called the maximum eigenvalue test and the trace test.For both test statistics, the initial Johansen test is a test of the null hypothesis of no cointegration against the alternative of cointegration.The tests differ in terms of the alternative hypothesis.The maximum eigenvalue test examines whether the largest eigenvalue is zero relative to the alternative that the next largest eigenvalue is zero.If the rank of the matrix is zero, the largest eigenvalue is zero, Unrestricted cointegration rank test (Trace).

Table 4 ,
two independent variable which were found to be statistically significant are considered together with FDI and six scenario of Granger causality tests are depicted.We accept the alternative hypothesis for the four scenario and reject the null hypothesis for two scenario.The table shows that SENSEX and NIFTY do granger cause FDI in the long run while, FDI does not granger cause neither of the two.In addendum to that, NIFTY does not granger cause SENSEX and SENSEX does not granger cause NIFTY.By granger cause, we imply that NIFTY and SENSEX do have long run effect on FDI.

Table 6 .
Vector error correction model 2.Reading from Table6, it is glaring that coefficient and t-statistic of C (1) are negative but they are not statistically significant on account of its associated probability value that is more than 5 per cent.In Table6, no coefficient has probability value of 0.05 or less, this implies there is no short-run relationship among the variables used in the model.As seen from the results, FDI inflows to India, Balance of of Payment, Consumer Price Index, Exchange Rate, Sensitivity index, and NIFTY are stationary at first order of integration while Foreign Exchange Reserve, Gross Domestic Product and Gross National Income are stationary at second order of integration.Hence, the time series of these variables are deem fit to be used for estimating regression model.The regression model shows that the explanatory variables captured in the model well explained the variations in the dependent variable.Both unrestricted cointegration Trace statistic and Max-Eigen statistics supports the existence of cointegrating relationship among the variables in the study.SENSEX and NIFTY do granger cause FDI in the long run while, FDI does not granger cause neither of the two.It is also revealed that, NIFTY does not granger cause SENSEX and SENSEX does not granger cause NIFTY.VECM proved that there is no short-run relationship among the variables used in the model.
the model.The first table revealed that there exists short run relationship between the variables.However, decisions regarding short run equilibrium or disequilibrium cannot be taken based on Table5.So to determine whether there is short-run disequilibrium or equilibrium, Table 6 was generated.DOI: 10.4236/tel.2017.771442132 Theoretical Economics Letters